Model code and inputs for Pham et al., A techno-economic analysis of distributed energy resources versus wholesale electricity purchases for fueling decarbonized heavy duty vehicles, Applied Energy (2022): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119460.
The HDV charging model is an optimization model that minimizes the total system cost of capacity expansions and operations of distributed energy resources such as batteries, small nuclear microreactors (SMR), solar PV, and the cost of purchase of electricity from the grid, which includes transmission expansions and infrastructure update costs, to meet charging stations' hourly demands across the United States in a given year, taken into account technology and power system constraints.
The Model includes 219 HDV charging stations, spanning 3 charging load scenarios. 
Annual new capacities expansion of distributed energy resources' at each charging station.
Hourly generation from SMR and solar PV at each charging station.
Hourly inflow and discharge of battery storage at each charging station.
Hourly inflow and discharge of hydrogen storage at each charging station.
Hourly purchase of electricity from the grid
Voltage class and length of transmission line built at each charging station location to connect to power grid.
Total cost of capacity expansions, resource operations, transmission lines development, and bulk power purchase.