Pass Locale.US to Clock date parsing and formatting in Dates.java

[apexpdl]

What does this PR accomplish?

Description

Android half of #3984. The iOS half is #3989.

Dates.java creates SimpleDateFormat instances without a Locale in three places: tryParseDate (which backs Clock.MakeInstant), FormatDateTime, and FormatDate. On a Thai-locale device, SimpleDateFormat resolves against the Buddhist calendar, so Clock.MakeInstant("06/10/2026") reads 2026 as a Buddhist Era year and returns Gregorian year 1483. Any app that parses a saved or hardcoded date string silently gets an instant about 543 years in the past. Formatting has the mirror problem, which also breaks round-trips (format a date, store it, parse it later).

This PR passes Locale.US to all three, the same approach approved and merged in #3891 for the Chart components. The documented format strings (MM/dd/yyyy, HH:mm, etc.) fully specify component order, so the locale only pins the calendar and digit script. It does not change date layout for anyone.

It also fixes a debuggability problem in the same function: tryParseDate swallowed ParseException with an empty catch, so a failed parse threw IllegalArgumentException with no detail. The exception now includes the input value and carries the last parse error as its cause.

WeekdayName/MonthName style functions are intentionally untouched. They use locale display names by design and should keep doing so.

Testing Guidelines

1. Set an Android device or emulator to Thai (Settings > System > Languages > Thai).
2. In a test app, call Clock.MakeInstant("06/10/2026") then Clock.Year(...) on the result.
3. Before this PR: 1483. After this PR: 2026.
4. Round-trip check: Clock.FormatDate an instant, parse it back with Clock.MakeInstant, confirm the same instant on any locale.
5. Regression on a US-locale device: all Clock blocks behave identically to before.

Addresses the Android portion of #3984.

Context for the changes

This is Android Companion runtime code, so it targets the ucr branch per the contributing guidelines.

If your code changes how something works on the device (i.e., it affects the companion):

• I have made no changes that affect the companion

• I branched from ucr

• My pull request has ucr as the base

For all other changes:

• I have made no changes that affect the master branch

• I branched from master

• My pull request has master as the base

General items:

• I have updated the relevant documentation files under docs/
• My code follows the:
  • Google Java style guide (for .java files)
  • Google JavaScript style guide (for .js files)
  • Swift style guide (for .swift files)
  • Indentation has been doubled checked
  • This PR does not include unnecessary changes such as formatting or white space
• ant tests passes on my machine

[AppInventorWorkerBee]

Can one of the admins verify this patch?

[AppInventorWorkerBee]

Can one of the admins verify this patch?