Update to Python 3.12

[alexrashed]

Motivation

This PR contains all changes necessary to upgrade our Python version for the runtime from 3.11 to 3.12.
Similar to previous updates:

• Update to Python 3.11 #8087
• Upgrade python version to 3.10 #5632

Changes

• Update all CircleCI runners (which use Python 3.12.1 by default).
• Update all GitHub actions to install Python 3.12 instead of Python 3.11.
• Update the dockerfile base image to the latest sha digest of Python 3.12.2.
• Update all references to virtual environments which contain the Python version (f.e. /usr/lib/localstack/python-packages/lib/python3.12/site-packages).
• Update the Lambda Runtime version used for local execution (in the runtime of LocalStack itself) from 3.11 to 3.12.
  Impact
• Update the pinned dependencies (they need to be generated with the right version).
• Update the .python-version file for pyenv

This PR only updates the runtime version of LocalStack itself. The LocalStack CLI will still be compatible with Python 3.8+.
However, Python Initialization Hooks and LocalStack Extensions will then run in a Python 3.12 environment instead of Python 3.11.

TODO

• js2py is currently not compatible with Python 3.12.
  • KeyError in python3.12.0 PiotrDabkowski/Js2Py#317
  • Fix bytecode for Python 3.12 PiotrDabkowski/Js2Py#327
• Verify that the tests are all green / all libraries and our code are compatible.
• Verify that this change is compatible with our downstream projects.

[github-actions]

S3 Image Test Results (AMD64 / ARM64)

  2 files    2 suites   3m 12s ⏱️
398 tests 346 ✅  52 💤 0 ❌
796 runs  692 ✅ 104 💤 0 ❌

Results for commit deb6fba.

♻️ This comment has been updated with latest results.

[github-actions]

LocalStack Community integration with Pro

    2 files  ±0      2 suites  ±0   1h 22m 19s ⏱️ - 1m 2s
2 637 tests ±0  2 390 ✅ ±0  247 💤 ±0  0 ❌ ±0 
2 639 runs  ±0  2 390 ✅ ±0  249 💤 ±0  0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit e7fc30d. ± Comparison against base commit 4cc83f3.

[thrau]

I also noticed some issues with plux in python 3.12, which i'm surprised didn't surface here yet. anyway, they're fixed and can be released any time.