Web Accessibility Run Book

Table of Content

• Web Accessibility Run Book
  • Table of Content
  • Introduction
    • Purpose of the run book
    • Importance of web accessibility
    • Target audience
    • Scope of the Document:
  • Legal and Compliance Requirements
  • Roles and Responsibilities
  • Accessibility Testing Tools
  • Testing Procedures
  • Web Accessibility Guidelines
    • Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG):
  • Remediation Strategies
  • Testing and Release Process
  • Accessibility Documentation
  • Training and Awareness
  • Ongoing Maintenance
  • Additional Resources
  • Contributors

Introduction

Purpose of the run book

The purpose of a web accessibility run book is to serve as a comprehensive and organized reference guide that helps individuals and teams within an organization ensure that websites and web applications are accessible to people with disabilities. It plays a vital role in promoting and maintaining web accessibility by providing clear guidance, processes, and resources.

Importance of web accessibility

• The increasing importance of digital accessibility in today's digital landscape.
• The impact of inaccessible websites on people with disabilities.
• The legal and ethical obligations of the organization to provide accessible web content.

Target audience

This run book is intended to cater to a diverse set of roles within the organization.

• Developers
• Designers
• Content creators
• Quality assurance teams
• Managers and decision-makers

Scope of the Document:

This run book covers best practices, tools, and processes for web accessibility but does not delve into specific coding languages or technologies."

Legal and Compliance Requirements

Legal and compliance requirements related to web accessibility vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific regulations that apply. However, there are some common standards and laws that are often referenced in the context of web accessibility. Below, I'll provide detailed information on some of the key legal and compliance requirements that organizations should consider:

1. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA):

   Overview: The ADA is a U.S. federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. Title III of the ADA applies to places of public accommodation, including websites and online services.

   Requirements: Title III of the ADA requires that websites and web applications be accessible to people with disabilities. While the ADA itself does not specify technical standards, it often references the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) as a recognized standard for web accessibility.

2. Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act:

   Overview: Section 508 is a U.S. federal law that requires federal agencies to ensure that their electronic and information technology (including websites) is accessible to people with disabilities.

   Requirements: Section 508 adopts the WCAG as the technical standard for web accessibility. It outlines specific requirements for various web elements, such as text alternatives, keyboard accessibility, and more. Compliance with Section 508 is mandatory for federal agencies and organizations receiving federal funding.

3. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG):

   Overview: WCAG is an internationally recognized set of guidelines developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It provides detailed recommendations for making web content more accessible.

   Requirements: WCAG is not a law itself but is often referenced in web accessibility regulations. It consists of three conformance levels (A, AA, and AAA) and four principles: perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust. Organizations often aim for at least Level AA compliance, which includes criteria related to text alternatives, keyboard accessibility, color contrast, and more.

4. European Union Web Accessibility Directive:

   Overview: The EU Web Accessibility Directive is a European regulation that requires public sector websites and mobile applications to be accessible to all users, including those with disabilities.

   Requirements: The directive requires compliance with the European standard EN 301 549, which is based on WCAG 2.1. Public sector organizations in EU member states must ensure their websites and apps meet the specified accessibility requirements.

5. Accessibility Laws in Other Jurisdictions:

   Various countries and regions have their own accessibility laws and regulations. For example, Canada has the Accessible Canada Act, and Australia has the Disability Discrimination Act. These laws may have specific requirements related to web accessibility, and organizations operating in these regions must adhere to them.

6. Accessibility Statements and Reporting:

   In addition to meeting technical standards, many regulations require organizations to provide accessibility statements or Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates (VPATs). These documents communicate the level of accessibility achieved and the steps taken to ensure accessibility.

7. Penalties for Non-Compliance:

   Legal consequences for non-compliance with accessibility regulations can include fines, legal action, reputational damage, and loss of business opportunities. Organizations should be aware of the potential penalties for failing to meet accessibility requirements.

It's crucial for organizations to research and understand the specific legal and compliance requirements that apply to their situation. Compliance with these regulations is not only a legal obligation but also a moral and ethical responsibility to ensure equal access to information and services for all individuals, regardless of their disabilities. Organizations should consult with legal experts who specialize in web accessibility to ensure full compliance with the applicable laws and standards.

Roles and Responsibilities

1. Accessibility Coordinator/Manager:

   Role: Oversees and coordinates all web accessibility efforts within the organization.

   Responsibilities:

   • Develops and maintains accessibility policies and standards.
   • Collaborates with different teams to ensure accessibility is integrated into all web projects.
   • Manages accessibility audits and evaluations.
   • Provides training and guidance on accessibility best practices.
   • Ensures compliance with accessibility laws and standards.
   • Acts as a point of contact for accessibility-related inquiries and issues.

2. Web Developers:

   Role: Responsible for implementing accessible code and functionality on the website or web application.

   Responsibilities:

   • Write HTML, CSS, and JavaScript with accessibility in mind.
   • Implement ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes as needed.
   • Conduct regular accessibility testing during development.
   • Address and remediate accessibility issues identified during testing.
   • Ensure keyboard navigation and focus management are properly implemented.

3. Web Designers/UI Designers:

   Role: Create visually appealing and accessible user interfaces.

   Responsibilities:

   • Design layouts with responsive and inclusive design principles.
   • Choose accessible color palettes with sufficient color contrast.
   • Specify font styles and sizes that are readable for all users.
   • Design accessible forms, buttons, and other interactive elements.
   • Collaborate with developers to ensure designs are implemented accessibly.

4. Content Creators/Writers:

   Role: Produce web content that is accessible and understandable to all users.

   Responsibilities:

   • Write clear and concise content.
   • Provide alternative text (alt text) for images and multimedia.
   • Use semantic HTML elements for structuring content.
   • Ensure that links and headings are descriptive.
   • Follow plain language and readability guidelines.

5. Quality Assurance/Testers:

   Role: Verify and validate that the website meets accessibility requirements.

   Responsibilities:

   • Conduct comprehensive accessibility testing using various tools and assistive technologies.
   • Document and report accessibility issues.
   • Work with developers to verify issue resolution.
   • Perform regression testing to ensure that accessibility fixes do not introduce new issues.

6. Project Managers:

   Role: Ensure that accessibility is considered in project planning and execution.

   Responsibilities:

   • Include accessibility requirements in project specifications, DODs, and timelines.
   • Allocate resources for accessibility testing and remediation.
   • Monitor progress and ensure that accessibility goals are met.
   • Facilitate communication between different teams and stakeholders.

7. Legal/Compliance Team:

   Role: Ensure that the organization complies with accessibility laws and standards.

   Responsibilities:

   • Stay updated on accessibility regulations and requirements.
   • Provide guidance on legal compliance.
   • Assist in preparing accessibility statements and VPATs (Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates).
   • Address legal inquiries or complaints related to web accessibility.

8. End Users:

   Role: Provide feedback and report accessibility issues.

   Responsibilities:

   • Inform the organization about accessibility barriers encountered while using the website.
   • Report accessibility issues through designated channels.
   • Participate in user testing and surveys to provide valuable insights.

Clearly defining these roles and responsibilities and ensuring that team members understand their roles is crucial for effective web accessibility management within an organization. Collaboration and communication among these roles are essential for achieving and maintaining web accessibility.

Accessibility Testing Tools

Accessibility testing tools are software applications or browser extensions that assist developers, designers, and testers in evaluating and improving the accessibility of websites and web applications. These tools help identify accessibility issues, suggest remedies, and ensure that web content is accessible to people with disabilities. Here are some popular accessibility testing tools:

1. Screen Readers:

   JAWS (Job Access With Speech): JAWS is a widely used commercial screen reader for Windows that provides speech and braille output. It is often used by blind and visually impaired individuals. NVDA (NonVisual Desktop Access): NVDA is a free, open-source screen reader for Windows. It offers support for various languages and is highly customizable. VoiceOver: VoiceOver is the built-in screen reader for Apple's macOS and iOS devices. It provides speech and braille output and is essential for testing accessibility on Apple platforms.

2. Browser Extensions:

   axe DevTools (for Chrome and Firefox): axe DevTools is a browser extension that integrates with web developer tools to analyze web pages for accessibility issues. It provides detailed issue reports and recommendations.

   WAVE Evaluation Tool (for Chrome and Firefox): The WAVE browser extension identifies accessibility errors and suggests solutions. It offers a visual representation of accessibility issues directly on web pages.

   axe Coconut (for Chrome): axe Coconut is another browser extension powered by axe-core that focuses on testing web components, providing detailed reports and guidance for fixing issues.

   Screen Reader (chrome vox) Tool by google. The Chrome Screen reader extension is a showcase of a fully featured screen reader for the web built using only web technologies such as html and javascript. This extension specifically works within the Chrome browser to read content aloud. For more comprehensive solutions, they recommend the use of full system screen readers like ChromeVox on Chrome OS, VoiceOver on Mac, JAWS, NVDA or Narrator on Windows, etc.

3. Automated Testing Tools:

   axe-core: axe-core is an open-source JavaScript library for automating accessibility testing. It can be integrated into various testing frameworks, such as Selenium and Cypress, to test web applications programmatically.

   Pa11y: Pa11y is an open-source command-line tool that allows you to automate accessibility testing and generate reports. It supports multiple output formats and can be used in continuous integration pipelines.

   Tenon.io: Tenon is a cloud-based accessibility testing tool that offers both automated and manual testing options. It provides detailed reports and integrations with various development environments.

4. Online Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools:

   WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool: In addition to its browser extension, WAVE also offers an online tool that allows you to enter a URL and receive an accessibility evaluation of the entire webpage.

   WebAIM's WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool: WebAIM offers a free online tool similar to the WAVE tool mentioned above. It provides detailed accessibility reports and explanations of issues.

5. Color Contrast Checkers:

   Color Contrast Analyzer (CCA): CCA is a standalone desktop tool for Windows and macOS that helps you check the color contrast of text and background elements to ensure they meet WCAG's color contrast requirements.

   WebAIM's Color Contrast Checker: WebAIM offers an online tool to check the color contrast of text elements on a webpage.

6. Keyboard Testing:

   Keyboard shortcuts and manual testing: While not a tool in the traditional sense, testing website functionality using only a keyboard is a critical accessibility practice. Ensure that all interactive elements can be operated and navigated using keyboard input alone.

Remember that no single tool can catch all accessibility issues, so it's advisable to use a combination of these tools, manual testing, and user testing with people with disabilities to ensure a high level of web accessibility compliance. Additionally, it's important to regularly update these tools and stay informed about changes in web accessibility standards and guidelines.

Testing Procedures

Testing procedures for web accessibility are a crucial part of ensuring that a website or web application is accessible to people with disabilities. Here's a detailed breakdown of testing procedures that you can include in your web accessibility run book:

1. Testing Tools and Environment Setup:

   • Begin by outlining the tools and software needed for accessibility testing. Mention any specific browsers, screen readers, or testing frameworks that your team should use.
   • Provide instructions for setting up the testing environment, including how to configure assistive technologies like screen readers.

2. Testing Scope and Objectives:

   • Define the scope of your accessibility testing. Specify which web pages or components you intend to test.
   • Clarify the objectives of each testing session. Are you looking for specific issues, such as keyboard navigation problems or missing alt text on images?

3. Test Cases and Scenarios:

   • Create a comprehensive list of test cases and scenarios that cover various aspects of web accessibility. This should include tests for different disabilities (e.g., visual, auditory, motor) and different types of content (e.g., text, images, forms).

• Example test cases might include:
  • Testing keyboard navigation through the entire website.
  • Checking for proper heading structure and semantic HTML.
  • Verifying that form fields have accessible labels and error messages.
  • Testing multimedia elements for captions and transcripts.

4. Manual Testing:

   • Explain how to conduct manual accessibility tests, including steps for each test case.
   • Provide guidelines on how to use keyboard navigation to interact with the website.
   • Detail how to use screen readers to review the content and identify issues.
   • Describe the process for checking color contrast and ensuring it meets accessibility standards.

5. Automated Testing:

   • Introduce automated testing tools and their role in accessibility testing.
   • Explain how to run automated tests and interpret the results.
   • Emphasize that automated tools are a complement to, but not a replacement for, manual testing.

6. Responsive Design and Mobile Accessibility:

   • Include testing procedures for responsive design and mobile accessibility.
   • Explain how to use mobile screen readers and testing tools for mobile devices.
   • Address specific mobile accessibility concerns, such as touch targets and viewport settings.

7. Forms and Interactivity:

   • Detail how to test interactive components like forms, buttons, and modal dialogs for accessibility.
   • Provide guidance on using ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes to enhance interactivity for screen reader users.

8. Media Accessibility:

   • Cover testing procedures for audio and video content, including checking for captions, audio descriptions, and transcripts.
   • Explain how to test multimedia elements with screen readers and assistive technologies.

9. Documenting and Reporting Issues:

   • Outline the process for documenting accessibility issues encountered during testing.
   • Specify the information that should be included in issue reports, such as the location of the issue, a description of the problem, and steps to reproduce it.
   • Provide guidance on using issue tracking systems if applicable.

10. Testing Iteration:

    • Emphasize the importance of iterative testing throughout the development lifecycle.
    • Explain how to verify that issues have been resolved and conduct regression testing to ensure new changes do not introduce new accessibility problems.

11. User Testing:

    • If user testing with people with disabilities is part of your accessibility testing process, provide instructions on how to conduct user testing sessions.
    • Include guidelines for recruiting participants, setting up test environments, and gathering feedback.

12. Accessibility Testing Checklist:

    • Consider including a checklist summarizing the key testing procedures and steps for quick reference.

13. Validation and Compliance:

    • Explain how to validate the website's compliance with specific accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG).
    • Describe the criteria for determining if a web page or application meets accessibility requirements.

14. Testing Frequency:

    • Suggest a testing schedule, such as regular testing before major releases and ongoing testing as new content or features are added.

15. Training and Skill Development:

    • Encourage continuous learning and skill development for the testing team. Provide resources and training materials for testers to improve their accessibility testing expertise.

16. Communication and Collaboration:

    • Stress the importance of effective communication between testers, developers, designers, and content creators to address and resolve accessibility issues.

Web Accessibility Guidelines

Web Accessibility Guidelines refer to a set of standards and recommendations designed to make digital content, including websites and web applications, accessible to people with disabilities. These guidelines provide a framework for developers, designers, and content creators to ensure that their online content can be used and understood by individuals with various disabilities. The most widely recognized and adopted set of web accessibility guidelines is the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Here is detailed information about WCAG:

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG):

1. Background:

   • WCAG is developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international organization responsible for setting web standards.
   • The first version of WCAG was published in 1999, with subsequent versions (WCAG 2.0, WCAG 2.1, and WCAG 2.2) released to address evolving web technologies and user needs.
   • WCAG is widely accepted and adopted globally as the standard for web accessibility.

2. Structure:

   • WCAG is organized into four main principles, each with a set of guidelines and success criteria:
     • Perceivable: Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive.
     • Operable: User interface components and navigation must be operable.
     • Understandable: Information and the operation of the user interface must be understandable.
     • Robust: Content must be robust enough that it can be reliably interpreted by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies.

3. Guidelines and Success Criteria:

   • Each principle is divided into guidelines, which provide high-level objectives, and success criteria, which provide specific, testable requirements.
   • There are three levels of conformance to WCAG success criteria:
     • Level A (the most basic requirements)
     • Level AA (addresses most common barriers and is the target for most websites)
     • Level AAA (the highest level of accessibility)

4. Examples of Success Criteria:

   • Success Criterion 1.1.1 (Level A): Provide text alternatives for non-text content such as images, audio, and video.
   • Success Criterion 2.4.3 (Level AA): Provide a focus indicator for keyboard navigation and ensure it is visible.
   • Success Criterion 3.2.3 (Level AA): Provide labels or instructions for user input fields.

5. Applicability:

   • WCAG is applicable to a wide range of web content, including text, images, multimedia, forms, and interactive elements.
   • It applies to websites, web applications, mobile apps, and any other digital content presented on the web.

6. Benefits of Compliance:

   • Ensuring compliance with WCAG guidelines benefits not only people with disabilities but also improves the overall user experience for all users.
   • It enhances the reach and usability of websites, potentially increasing the audience and customer base.
   • Compliance helps organizations meet legal requirements and avoid legal liabilities related to web accessibility.

7. Implementation:

   • Implementing WCAG involves a combination of coding practices, design decisions, and content creation techniques.
   • Developers use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other web technologies to ensure compliance.
   • Designers consider color contrast, layout, and user interface elements that facilitate accessibility.
   • Content creators provide alternative text for images, write clear and concise content, and create accessible documents and media.

8. Testing and Evaluation:

   • To ensure compliance with WCAG, web content is often tested using various accessibility evaluation tools and manual testing with assistive technologies.
   • Regular audits and evaluations are essential to maintain accessibility over time.

9. Evolution:

   • WCAG continues to evolve to address emerging technologies and user needs. New versions or updates may be released to keep pace with changes in web development.

10. Resources:

    • The official WCAG documentation, including the full guidelines and techniques, is available on the W3C website.

It's important for web developers, designers, and content creators to familiarize themselves with WCAG and incorporate its guidelines into their web development processes to create inclusive and accessible digital experiences for all users.

Remediation Strategies

Remediation strategies in the context of web accessibility refer to the actions and techniques used to address and fix accessibility issues found in a website or web application. These strategies are crucial for ensuring that digital content is accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. Below, I'll provide detailed information on common remediation strategies:

1. Alt Text for Images:

   Issue: Images without alternative text are not accessible to screen reader users.

   Strategy: Add descriptive alt text to all images, providing a textual description of the image's content and function.

   <img src="example.jpg" alt="A red apple on a wooden table">

2. Semantic HTML:

   Issue: Improper use of HTML elements can lead to confusing page structures for screen reader users.

   Strategy: Use appropriate HTML elements (e.g., headings, lists, links) to create a clear and logical document structure. Using semantic html will resolve half of the accessibility issues.

   <h2>Latest Articles</h2>
   <ul>
       <li><a href="article1.html">Article 1</a></li>
       <li><a href="article2.html">Article 2</a></li>
   </ul>

3. Keyboard Accessibility:

   Issue: Some users rely on keyboard navigation and may encounter inaccessible elements.

   Strategy: Ensure that all interactive elements can be accessed and operated using a keyboard alone, without relying on mouse actions.

4. Color Contrast:

   Issue: Low color contrast between text and background can make content difficult to read.

   Strategy: Ensure sufficient color contrast by following the WCAG guidelines (e.g., a minimum contrast ratio of 4.5:1 for normal text).

   /* Example CSS for improving color contrast */
   .text {
       color: #333; /* Text color */
       background-color: #fff; /* Background color */
   }

5. Form Accessibility:

   Issue: Forms may lack proper labels, instructions, or error messages.

   Strategy: Include clear labels for form fields, provide instructions, and associate error messages with specific form fields.

   <label for="username">Username:</label>
   <input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>

6. Aria Roles and Attributes:

   Issue: Complex widgets or dynamic content may not be conveyed properly to screen readers.

   Strategy: Use ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes to enhance the accessibility of custom controls and dynamic content.

   <button aria-label="Close" aria-describedby="close-tooltip">X</button>
   <div id="close-tooltip" role="tooltip">Close this window</div>

7. Multimedia Accessibility:

   Issue: Videos and audio without captions or transcripts are inaccessible to users with hearing impairments.

   Strategy: Provide captions or transcripts for multimedia content and offer controls for adjusting volume and playback speed.

8. Responsive Design:

   Issue: Websites that are not responsive may be difficult to navigate on various devices and screen sizes.

   Strategy: Implement responsive design techniques to ensure that content is usable and readable on both desktop and mobile devices.

9. Testing and Validation:

   Issue: Not regularly testing for accessibility issues can lead to unnoticed problems.

   Strategy: Conduct regular accessibility audits and testing using automated tools and manual testing methods to identify and address issues proactively.

10. Documentation and Training:

    Issue: Team members may not be aware of accessibility best practices.

    Strategy: Provide training and documentation on web accessibility principles, guidelines, and techniques to ensure that everyone involved understands their role in accessibility compliance.

11. Continuous Monitoring and Updates:

    Issue: Accessibility standards and technologies evolve over time.

    Strategy: Establish a process for continuous monitoring and updating of your website or application to remain compliant with the latest accessibility standards and best practices.

Remediation strategies should be integrated into the web development process to ensure that accessibility is considered from the beginning and maintained throughout the project's lifecycle. Regular testing and ongoing commitment to accessibility are essential for creating an inclusive online experience for all users.

Testing and Release Process

The Testing and Release Process for web accessibility should be well-structured to ensure that your website or web application is accessible to people with disabilities before it goes live. Here is a detailed breakdown of the testing and release process for web accessibility:

1. Pre-Development Planning:

   • Accessibility should be considered from the outset of any web development project. Ensure that accessibility requirements are included in the project's initial scope and planning documents.

2. Accessibility Testing During Development:

   • Conduct ongoing accessibility testing during the development phase to catch issues early.
   • Developers should use automated testing tools and manual testing techniques to identify and address accessibility problems as they arise.
   • Collaborate closely with designers, content creators, and developers to ensure that accessibility is integrated into every aspect of the project.

3. Pre-Launch Accessibility Audit:

   • Before the website or application is ready for release, conduct a comprehensive accessibility audit.
   • Perform manual testing with assistive technologies such as screen readers and conduct usability tests with people with disabilities if possible.
   • Use automated testing tools to identify potential issues, but remember that manual testing is essential to catch nuanced problems.
   • Document all accessibility issues found during this audit.

4. Issue Tracking and Prioritization:

   • Create a system for tracking and prioritizing accessibility issues. Prioritize critical issues that significantly impact usability for people with disabilities.
   • Assign responsibilities for fixing each issue to the appropriate team members (developers, designers, content creators).

5. Remediation and Testing Iteration:

   • Developers and other relevant team members should address and remediate the identified accessibility issues.
   • After remediation, conduct retesting to ensure that the issues have been properly resolved.
   • Iterate this process until all critical accessibility issues are resolved and the website meets the required accessibility standards.

6. User Acceptance Testing (UAT):

   • If feasible, involve individuals with disabilities in User Acceptance Testing (UAT).
   • Gather feedback and insights from users with disabilities to ensure that the website is genuinely accessible and usable.

7. Accessibility Documentation:

   • Create or update accessibility documentation, including an accessibility statement, VPAT (Voluntary Product Accessibility Template), and any required compliance reports.
   • Ensure that all accessibility features and accommodations are documented for reference.

8. Release Planning:

   • Plan the release date and time carefully, considering accessibility testing and remediation timelines.
   • Ensure that the website is fully accessible and compliant with relevant standards before proceeding to the release phase.

9. Release:

   • Deploy the accessible website or application to the production server.
   • Monitor the website for any last-minute issues that may arise during or after deployment.

10. Post-Launch Accessibility Testing:

    • Continue to monitor the accessibility of the live website.
    • Regularly conduct accessibility tests to identify and address any new issues that may arise due to updates, changes, or user-generated content.

11. Accessibility Testing in Future Releases:

    • Integrate accessibility testing into your organization's ongoing development process.
    • Ensure that accessibility remains a priority for all future updates and releases.

12. Accessibility Training and Awareness:

    • Offer training and awareness programs for team members to keep them informed about accessibility standards and best practices.
    • Promote a culture of accessibility within your organization to ensure continued commitment to accessibility in future projects.

13. Documentation and Reporting:

    • Maintain accurate records of accessibility testing, remediation, and ongoing maintenance activities.
    • Periodically update the accessibility run book and other documentation as needed to reflect changes in best practices or standards.

By following these steps and integrating accessibility into your development and release process, you can ensure that your website or web application remains accessible to a wide range of users, including those with disabilities. Accessibility should be an ongoing commitment, not a one-time effort.

Accessibility Documentation

Accessibility documentation is a crucial part of ensuring and demonstrating compliance with web accessibility standards and laws. It serves to communicate an organization's commitment to accessibility, outline the accessibility features of products and services, and provide information that helps people with disabilities understand how to use digital content and services. Here's a more detailed look at different types of accessibility documentation:

1. Accessibility Statement:

   • An accessibility statement is a public-facing document that outlines an organization's commitment to accessibility. It typically includes:
     • Contact information for accessibility inquiries or issues.
     • Information about compliance with specific accessibility standards (e.g., WCAG 2.1).
     • A summary of efforts made to ensure accessibility.
     • Known accessibility barriers, if any, with plans for addressing them.
     • A date of the statement's last update.
   • Accessibility statements are usually placed prominently on a website's footer or in an accessibility-specific section.

2. Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT):

   • A VPAT is a standardized document that provides detailed information about the accessibility of a specific product or service. It is often required when selling technology products or services to government agencies.
   • The VPAT typically follows a structured format, including sections for:
     • Product identification and contact information.
     • A description of the product's features.
     • An assessment of compliance with various accessibility criteria (based on WCAG).
     • A list of accessibility features and any known issues.
     • Remediation plans for non-compliant areas.
   • VPATs make it easier for procurement officers to evaluate the accessibility of products.

3. Accessibility Conformance Report (ACR):

   • An ACR is similar to a VPAT but is more detailed and comprehensive. It provides a thorough evaluation of a product or service's accessibility, including test results, test methodologies, and specific references to applicable accessibility standards.
   • ACRs are often used by organizations to demonstrate accessibility compliance for their digital products and services.

4. Accessibility Documentation for Content:

   • Content creators, such as authors, editors, and web developers, should document their efforts to create accessible content. This may include:
     • Descriptions of how alternative text (alt text) is used for images and multimedia.
     • Notes on the use of semantic HTML elements and ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes.
     • Documentation of transcripts for multimedia content.
   • This documentation helps content creators and maintainers follow accessibility best practices.

5. Accessibility Training Materials:

   • Documentation related to accessibility training can include:
     • Training curricula and materials used to educate staff about accessibility.
     • Records of attendance at training sessions.
     • Certificates or credentials obtained by staff after completing accessibility training.
   • These materials help ensure that employees have the knowledge and skills needed to create and maintain accessible content and products.

6. User Guides and Tutorials:

   • Documentation aimed at helping people with disabilities use digital products and services effectively. This may include:
     • Guides on using screen readers, keyboard navigation, or voice recognition software.
     • Tutorials on how to customize accessibility settings in web browsers and operating systems.
   • User guides and tutorials should be designed to be as clear and helpful as possible.

7. Regular Updates and Version History:

   • Accessibility documentation should be periodically reviewed and updated to reflect changes in content, technology, or standards. It's essential to maintain a version history to track changes and demonstrate a commitment to continuous improvement.

Creating and maintaining robust accessibility documentation is essential for organizations to demonstrate their commitment to inclusivity, ensure legal compliance, and provide valuable resources to users with disabilities. It's an ongoing process that should be integrated into the organization's accessibility program.

Training and Awareness

Training and awareness are critical components of ensuring web accessibility within an organization. They help educate team members, stakeholders, and contributors about the importance of accessibility and provide them with the knowledge and skills needed to create and maintain accessible websites and web applications. Here is detailed information on training and awareness initiatives for web accessibility:

1. Training Objectives:

Clearly define the goals and objectives of your training and awareness program. These objectives may include:

• Raising awareness about the importance of web accessibility.
• Ensuring that team members understand relevant accessibility laws and standards.
• Equipping developers, designers, and content creators with the knowledge and skills to implement accessibility features.
• Promoting a culture of accessibility within the organization.

2. Audience Identification:

Determine who needs training and awareness initiatives within your organization. Your audience may include:

• Developers and programmers
• Designers and UX/UI professionals
• Content creators and writers
• QA testers and quality assurance teams
• Project managers and product owners
• Executives, stakeholders, and decision-makers

3. Content Development:

Create training materials and content that cater to the specific needs of each audience group. Consider the following elements:

• Presentations, workshops, and online courses
• Documentation and guidelines on web accessibility
• Hands-on exercises and practical examples
• Case studies and real-world scenarios
• Interactive elements such as quizzes and assessments

4. Accessibility Basics:

Start with an introduction to web accessibility basics, covering key concepts, principles, and terminology. Ensure that participants understand why web accessibility matters and how it benefits individuals with disabilities.

5. Laws and Standards:

Provide an overview of relevant accessibility laws and standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), Section 508, and regional legislation. Explain the legal implications of non-compliance.

6. Practical Implementation:

Offer practical guidance on implementing accessibility features, including:

• Coding techniques for accessible HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
• Creating accessible forms, links, and multimedia content.
• Using ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) attributes.
• Testing and debugging accessibility issues.

7. Testing and Evaluation:

Teach participants how to perform accessibility testing using both automated tools and manual methods. Emphasize the importance of continuous testing throughout the development process.

8. Assistive Technologies:

Familiarize participants with common assistive technologies such as screen readers, voice recognition software, and screen magnifiers. Show how web content is experienced by individuals with disabilities.

9. Inclusive Design:

Promote the principles of inclusive design, emphasizing that accessibility should be considered from the outset of any project, rather than as an afterthought.

10. Hands-On Workshops:

Conduct practical workshops and exercises to allow participants to apply what they've learned. This may involve reviewing and improving the accessibility of sample websites or web applications.

11. Case Studies:

Share real-world examples and case studies of organizations that have successfully implemented web accessibility and the positive impact it had on their users and business.

12. Monitoring and Maintenance:

Highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring and maintenance of accessibility features to ensure they remain effective as websites evolve.

13. Promoting Awareness:

Beyond technical training, create awareness campaigns within the organization to ensure that all team members understand and appreciate the significance of web accessibility.

14. Accessibility Champions:

Identify and train accessibility champions within the organization who can serve as advocates and resources for web accessibility knowledge.

15. Feedback and Continuous Improvement:

Gather feedback from training participants to improve the training materials and delivery. Regularly update training content to reflect evolving best practices and technologies.

16. Resources:

Provide a list of additional resources for participants to continue learning about web accessibility, including books, websites, forums, and accessibility communities.

17. Evaluation and Certification:

Consider offering certification or recognition for participants who complete accessibility training successfully, which can motivate team members to engage in training actively.

18. Accessibility Policy:

Ensure that participants are aware of the organization's accessibility policy and how it aligns with the training initiatives.

19. Feedback Loop:

Establish a feedback mechanism for participants to report accessibility issues or seek guidance after the training has concluded.

By implementing a comprehensive training and awareness program, organizations can foster a culture of web accessibility and ensure that accessibility considerations are integrated into every aspect of their web development process. This, in turn, helps create more inclusive digital experiences for all users.

Ongoing Maintenance

Ongoing maintenance is a critical aspect of web accessibility, ensuring that a website or web application remains accessible to people with disabilities over time. Here is detailed information on ongoing maintenance for web accessibility:

1. Accessibility Audits and Evaluations:

   • Conduct regular accessibility audits and evaluations of your website or web application. This process should be scheduled at predefined intervals (e.g., quarterly, annually) or triggered by significant changes to the site.
   • Use both automated testing tools and manual testing methods to identify and assess accessibility issues. Automated tools can help catch common and repetitive issues, while manual testing provides insights into the user experience.
   • Document the results of these audits, including a list of identified issues, their severity, and their location within the site.

2. Issue Prioritization:

   • After identifying accessibility issues, prioritize them based on their impact and severity. Consider using a system such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) conformance levels (A, AA, AAA) or a similar ranking to categorize issues.
   • Address critical issues that severely impact the user experience first. These might include issues related to keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, and essential form fields.

3. Issue Tracking and Management:

   • Use an issue tracking system to record and manage accessibility issues. Popular tools like JIRA, GitHub Issues, or dedicated accessibility testing platforms can help you organize and track progress.
   • Assign responsibilities for fixing each issue to specific team members or stakeholders. Clearly communicate who is responsible for addressing each problem.

4. Accessibility Testing with Real Users:

   • Whenever possible, involve people with disabilities in usability testing and user feedback sessions. Their input can provide valuable insights into the actual user experience and help identify issues that automated tools might miss.
   • Continuously gather feedback from users with disabilities to identify new challenges or areas that need improvement.

5. Regular Content Updates and Reviews:

   • Content creators and editors should be trained in accessibility best practices and should review and update content with accessibility in mind.
   • Implement content creation guidelines, such as proper heading structure, alt text for images, and semantic HTML, to ensure newly added content is accessible.

6. Development Process Integration:

   • Ensure that accessibility is integrated into the development process from the start. Developers should be aware of accessibility requirements and best practices and incorporate them into their coding practices.
   • Conduct code reviews to check for accessibility issues in newly developed features or updates.

7. Documentation and Reporting:

   • Continuously update your accessibility documentation, including your accessibility run book, to reflect the current state of your website or application.
   • Maintain records of accessibility audits, evaluations, and remediation efforts. These records can be valuable for compliance reporting and tracking progress over time.

8. Training and Awareness:

• Organize ongoing training sessions and workshops to keep team members informed about web accessibility best practices and the importance of maintaining an accessible web presence.
• Foster a culture of accessibility within the organization, where all team members understand their role in maintaining accessibility.

9. External Support and Expertise:

• Consider seeking external support from accessibility experts or consultants for periodic accessibility reviews and guidance, especially if your website undergoes significant updates or changes.

10. Feedback Mechanisms:

• Provide accessible channels for users to report accessibility issues they encounter. Make it easy for them to reach out and ensure that their concerns are addressed promptly.

11. Regular Compliance Reporting:

• If your organization is subject to legal requirements or compliance standards, establish a regular reporting mechanism to demonstrate your ongoing commitment to web accessibility. Generate Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates (VPATs) or similar documentation if necessary.

12. Continuous Improvement:

• Use the insights gained from ongoing maintenance efforts to drive continuous improvement in web accessibility. Learn from past mistakes and successes to make accessibility an integral part of your web development process.

Ongoing maintenance is essential to ensure that web accessibility remains a priority and that your website or web application continues to provide an inclusive and usable experience for all users. It's an iterative process that requires dedication and a proactive approach to addressing accessibility issues as they arise.

Additional Resources

Resources can include websites, organizations, forums, tools, and more.

1. Web Accessibility Guidelines and Standards:

   • The official Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) documentation. This is crucial for detailed information on web accessibility standards.

2. Accessibility Testing Tools:

   • NVDA (NonVisual Desktop Access)
   • JAWS (Job Access With Speech)
   • VoiceOver
   • axe DevTools
   • WAVE Evaluation Tool
   • Web Developer
   • axe-core
   • Pa11y
   • Lighthouse
   • WebAIM Color Contrast Checker
   • Contrast
   • NoMouse Days
   • Keyboard Accessibility Testing Bookmarklets

3. Online Tutorials and Training:

Improving knowledge of web accessibility is essential for ensuring that your team can create inclusive and accessible digital experiences. Here are some reputable platforms, organizations, and resources that offer online tutorials, courses, and webinars on web accessibility:

1. Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) - W3C

   Website: - WAI Web Accessibility Tutorials

   Description: The WAI, a branch of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), provides free tutorials and resources on web accessibility. Their tutorials cover a wide range of topics related to WCAG guidelines and accessibility best practices.

2. Coursera

   website coursera

   Description: Coursera offers courses on web accessibility from various universities and institutions. Look for courses like "Web Accessibility" or "Digital Accessibility" to find relevant content.

3. edX Website: edX

   Description: edX offers online courses on web accessibility and digital inclusion. Courses are often created in partnership with universities and institutions.

4. Deque University

   Website: Deque University

   Description: Deque offers a range of web accessibility training courses, including webinars and certification programs. They provide both free and paid resources.

5. WebAIM

   Website: WebAIM

   Description: WebAIM is a leading provider of web accessibility expertise. They offer online resources, webinars, and training courses, including their "Web Accessibility for Designers" and "Web Accessibility for Developers" courses.

6. A11y Project

   Website: A11y Project

   Description: A11y Project provides free articles, tutorials, and guides on web accessibility. It's a great resource for both beginners and experienced developers.

7. LinkedIn Learning (formerly Lynda.com)

   Website: LinkedIn Learning

   Description: LinkedIn Learning offers a variety of courses on web accessibility, such as "Web Accessibility Principles" and "Creating Accessible PDFs."

8. Google Web Fundamentals - Accessibility

   Website: Google Web Fundamentals - Accessibility

   Description: Google provides a comprehensive guide on web accessibility as part of its Web Fundamentals series. It covers the basics and offers practical advice for developers.

9. Mozilla Developer Network (MDN) - Accessibility Learning Path

   Website: MDN Accessibility Learning Path

   Description: MDN offers an accessibility learning path that covers various aspects of web accessibility, including HTML, ARIA, and multimedia accessibility.

Remember to encourage your team members to participate in web accessibility conferences and workshops as well. These events often feature expert speakers and hands-on training sessions. Additionally, staying up-to-date with the latest developments in web accessibility through blogs, forums, and social media is important for continuous learning.

4. Accessibility Communities and Forums:

5. Accessibility Testing Guides:

   • Link to detailed guides and documentation on conducting accessibility tests. These guides may provide step-by-step instructions for specific testing scenarios.

6. Accessible Design Patterns and Examples:

   • WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices Guide
   • Inclusive Components

7. Web Accessibility Blogs and News

8. Accessibility Conferences and Events

9. Accessibility Organizations

10. Web Accessibility Testing Platforms

11. Accessibility Evaluation Services

12. Legal and Compliance Resources

13. Accessibility Tools and Plugins

14. Case Studies and Success Stories

15. Feedback Channels:

Remember to periodically review and update the Additional Resources section of your web accessibility run book to ensure that the information remains current and relevant to the evolving field of web accessibility.

Contributors

1. @manoj-mass / @hello-mano
2. Would you like to contribute to this document ?