[Feature Request]: Convert Terminal Logger to a ForwardingLogger

[baronfel]

Summary

TerminalLogger needs to have a forwarded logger component and a central logging component so that it can intelligently forward events from multiple build nodes to the central logger that writes to the console stream.

Background and Motivation

In #9805 I tried to use TaskParameterEventArgs to read values from Targets over the course of a build. This works for a single-process build, but for multi-process builds the current configuration only forwards certain verbosities of events, which means the feature will not work.

Proposed Feature

TerminalLogger should provide a custom forwarding logger implementation that can forward relevant events back to the central node for performant updates.

Alternative Designs

No response

[baronfel]

Note that when we do this, we will need to update the SDK's dotnet run implementation. It currently creates an instance of TL via reflection for use during API-based builds, and once TL is a forwarding logger we'll break that usage.