nwipe is a fork of the dwipe command originally used by Darik's Boot and Nuke (DBAN). nwipe was created out of a need to run the DBAN dwipe command outside of DBAN, in order to allow its use with any host distribution, thus giving better hardware support.
nwipe is a program that will securely erase the entire contents of disks. It can wipe a single drive or multiple disks simultaneously. It can operate as both a command line tool without a GUI or with a ncurses GUI as shown in the example below:
Warning For some of nwipes features such as smart data in the PDF certificate, HPA/DCO detection and other uses, nwipe utilises smartmontools and hdparm. Therefore both hdparm & smartmontools are a mandatory requirement if you want all of nwipes features to be fully available. If you do not install smartmontools and hdparm, nwipe will provide a warning in the log that these programs cannot be found but will still run but many important features may not work as they should do.
The video above shows six drives being simultaneously erased. It skips to the completion of all six wipes and shows five drives that were successfully erased and one drive that failed due to an I/O error. The drive that failed would then normally be physically destroyed. The five drives that were successfully wiped with zero errors or failures can then be redeployed.
The snapshot above shows nwipe's three page PDF certificate, drive identifiable information such as serial numbers have been anonymised using the nwipe command line option -q
The user can select from a variety of recognised secure erase methods which include:
- Fill With Zeros - Fills the device with zeros (0x00), one round only.
- Fill With Ones - Fills the device with ones (0xFF), one round only.
- RCMP TSSIT OPS-II - Royal Candian Mounted Police Technical Security Standard, OPS-II
- DoD Short - The American Department of Defense 5220.22-M short 3 pass wipe (passes 1, 2 & 7).
- DoD 5220.22M - The American Department of Defense 5220.22-M full 7 pass wipe.
- Gutmann Wipe - Peter Gutmann's method (Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory).
- PRNG Stream - Fills the device with a stream from the PRNG.
- Verify Zeros - This method only reads the device and checks that it is filled with zeros (0x00).
- Verify Ones - This method only reads the device and checks that it is filled with ones (0xFF).
- HMG IS5 enhanced - Secure Sanitisation of Protectively Marked Information or Sensitive Information
nwipe also includes the following pseudo random number generators (prng):
-
Mersenne Twister
-
ISAAC
In addition to the above, the following prngs will be available in v0.37
-
XORoshiro-256
-
Lagged Fibonacci
-
AES-CTR (openssl)
These can be used to overwrite a drive with a stream of randomly generated characters.
nwipe can be found in many Linux distro repositories.
nwipe is also included in ShredOS which was developed in particular to showcase nwipe as a fast-to-boot standalone method similar to DBAN. ShredOS always contains the latest nwipe version.
In the current form nwipe does not sanitize solid state drives (hereinafter referred to as SSDs)
of any form (SAS / Sata / NVME) and / or form factor (2.5" / 3.5" / PCI) fully due to their nature:
SSDs, as the transistors contained in the memory modules are subject to wear, contain in most cases
additional memory modules installed as failover for broken sectors outside
of the host accessible space (frequently referred to as "overprovisioning") and for garbage collection.
Some manufacturers reserve access to these areas only to disk's own controller and firmware.
It is therefor always advised to use nwipe / shredOS in conjunction with the manufacturer's or hardware vendor's own tools for sanitization to assure
full destruction of the information contained on the disk.
Given that most vendors and manufacturers do not provide open source tools, it is advised to validate the outcome by comparing the data on the disk before and after sanitization.
A list of the most common tools and instructions for SSD wipes can be found in the SSD Guide.
For a development setup, see the Hacking section below. For a bootable version of the very latest nwipe master that you can write to an USB flash drive or CD/DVD, see the Quick and easy bootable version of nwipe master section below.
nwipe requires the following libraries to be installed:
- ncurses
- pthreads
- parted
- libconfig
nwipe also requires the following program to be installed, it will abort with a warning if not found:
- hdparm (as of current master and v0.35+)
and optionally, but recommended, the following programs:
- dmidecode
- readlink
- smartmontools
If you are compiling nwipe from source, the following libraries will need to be installed first:
sudo apt install \
build-essential \
pkg-config \
automake \
libncurses5-dev \
autotools-dev \
libparted-dev \
libconfig-dev \
libconfig++-dev \
dmidecode \
coreutils \
smartmontools \
hdparmsudo bash
dnf update
dnf groupinstall "Development Tools"
dnf groupinstall "C Development Tools and Libraries"
yum install ncurses-devel
yum install parted-devel
yum install libconfig-devel
yum install libconfig++-devel
yum install dmidecode
yum install coreutils
yum install smartmontools
yum install hdparmNote. The following programs are optionally installed although recommended. 1. dmidecode 2. readlink 3. smartmontools.
hdparm provides some of the information regarding disk size in sectors as related to the host protected area (HPA) and device configuration overlay (DCO). We do however have our own function that directly access the DCO to obtain the 'real max sectors' so reliance on hdparm may be removed at a future date.
dmidecode provides SMBIOS/DMI host data to stdout or the log file. If you don't install it you won't see the SMBIOS/DMI host data at the beginning of nwipes log.
readlink determines the bus type, i.e. ATA, USB etc. Without it the --nousb option won't work and bus type information will be missing from nwipes selection and wipe windows. The coreutils package is often automatically installed as default in most if not all distros.
smartmontools obtains serial number information for supported USB to IDE/SATA adapters. Without it, drives plugged into USB ports will not show serial number information.
If you want a quick and easy way to keep your copy of nwipe running the latest master release of nwipe see the automating the download and compilation section.
First create all the autoconf files:
./autogen.sh
Then compile & install using the following standard commands:
./configure
make format (only required if submitting pull requests)
make
make install
Then run nwipe !
cd src
sudo ./nwipe
or
sudo nwipe
If you wish to submit pull requests to this code we would prefer you enable all warnings when compiling. This can be done using the following compile commands:
./configure --prefix=/usr CFLAGS='-O0 -g -Wall -Wextra'
make format (necessary if submitting pull requests)
make
make install
The -O0 -g flags disable optimisations. This is required if you're debugging with gdb in an IDE such as Kdevelop. With these optimisations enabled you won't be able to see the values of many variables in nwipe, not to mention the IDE won't step through the code properly.
The -Wall and -Wextra flags enable all compiler warnings. Please submit code with zero warnings.
Also make sure that your changes are consistent with the coding style defined in the .clang-format file, using:
make format
You will need clang-format installed to use the format command.
Once done with your coding then the released/patch/fixed code can be compiled, with all the normal optimisations, using:
./configure --prefix=/usr && make && make install
Here's a script that will do just that! It will create a directory in your home folder called 'nwipe_master'. It installs all the libraries required to compile the software (build-essential) and all the libraries that nwipe requires (libparted etc). It downloads the latest master copy of nwipe from github. It then compiles the software and then runs the latest nwipe. It doesn't write over the version of nwipe that's installed in the repository (If you had nwipe already installed). To run the latest master version of nwipe manually you would run it like this sudo ~/nwipe_master/nwipe/src/nwipe
You can run the script multiple times; the first time it's run it will install all the libraries; subsequent times it will just say the libraries are up to date. As it always downloads a fresh copy of the nwipe master from Github, you can always stay up to date. Just run it to get the latest version of nwipe. It only takes 11 seconds to compile on my i7.
If you already have nwipe installed from the repository, you need to take care which version you are running. If you typed nwipe from any directory it will always run the original repository copy of nwipe. To run the latest nwipe you have to explicitly tell it where the new copy is, e.g in the directory ~/nwipe_master/nwipe/src. That's why you would run it by typing sudo ~/nwipe_master/nwipe/src/nwipe alternatively you could cd to the directory and run it like this:
cd ~/nwipe_master/nwipe/src
./nwipe
Note the ./, that means only look in the current directory for nwipe. if you forgot to type ./ the computer would run the older repository version of nwipe.
Once you have copied the script below into a file called buildnwipe, you need to give the file execute permissions chmod +x buildnwipe before you can run it.
#!/bin/bash
cd "$HOME"
nwipe_directory="nwipe_master"
mkdir $nwipe_directory
cd $nwipe_directory
sudo apt install build-essential pkg-config automake libncurses5-dev autotools-dev libparted-dev libconfig-dev libconfig++-dev dmidecode readlink smartmontools git
rm -rf nwipe
git clone https://github.com/martijnvanbrummelen/nwipe.git
cd "nwipe"
./autogen.sh
./configure
make
cd "src"
sudo ./nwipe
If you want to just try out a bootable version of nwipe you can download ShredOS. The ShredOS image is around 60MB and can be written to an USB flash drive in seconds, allowing you to boot straight into the latest version of nwipe. ShredOS is available for x86_64 (64-bit) and i686 (32-bit) CPU architectures and will boot both legacy BIOS and UEFI devices. It comes as .IMG (bootable USB flash drive image) or .ISO (for CD-R/DVD-R). Instructions and download can be found here.
See Repology
And in addition checkout the following distros that all include nwipe:
- ShredOS Always has the latest nwipe release.
- netboot.xyz Can network-boot ShredOS.
- DiskDump nwipe on Debian livecd, can wipe eMMC chips.
- partedmagic
- SystemRescueCD
- gparted live
- grml
Know of other distros that include nwipe? Then please let us know or issue a PR on this README.md. Thanks.
Bugs can be reported on GitHub: https://github.com/martijnvanbrummelen/nwipe
GNU General Public License v2.0