Reverse engineering resources for the eCOS platform. Mostly focused on Broadcom eCOS platform at the moment.
Identify patterns in firmware code to derive the memory segments (.text, .data, .bss, stack) of a given device. You can use that information to define memory mappings in your SRE tool of choice.
./map_memory.py firmware.decompressed.bin
.text start: 0x80004000
.text end: 0x80e20ae0
.text length: 0xe1cae0
.data start: 0x80e20ae4
.data end: 0x81011a00
.data length: 0x1f0f1c
.bss_start: 0x816168c8
.bss_end: 0x81b52570
stack start: 0x81753c48
stack end: 0x81757c48
Dump the virtual vector table information from a live eCOS BFC device over serial.
./dump_vector_table.py
0x80000400 Virtual Vector Table Version 0x80015
0x80000404 Interrupt Table 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000408 Exception Table 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000040c Debug Vector 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000410 Kill Vector 0x80d97f80
0x80000414 Console I/O Procedure Table 0x81967908
0x80000418 Debug I/O Procedure Table 0x81967908
0x8000041c Flush Data Cache 0x80d98308
0x80000420 Flush Instruction Cache 0x80d982f0
0x80000424 CPU Data 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000428 Board Data 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000042c System Information 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000430 Set Debug Communication Channel 0x80d97fc0
0x80000434 Set Console Communication Channel 0x80d98230
0x80000438 Set Serial Baud Rate 0x0
0x8000043c Debug System Call 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000440 Reset 0x80d97f68
0x80000444 Console Interrupt Flag 0x0
0x80000448 Microsecond delay 0x80d97ecc
0x8000044c Debug Data 0x812b2894
0x80000450 Flash ROM Configuration 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000454 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000458 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000045c RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000460 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000464 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000468 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000046c RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000470 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000474 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000478 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000047c RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000480 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000484 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000488 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000048c Install breakpoint 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000490 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000494 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x80000498 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x8000049c RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004a0 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004a4 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004a8 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004ac RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004b0 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004b4 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004b8 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004bc RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004c0 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004c4 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004c8 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004cc RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004d0 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004d4 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004d8 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004dc RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004e0 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004e4 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004e8 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004ec RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004f0 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004f4 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004f8 RESERVED 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
0x800004fc Virtual Vector Table 0x80d97fb8 (nop)
Dump the virtual service routine table information from a live eCOS BFC device over serial.
./dump_vsr.py
0 :0x80000300 __default_interrupt_vsr 0x800043ec Int Interrupt (hardware)
1 :0x80000304 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Unk Unknown
2 :0x80000308 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Unk Unknown
3 :0x8000030c __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Unk Unknown
4 :0x80000310 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 AdEL Address Error exception (Load or instruction fetch)
5 :0x80000314 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 AdES Address Error exception (Store)
6 :0x80000318 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 IBE Instruction fetch Buss Error
7 :0x8000031c __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 DBE Data load or store Buss Error
8 :0x80000320 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Sys Syscall exception
9 :0x80000324 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Bp Breakpoint exception
10:0x80000328 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 RI Reversed Instruction exception
11:0x8000032c __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 CpU Coprocessor Unimplemented
12:0x80000330 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Ov Arithmetic Overflow exception
13:0x80000334 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Tr Trap
14:0x80000338 __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 FPE Floating Point Exception
15:0x8000033c __default_exception_vsr 0x80004bd8 Unk Unknown
Dump the whole heap region from live eCOS BFC device. I'm aware the content is changing as I'm dumping its content but it was useful to understand the heap allocator so I keep it here for historical reasons.
You must have a serial connection on /dev/ttyUSB0 to either a CM> or RG> shell.
./dump_heap.py
[+] Getting heap region addresses.
[+] Heap start: 0x81b52570
[+] Heap end: 0x87f01ff4
[+] Dumping region to heap.dump
[+] Reading memory from 0x81b52570
Analyze a binary looking for function name logging strings and cross-reference them to their actual function location.
Useful to identify functions to instrument to interact with SPI or NAND flash (e.g. NandFlashRead, NandFlashWrite, SpiFlashRead, SpiFlashWrite).
These functions offsets are required if you plan on writing a device profile for bcm2-utils. Note that some bootloaders are stripped of these strings, but the results can be used to create a function database (think FLIRT or FunctionID) that you can apply to them.
./ecos_bootloader_analysis.py bootloader.clean.bin
[+] Binary loaded. Launching analysis.
[+] Looking through strings ...
[+] 28 potential function names identified
Identified function Name Offset
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ETHrxData fcn.83f85cd0 (0x83F85CD0)
ETHtxData fcn.83f85dc8 (0x83F85DC8)
NandFlashCopyBlock fcn.83f841f0 (0x83F841F0)
NandFlashCopyPage fcn.83f839f8 (0x83F839F8)
NandFlashEraseBlock fcn.83f83830 (0x83F83830)
NandFlashEraseNextGoodBlock fcn.83f8395c (0x83F8395C)
NandFlashMarkBadBlock fcn.83f836e8 (0x83F836E8)
NandFlashRead fcn.83f83e9c (0x83F83E9C)
NandFlashRewriteBlock fcn.83f842ec (0x83F842EC)
NandFlashWaitReady fcn.83f83164 (0x83F83164)
NandFlashWrite fcn.83f834fc (0x83F834FC)
NandFlashWriteBuf NandFlashWrite (0x83F834FC)
PinMuxGet fcn.83f84ca0 (0x83F84CA0)
PinMuxSel fcn.83f84c20 (0x83F84C20)
PmcCommandIf fcn.83f8485c (0x83F8485C)
PowerDeviceOff fcn.83f845c4 (0x83F845C4)
PowerDeviceOn fcn.83f84680 (0x83F84680)
ReadBPCMReg fcn.83f844cc (0x83F844CC)
SpiFlashCmdAddr fcn.83f81038 (0x83F81038)
SpiFlashWrite fcn.83f81148 (0x83F81148)
SwitchReadInt fcn.83f82ca4 (0x83F82CA4)
TransmitBurst fcn.83f86158 (0x83F86158)
ValidateFlashMap fcn.83f82028 (0x83F82028)
WriteBPCMReg fcn.83f843f0 (0x83F843F0)
The file binwalk_bcm_ecos_magic.txt contains signatures for all manufacturers observed using Broadcom's ProgramStore firmware format.
Sample run:
binwalk --magic binwalk_bcm_ecos_magic.txt image1.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0x0 Broadcom ProgramStore Firmware (manufacturer: ASKEY, signature: 0xD22F, control: 0x0005, major: 256, minor: 511, build time: 2017-06-30 12:17:00, length: 5258252 bytes, load address: 0x80004000, filename: TCG300-D22F.EG00.15.01.OBE.01.05.11-V-E-170630_sto.bin, HCS: 0x3594, CRC: 0x8D515D00)
You can generate shared objects of eCOS standard library within a Vagrant virtual machine (see fidb-vm) and automagically generated a FunctionID database file out of it. I strongly recommend you simply download the FIDB files that I made available through that repo though. They work for eCOS 1.0, 2.0, and parts of 3.0. The documentation below is only helpful if you want to reproduce the build process.
vagrant up
Once they are generated, you can pull them off:
scp -r -i .vagrant/machines/default/libvirt/private_key [email protected]:'/tmp/ecoslibs'
You have to run the sortlib script to make the directory structure right for the Ghidra auto-analyzer:
cd ecoslibs
../sortlib.py
This will put everything in /tmp/sorted. Next, you can run the FIDB generator:
auto_fidb.sh
If you trust me, you can just use the eCOS 2.0 FIDB that I generated, named ecos-mips.be.32.fidb for big-endian architectures, and ecos-mips.le.32 for little-endian.
Simply copy DebugLogsRenameFunctions.java into your ghidra_scripts directory and it will appear in your Ghidra scripts. The script relies on the existence of specific functions, named debug_logger. The script will faile if you did not identify those first, and they vary from firmware to firmware (but once you're onto them, you'll auto-rename thousands of functions in one go).
Note: I have to put serious work into making the script more generic and refactor the whole thing, just be patient.
Simply copy RenameLabelVTable.java into your ghidra_scripts directory and it will appear in your Ghidra scripts. The script will have zero effect if you did not auto-rename the functions first as it will look for patterns of C++ function names (with '::' in it).
This is an ongoing endeavour. The plan is to write to memory a piece of code that will launch a high priority thread exposing a GDB server, with breakpoint and fault handling capabilities.
See the ecoshell project.
Search firmware file for a pattern starting with \x00\x02 so that it can be re-used by ROP chains in need of an AF_INET value for their sockaddr_in structures.
The script will print the corresponding TCP port that the device will try connecting to if a specific address is used to construct the sockaddr_in struct.
It's Christmas time in eCOS world ! The led_fun.py is a sample script to make all led blink, useful if you want to demonstrate code execution.
- https://github.com/jclehner/bcm2-utils - OG tool that helped kickstart all of this.
- https://github.com/jclehner/bcm2-dumps - Firmware images for BCM33XX modems, useful if you want to get your hands dirty without having access to an actual device.