R044

docs/changelog.md

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
   - [R018](cli/indicators/R/018): (*Single bid received*).
   - [R028](cli/indicators/R/028): (*Identical bid prices*).
   - [R030](cli/indicators/R/030): (*Late bid won*).
+  - [R044](cli/indicators/R/048): (*Business similarities between suppliers*).
   - [R048](cli/indicators/R/048): (*Heterogeneous supplier*).
   - [R058](cli/indicators/R/058): (*Heavily discounted bid*).
   - Add `no_price_comparison_procurement_methods` configuration.

docs/cli/indicators/R/044.md

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Business similarities between suppliers (R044)
+
+Different tenderers bidding for the same contracting process have similar information.
+
+## Methodology
+
+A contracting process is flagged if different tenderers have either the exact same address or any contact point fields.
+These tenderers are also flagged.
+
+:::{admonition} Example
+:class: seealso
+
+BribeCorp and AnotherBribeCorp submit bids to the same procurement process. Both companies use "Collusion Street 1" as their street address in the Atlantis country.
+:::
+
+:::{admonition} Why is this a red flag?
+:class: hint
+
+Similarities between suppliers may indicate that the companies are connected.  
+:::
+
+<small>Based on "Connections between bidders undermines competition" in [*Corruption in Public Procurement: Finding the Right Indicators*](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303359108_Corruption_in_Public_Procurement_Finding_the_Right_Indicators), and "Similarity in Bids; Apparent Connections Between Bidders" in [*Guide to Combating Corruption & Fraud in Infrastructure Development Projects*](https://guide.iacrc.org/red-flag-similar-bids-apparent-connections-between-bidders/).</small>
+
+## Output
+
+The indicator’s value is always 1.0.
+
+## Configuration
+
+The indicator is not configurable.
+
+## Demonstration
+
+*Input*
+
+:::{literalinclude} ../../../examples/R/044.jsonl
+:language: json
+:::
+
+*Output*
+
+```console
+$ ocdscardinal indicators --settings docs/examples/settings.ini --no-meta docs/examples/R/044.jsonl
+{"OCID":{"F1":{"R044":1.0},"F2":{"R044":1.0},"F3":{"R044":1.0},"F4":{"R044":1.0}},"Tenderer":{"GB-COH-09506232":{"R044":1.0},"GB-COH-09506234":{"R044":1.0}}}
+
+```

docs/cli/indicators/index.md

@@ -320,6 +320,9 @@ R/index
 * - [R038](R/038)
   - [Excessive disqualified bids](R/038)
   - The ratio of disqualified bids to submitted bids is a high outlier per buyer, procuring entity or tenderer.
+* - [R044](R/044)
+  - [Business similarities between suppliers](R/044)
+  - Different tenderers bidding for the same contracting process have similar information.
 * - [R048](R/048)
   - [Heterogeneous supplier](R/048)
   - The variety of items supplied by a tenderer is a high outlier.

docs/cli/init.md

@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@ $ ocdscardinal init -
 ; minimum_submitted_bids = 2
 ; minimum_contracting_processes = 2
 
+[R044]
+
 [R048]
 ; digits = 2
 ; threshold = 10

docs/examples/R/044.jsonl

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"ocid":"F1","parties":[{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC","locality":"Atlantis City","region":"Moorland","postalCode":"1234","countryName":"Atlantis"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC","locality":"Atlantis City","region":"Moorland","postalCode":"1234","countryName":"Atlantis"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"F2","parties":[{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"F3","parties":[{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person","email":"[email protected]","telephone":"+123456","faxNumber":"+123456","url":"http://example.com"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person","email":"[email protected]","telephone":"+123456","faxNumber":"+123456","url":"http://example.com"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"F4","parties":[{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}

docs/examples/settings.ini

@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@
 [R035]
 [R036]
 [R038]
+[R044]
 [R048]
 [R058]

src/indicators/mod.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ pub mod r030;
 pub mod r035;
 pub mod r036;
 pub mod r038;
+pub mod r044;
 pub mod r048;
 pub mod r058;
 pub mod util;
@@ -143,6 +144,7 @@ pub struct Settings {
     pub R035: Option<IntegerThreshold>, // count
     pub R036: Option<Empty>,
     pub R038: Option<R038>,
+    pub R044: Option<Empty>,
     pub R048: Option<R048>,
     pub R058: Option<FloatThreshold>, // ratio
 }
@@ -168,6 +170,7 @@ pub enum Indicator {
     R035,
     R036,
     R038,
+    R044,
     R048,
     R058,
 }

src/indicators/r044.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use serde_json::{Map, Value};
+
+use crate::indicators::{set_result, Calculate, Indicators, Settings};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct R044 {}
+
+impl R044 {
+    fn get_address(party: &Value) -> Option<String> {
+        let mut full_address: String = String::new();
+        if let Some(Value::Object(address)) = party.get("address")
+            && address.get("streetAddress").is_some()
+        {
+            for field in ["streetAddress", "locality", "region", "postalCode", "countryName"] {
+                if let Some(Value::String(value)) = address.get(field) {
+                    full_address.push_str(value.trim().to_lowercase().as_str());
+                    full_address.push(' ');
+                }
+            }
+            Some(full_address)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    fn compare_contact_point(party1: Option<Value>, party2: Option<Value>) -> bool {
+        if let Some(Value::Object(contact_point_1)) = party1
+            && let Some(Value::Object(contact_point_2)) = party2
+        {
+            for field in ["name", "email", "telephone", "faxNumber", "url"] {
+                if let Some(Value::String(field1)) = contact_point_1.get(field)
+                    && let Some(Value::String(field2)) = contact_point_2.get(field)
+                {
+                    return field1 == field2;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl Calculate for R044 {
+    fn new(_settings: &mut Settings) -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    fn fold(&self, item: &mut Indicators, release: &Map<String, Value>, ocid: &str) {
+        if let Some(Value::Array(parties)) = release.get("parties") {
+            let tenderers = parties
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|tenderer| {
+                    if let Some(Value::Array(roles)) = tenderer.get("roles")
+                        && roles.iter().any(|s| s == "tenderer")
+                        && let Some(Value::String(id)) = tenderer.get("id")
+                    {
+                        Some((id.clone(), (Self::get_address(tenderer), tenderer.get("contactPoint"))))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+            for (id_to_compare, details_to_compare) in &tenderers {
+                for (id, details) in &tenderers {
+                    if id_to_compare != id {
+                        let address_match = if let Some(address_to_compare) = details_to_compare.0.as_deref()
+                            && let Some(address) = details.0.as_deref()
+                            && address_to_compare == address
+                        {
+                            true
+                        } else {
+                            false
+                        };
+                        let contact_point_match =
+                            Self::compare_contact_point(details.1.cloned(), details_to_compare.1.cloned());
+                        if address_match || contact_point_match {
+                            set_result!(item, OCID, ocid, R044, 1.0);
+                            set_result!(item, Tenderer, id_to_compare, R044, 1.0);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use crate::indicators::r030::R030;
 use crate::indicators::r035::R035;
 use crate::indicators::r036::R036;
 use crate::indicators::r038::R038;
+use crate::indicators::r044::R044;
 use crate::indicators::r048::R048;
 use crate::indicators::r058::R058;
 use crate::indicators::util::{SecondLowestBidRatio, Tenderers};
@@ -139,6 +140,8 @@ pub fn init(path: &PathBuf, force: &bool) -> std::io::Result<bool> {
 ; minimum_submitted_bids = 2
 ; minimum_contracting_processes = 2
 
+[R044]
+
 [R048]
 ; digits = 2
 ; threshold = 10
@@ -254,6 +257,7 @@ impl Indicators {
             R035,
             R036,
             R038,
+            R044,
             R048,
             R058,
         );

tests/fixtures/indicators/R044.expected

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"OCID":{"F1":{"R044":1.0},"F2":{"R044":1.0},"F3":{"R044":1.0},"F4":{"R044":1.0}},"Tenderer":{"GB-COH-09506234":{"R044":1.0},"GB-COH-09506232":{"R044":1.0}}}

tests/fixtures/indicators/R044.jsonl

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{"ocid":"F1","parties":[{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC","locality":"Atlantis City","region":"Moorland","postalCode":"1234","countryName":"Atlantis"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC","locality":"Atlantis City","region":"Moorland","postalCode":"1234","countryName":"Atlantis"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"F2","parties":[{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"address":{"streetAddress":"Street ABC"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"F3","parties":[{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person","email":"[email protected]","telephone":"+123456","faxNumber":"+123456","url":"http://example.com"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person","email":"[email protected]","telephone":"+123456","faxNumber":"+123456","url":"http://example.com"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"F4","parties":[{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"contactPoint":{"name":"Person"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"Same country only","parties":[{"address":{"countryName":"Atlantis"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"address":{"countryName":"Atlantis"},"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}
+{"ocid":"No address or contact point","parties":[{"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506232"},{"roles":["tenderer"],"id":"GB-COH-09506234"}]}