Adding Elixir, src/READMEs, & updated README.md

src/c/README.md

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+## C Language Basic Syntax Review
+C language is one of the most popular general-purpose programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratories for UNIX operating system. The initial release of C Language was in the year 1972. Most of the desktop operating systems are written in C Language.
+
+Key features:
+- Structured Programming
+- Popular system programming language
+- UNIX, MySQL and Oracle are completely written in C.
+- Supports variety of platforms
+- Efficient and also handle low-level activities.
+- As fast as assembly language and hence used as system development language.
+
+
+#### 1. Read inputs 
+````c
+#include <stdio.h>
+int main()
+{
+    char name[50];
+    printf("Enter name:");
+    scanf("%s", &name);
+    printf("Hello %s" , name );
+    return 0;
+
+}
+````
+#### Loops and Conditionals
+
+##### 2. If-Else:
+
+When ever you want to perform a set of operations based on a condition if-else is used.
+```c
+if(conditional-expression) {
+   // code
+} else {
+   // code
+}
+```
+You can also use if-else for nested Ifs and if-else-if ladder when multiple conditions are to be performed on a single variable.
+
+##### 3. Switch:
+
+Switch is an alternative to if-else-if ladder.
+
+````c
+switch(conditional-expression) {    
+case value1:    
+ // code    
+ break;  // optional  
+case value2:    
+ // code    
+ break;  // optional  
+...    
+
+default:     
+ // code to be executed when all the above cases are not matched;    
+} 
+````
+
+##### 4. For:
+
+For loop is used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition.
+
+````c
+for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){  
+  // code  
+} 
+````
+
+##### 5. While:
+
+While is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. Usually while is preferred when number of iterations are not known in advance.
+
+````c
+while(condition) {  
+ // code 
+}  
+````
+
+##### 6. Do-While:
+
+Do-while is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. It is mostly used when you need to execute the statements atleast once.
+
+````c
+do {
+  // code 
+} while (condition); 
+
+````
+#### 7. Arrays
+Array is a collection of similar data which is stored in continuous memory addresses. Array values can be fetched using index. Index starts from 0 to size-1.
+
+1. One dimentional Array: ` data-type array-name[size];`
+2. Two dimensional array: `data-type array-name[size][size];`
+
+#### 8. Functions
+Function is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually functions are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
+
+Two types of functions are present in C
+
+1. Library Functions: Library functions are the in-built functions which are declared in header files like `printf()`, `scanf()`, `puts()`, `gets()` etc.,
+2. User defined functions: User defined functions are the ones which are written by the programmer based on the requirement.
+
+
+##### 9. How to declare a Function
+```c
+return_type function_name(parameters);`
+```
+##### How to call a Function
+```c
+function_name (parameters)
+```
+
+##### How to define a FunctionHow to define a Function
+```c
+return_type function_name(parameters) {  
+  //code
+}
+```

src/cpp/README.md

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+## C++ Language Basic Syntax Review
+C++ is one of the most popular programming languages. C++ can be found in todays operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems. C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs. Note, C++ is an extension of C.
+
+Key features:
+
+- Supports different platforms like Windows, various Linux flavours, MacOS etc
+- C++ supports OOPS concepts like Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation and Abstraction.
+- Case-sensitive
+- C++ is a compiler based language
+- C++ supports structured programming language
+- C++ provides alot of inbuilt functions and also supports dynamic memory allocation.
+- Like C, C++ also allows you to play with memory using Pointers.
+
+
+#### 1. Read inputs 
+````cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() 
+{
+    string name;
+    cout << "Enter name:";
+    getline (cin, name);
+    cout << "Hello " << name;
+    return 0;
+}
+}
+````
+#### Loops and Conditionals
+
+##### 2. If-Else:
+
+When ever you want to perform a set of operations based on a condition if-else is used.
+```cpp
+if(conditional-expression) {
+   // code
+} else {
+   // code
+}
+```
+You can also use if-else for nested Ifs and if-else-if ladder when multiple conditions are to be performed on a single variable.
+
+##### 3. Switch:
+
+Switch is an alternative to if-else-if ladder.
+
+````cpp
+switch(conditional-expression) {    
+case value1:    
+ // code    
+ break;  // optional  
+case value2:    
+ // code    
+ break;  // optional  
+...    
+
+default:     
+ // code to be executed when all the above cases are not matched;    
+} 
+````
+
+##### 4. For:
+
+For loop is used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition.
+
+````cpp
+for(Initialization; Condition; Increment/decrement){  
+  // code  
+} 
+````
+
+##### 5. While:
+
+While is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. Usually while is preferred when number of iterations are not known in advance.
+
+````cpp
+while(condition) {  
+ // code 
+}  
+````
+
+##### 6. Do-While:
+
+Do-while is also used to iterate a set of statements based on a condition. It is mostly used when you need to execute the statements atleast once.
+
+````cpp
+do {
+  // code 
+} while (condition); 
+
+````
+#### 7. Arrays
+Array is a collection of similar data which is stored in continuous memory addresses. Array values can be fetched using index. Index starts from 0 to size-1.
+
+1. One dimentional Array: ` data-type array-name[size];`
+2. Two dimensional array: `data-type array-name[size][size];`
+
+#### 8. Functions
+Function is a sub-routine which contains set of statements. Usually functions are written when multiple calls are required to same set of statements which increases re-usuability and modularity.
+
+Two types of functions are present in C++
+
+1. Library Functions: Library functions are the in-built functions which are declared in header files like `floor(x)`, `tolower(x)`, `toupper()` etc.,
+2. User defined functions: User defined functions are the ones which are written by the programmer based on the requirement.
+
+
+##### How to declare a Function
+```cpp
+return_type function_name(parameters);`
+```
+##### How to call a Function
+```cpp
+function_name (parameters)
+```
+
+##### How to define a FunctionHow to define a Function
+```cpp
+return_type function_name(parameters) {  
+  //code
+}
+```

src/elixir/CalculatePi.ex

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+# Module to calculate an approximation of Pi
+defmodule PiApproximation do
+
+  # Function to calculate pi given number of terms
+  def calculate_pi(terms) do
+
+    # Initialize pi accumulator 
+    pi = 0.0 
+
+    # Reduce over 1..terms range
+    # Accumulator is a tuple with pi, denominator, and operation
+    Enum.reduce(1..terms, {pi, 1.0, 1.0}, fn _, {acc_pi, acc_denom, acc_op} ->
+
+      # Calculate new pi value    
+      new_pi = acc_pi + acc_op * (4.0 / acc_denom)
+
+      # Return tuple with updated values
+      {new_pi, acc_denom + 2.0, -acc_op} 
+    end) |> elem(0)
+  end
+
+end
+
+# Number of terms to approximate
+terms = 100_000  
+
+# Call approximation function
+result = PiApproximation.calculate_pi(terms)
+
+# Print result
+IO.puts(result)

src/elixir/FactorialIterative.ex

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+defmodule Factorial do
+  # Define a module called Factorial.
+
+  def factorial(n) when n >= 0 do
+    # Calculate the factorial using Enum.reduce.
+    Enum.reduce(1..n, 1, &(&1 * &2))
+  end
+
+  defp format_factorial(i, result) do
+    # Format the output string.
+    "#{i}! = #{result}"
+  end
+
+  def main do
+    # Entry point of the program.
+    nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+    Enum.each(nums, fn i ->
+      # Iterate through the list of numbers.
+      result = factorial(i)
+      IO.puts(format_factorial(i, result))
+    end)
+  end
+end
+
+Factorial.main()  # Execute the program.

src/elixir/FactorialRecursive.ex

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+# Define Math module for math utilities
+defmodule Math do
+
+  # Recursive factorial function
+  def factorial(0), do: 1 # Base case
+
+  def factorial(n) when n > 0 do 
+    # Recursive case
+    n * factorial(n-1) 
+  end
+
+end
+
+# Array of numbers to get factorials for
+nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 
+
+# Loop through the nums array
+for i <- nums do
+
+  # Calculate and print factorial 
+  IO.puts "#{i}! = #{Math.factorial(i)}" 
+
+end

src/elixir/FibonacciIterative.ex

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+# Define a Fibonacci module
+defmodule Fib do
+
+  # Function to calculate nth Fibonacci number
+  def fibonacci(n) when n >= 0 do
+
+    # Initialize starting values  
+    last = 0
+    curr = 1
+
+    # Use Enum.reduce as a loop from 0 to n-1
+    Enum.reduce(0..(n-1), {last, curr}, fn _, {last, curr} ->
+
+      # Update last and curr, returning as a tuple
+      {curr, curr + last}  
+    end)
+
+    # Return the last value after reducing
+    |> elem(0) 
+  end
+end
+
+# Print 10th Fibonacci number  
+IO.puts(Fib.fibonacci(10))

src/elixir/FibonacciRecursive.ex

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+# Define a Fibonacci module
+defmodule Fibonacci do
+  # Base case: If n is 0 or 1, return n.
+  def fibonacci(n) when n <= 1, do: n
+
+  # Recursive case: Calculate the Fibonacci number by summing the results
+  # of the previous two Fibonacci numbers.
+  def fibonacci(n) do
+    fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
+  end
+end
+
+# Print the Fibonacci number for n = 10.
+IO.puts("Fibonacci(n): #{Fibonacci.fibonacci(10)}")