NeuralHash Collider

Find target hash collisions for Apple's NeuralHash perceptual hash function.

For example, starting from a picture of this cat, we can find an adversarial image that has the same hash as the picture of the dog in this post:

python collide.py --image cat.jpg --target 59a34eabe31910abfb06f308

We can confirm the hash collision using nnhash.py from AsuharietYgvar/AppleNeuralHash2ONNX:

$ python nnhash.py dog.png
59a34eabe31910abfb06f308
$ python nnhash.py adv.png
59a34eabe31910abfb06f308

How it works

NeuralHash is a perceptual hash function that uses a neural network. Images are resized to 360x360 and passed through a neural network to produce a 128-dimensional feature vector. Then, the vector is projected onto R^96 using a 128x96 "seed" matrix. Finally, to produce a 96-bit hash, the 96-dimensional vector is thresholded: negative entries turn into a 0 bit, and non-negative entries turn into a 1 bit.

This entire process, except for the thresholding, is differentiable, so we can use gradient descent to find hash collisions. This is a well-known property of neural networks, that they are vulnerable to adversarial examples.

We can define a loss that captures how close an image is to a given target hash: this loss is basically just the NeuralHash algorithm as described above, but with the final "hard" thresholding step tweaked so that it is "soft" (in particular, differentiable). Exactly how this is done (choices of activation functions, parameters, etc.) can affect convergence, so it can require some experimentation. After choosing the loss function, we can follow the standard method to find adversarial examples for neural networks: gradient descent.

Details

The implementation currently does an alternating projections style attack to find an adversarial example that has the intended hash and also looks similar to the original. See collide.py for the full details. The implementation uses two different loss functions: one measures the distance to the target hash, and the other measures the quality of the perturbation (l2 norm + total variation). We first optimize for a collision, focusing only on matching the target hash. Once we find a projection, we alternate between minimizing the perturbation and ensuring that the hash value does not change. The attack has a number of parameters; run python collide.py --help or refer to the code for a full list. Tweaking these parameters can make a big difference in convergence time and the quality of the output.

The implementation also supports a flag --blur [sigma] that blurs the perturbation on every step of the search. This can slow down or break convergence, but on some examples, it can be helpful for getting results that look more natural and less like glitch art.

Examples

Reproducing the Lena/Barbara result from this post:

The first image above is the original Lena image. The second was produced with --target a426dae78cc63799d01adc32 to collide with Barbara. The third was produced with the additional argument --blur 1.0. The fourth is the original Barbara image. Checking their hashes:

$ python nnhash.py lena.png
32dac883f7b91bbf45a48296
$ python nnhash.py lena-adv.png
a426dae78cc63799d01adc32
$ python nnhash.py lena-adv-blur-1.0.png
a426dae78cc63799d01adc32
$ python nnhash.py barbara.png
a426dae78cc63799d01adc32

Reproducing the Picard/Sidious result from this post:

The first image above is the original Picard image. The second was produced with --target e34b3da852103c3c0828fbd1 --tv-weight 3e-4 to collide with Sidious. The third was produced with the additional argument --blur 0.5. The fourth is the original Sidious image. Checking their hashes:

$ python nnhash.py picard.png
73fae120ad3191075efd5580
$ python nnhash.py picard-adv.png
e34b2da852103c3c0828fbd1
$ python nnhash.py picard-adv-blur-0.5.png
e34b2da852103c3c0828fbd1
$ python nnhash.py sidious.png
e34b2da852103c3c0828fbd1

Prerequisites

• Get Apple's NeuralHash model following the instructions in AsuharietYgvar/AppleNeuralHash2ONNX and either put all the files in this directory or supply the --model / --seed arguments
• Install Python dependencies: pip install -r requirements.txt

Usage

Run python collide.py --image [path to image] --target [target hash] to generate a hash collision. Run python collide.py --help to see all the options, including some knobs you can tweak, like the learning rate and some other parameters.

Limitations

The code in this repository is intended to be a demonstration, and perhaps a starting point for other exploration. Tweaking the implementation (choice of loss function, choice of parameters, etc.) might produce much better results than this code currently achieves.

Citation

If you use this implementation in your work, please cite the following:

@misc{athalye2021neuralhashcollider,
  author = {Anish Athalye},
  title = {NeuralHash Collider},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/anishathalye/neural-hash-collider}},
}