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🐍 Python3 Cheatsheet 💻

This a summary of all the things we use in python. This can be a great help or reference for students who just started or a reference for seasoned coders.

Contents

( click on links to skip to that topic )


Python Data Types:


Python Basics:


Functions:


Advanced Python:


Numbers

Python has two main types of Numbers -
int ( or integers) and
float (or floating point numbers)

#integers
type(1)   # int
type(-10) # int
type(0)   # int

#floating point numbers (decimal)
type(0.0) # float
type(2.2) # float
type(4E2) # float - 4*10 to the power of 2
# Arithmetic

10 + 3  # 13
10 - 3  # 7
10 * 3  # 30
10 ** 3 # 1000
10 / 3  # 3.3333333333333335
10 // 3 # 3 --> floor division - no decimals and returns an int
10 % 3  # 1 --> modulo operator - return the reminder. Good for deciding if number is even or odd
# Basic Math Functions on int and float

pow(5, 2)      # 25 --> like doing 5**2
abs(-50)       # 50
round(5.46)    # 5
round(5.468, 2)# 5.47 --> round to nth digit
bin(512)       # '0b1000000000' -->  binary format
hex(512)       # '0x200' --> hexadecimal format
# Converting Strings to Numbers

age = input("How old are you?")
age = int(age)

pi = input("What is the value of pi?")
pi = float(pi)

Strings

Strings in python are stored as sequences of letters in memory. You can imgine it as a

type('Hellloooooo') # str

#when needed a single quote in a string
'I\'m thirsty'
"I'm thirsty"

#escape characters
"\n" # new line
"\t" # adds a tab


# String slicing
# index always starts with 0
# : is called slicing and has the format [ start : end : step ]

'Hey you!'[4] # y
name = 'Tomorrow Never Dies'
name[4]     # r
name[:]     # Tomorrow Never Dies
name[1:]    # omorrow Never Dies
name[:1]    # T
name[-1]    # s
name[::1]   # Tomorrow Never Dies
name[::-1]  # seiD reveN worromoT
name[0:10:2]# Tmro N


'Hi there ' + 'S44WN' # 'Hi there S44WN' --> This is called string concatenation

#string multiplies
'*'*10 # **********
'hey'*3 #heyheyhey
# Basic Functions
len('turtle') # 6

# Basic Methods --

'  I am alone '.strip()
# 'I am alone' --> Strips all whitespace characters from both ends.

'On an island'.strip('d')
# 'On an islan' --> # Strips all passed characters from both ends.

'but life is good!'.split()
# ['but', 'life', 'is', 'good!']

'Help me'.replace('me', 'you')
# 'Help you' --> Replaces first with second param

'Need to make fire'.startswith('Need')# True

'and cook rice'.endswith('rice')      # True

'still there?'.upper()                # STILL THERE?

'HELLO?!'.lower()                     # hello?!

'ok, I am done.'.capitalize()         # 'Ok, I am done.'

'oh hi there'.count('e')              # 2

'bye bye'.index('e')                  # 2

'oh hi there'.find('i')               # 4 --> returns the starting index position of the first occurrence

'oh hi there'.find('a')               # -1

'oh hi there'.index('a')              # Raises ValueError
# String Formatting

name1 = 'Steve'
name2 = 'Peggy'

print(f'Hello there {name1} and {name2}')       # Hello there Steve and Peggy - Newer way to do things as of python 3.6

print('Hello there {} and {}'.format(name1, name2))# Hello there Steve and Peggy

print('Hello there %s and %s' %(name1, name2))  # Hello there Steve and Peggy --> you can also use %d, %f, %r for integers, floats, string representations of objects respectively
# Palindrome check
word = 'reviver'
p = bool(word.find(word[::-1]) + 1)
print(p) # True

Boolean

True or False. Used in a lot of comparison and logical operations in Python

bool(True)
bool(False)

# all of the below evaluate to False. Everything else will evaluate to True in Python.
print(bool(None))
print(bool(False))
print(bool(0))
print(bool(0.0))
print(bool([]))
print(bool({}))
print(bool(()))
print(bool(''))
print(bool(range(0)))
print(bool(set()))

# See Logical Operators and Comparison Operators section for more on booleans.

Lists

Unlike strings, lists are mutable sequences in python

my_list = [1, 2, '3', True]# We assume this list won't mutate for each example below

len(my_list)               # 4
my_list.index('3')         # 2
my_list.count(2)           # 1 --> count how many times 2 appears

my_list[3]                 # True
my_list[1:]                # [2, '3', True]
my_list[:1]                # [1]
my_list[-1]                # True
my_list[::1]               # [1, 2, '3', True]
my_list[::-1]              # [True, '3', 2, 1]
my_list[0:3:2]             # [1, '3']

# : is called slicing and has the format [ start : end : step ]
# Add to List

my_list * 2                # [1, 2, '3', True, 1, 2, '3', True]

my_list + [100]            # [1, 2, '3', True, 100] --> doesn't mutate original list, creates new one

my_list.append(100)        # None --> Mutates original list to [1, 2, '3', True, 100]          # Or: <list> += [<el>]

my_list.extend([100, 200]) # None --> Mutates original list to [1, 2, '3', True, 100, 200]

my_list.insert(2, '!!!')   # None -->  [1, 2, '!!!', '3', True] - Inserts item at index and moves the rest to the right.


' '.join(['Hello','There'])# 'Hello There' --> Joins elements using string as separator.
# Copy a List

basket = ['apples', 'pears', 'oranges']
new_basket = basket.copy()
new_basket2 = basket[:]
# Remove from List

[1,2,3].pop()    # 3 --> mutates original list, default index in the pop method is -1 (the last item)

[1,2,3].pop(1)   # 2 --> mutates original list

[1,2,3].remove(2)# None --> [1,3] Removes first occurrence of item or raises ValueError.

[1,2,3].clear()  # None --> mutates original list and removes all items: []

del [1,2,3][0]   # None --> removes item on index 0 or raises IndexError
# Ordering

[1,2,5,3].sort()         # None --> Mutates list to [1, 2, 3, 5]

[1,2,5,3].sort(reverse=True) # None --> Mutates list to [5, 3, 2, 1]

[1,2,5,3].reverse()      # None --> Mutates list to [3, 5, 2, 1]

sorted([1,2,5,3])        # [1, 2, 3, 5] --> new list created

my_list = [(4,1),(2,4),(2,5),(1,6),(8,9)]
sorted(my_list,key=lambda x: int(x[0])) # [(1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (4, 1), (8, 9)] --> sort the list by 1st (0th index) value of the tuple

list(reversed([1,2,5,3]))# [3, 5, 2, 1] --> reversed() returns an iterator
# Useful operations

1 in [1,2,5,3]  # True
min([1,2,3,4,5])# 1
max([1,2,3,4,5])# 5
sum([1,2,3,4,5])# 15
# Get First and Last element of a list

mList = [63, 21, 30, 14, 35, 26, 77, 18, 49, 10]
first, *x, last = mList
print(first) #63
print(last) #10
# Matrix

matrix = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
matrix[2][0] # 7 --> Grab first first of the third item in the matrix object

# Looping through a matrix by rows:
mx = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
for row in range(len(mx)):
	for col in range(len(mx[0])):
		print(mx[row][col]) # 1 2 3 4 5 6

# Transform into a list:
[mx[row][col] for row in range(len(mx)) for col in range(len(mx[0]))] # [1,2,3,4,5,6]

# Combine columns with zip and *:
[x for x in zip(*mx)] # [(1, 3), (2, 4)]
# List Comprehensions
# new_list[<action> for <item> in <iterator> if <some condition>]

a = [i for i in 'hello']                  # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', '0']
b = [i*2 for i in [1,2,3]]                # [2, 4, 6]
c = [i for i in range(0,10) if i % 2 == 0]# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
# Advanced Functions

list_of_chars = list('Helloooo')                                   # ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'o', 'o', 'o']

sum_of_elements = sum([1,2,3,4,5])                                 # 15

element_sum = [sum(pair) for pair in zip([1,2,3],[4,5,6])]         # [5, 7, 9]

sorted_by_second = sorted(['hi','you','man'], key=lambda el: el[1])# ['man', 'hi', 'you']

sorted_by_key = sorted([
                       {'name': 'Bina', 'age': 30},
                       {'name':'Andy', 'age': 18},
                       {'name': 'Zoey', 'age': 55}],
                       key=lambda el: (el['name']))
                       # [{'name': 'Andy', 'age': 18}, {'name': 'Bina', 'age': 30}, {'name': 'Zoey', 'age': 55}]
# Read line of a file into a list
with open("myfile.txt") as f:
  lines = [line.strip() for line in f]

Dictionaries

Also known as mappings or hash tables. They are key value pairs that are guaranteed to retain order of insertion starting from Python 3.7

my_dict = {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False}

my_dict['name']                      # Andrei Neagoie

len(my_dict)                         # 3

list(my_dict.keys())                 # ['name', 'age', 'magic_power']

list(my_dict.values())               # ['Andrei Neagoie', 30, False]

list(my_dict.items())                # [('name', 'Andrei Neagoie'), ('age', 30), ('magic_power', False)]

my_dict['favourite_snack'] = 'Grapes'# {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False, 'favourite_snack': 'Grapes'}

my_dict.get('age')                   # 30 --> Returns None if key does not exist.

my_dict.get('ages', 0 )              # 0 --> Returns default (2nd param) if key is not found


#Remove key
del my_dict['name']
my_dict.pop('name', None)
my_dict.update({'cool': True})                                         # {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False, 'favourite_snack': 'Grapes', 'cool': True}

{**my_dict, **{'cool': True} }                                         # {'name': 'Andrei Neagoie', 'age': 30, 'magic_power': False, 'favourite_snack': 'Grapes', 'cool': True}

new_dict = dict([['name','Andrei'],['age',32],['magic_power',False]])  # Creates a dict from collection of key-value pairs.

new_dict = dict(zip(['name','age','magic_power'],['Andrei',32, False]))# Creates a dict from two collections.

new_dict = my_dict.pop('favourite_snack')                              # Removes item from dictionary.
# Dictionary Comprehension

{key: value for key, value in new_dict.items() if key == 'age' or key == 'name'} # {'name': 'Andrei', 'age': 32} --> Filter dict by keys

Tuples

Like lists, but they are used for immutable thing (that don't change)

my_tuple = ('apple','grapes','mango', 'grapes')

apple, grapes, mango, grapes = my_tuple# Tuple unpacking
len(my_tuple)                          # 4
my_tuple[2]                            # mango
my_tuple[-1]                           # 'grapes'
# Immutability

my_tuple[1] = 'donuts'  # TypeError
my_tuple.append('candy')# AttributeError
# Methods

my_tuple.index('grapes') # 1
my_tuple.count('grapes') # 2
# Zip

list(zip([1,2,3], [4,5,6])) # [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
# unzip

z = [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)] # Some output of zip() function

unzip = lambda z: list(zip(*z))
unzip(z)

Sets

Unorderd collection of unique elements.

my_set = set()
my_set.add(1)  # {1}
my_set.add(100)# {1, 100}
my_set.add(100)# {1, 100} --> no duplicates!
new_list = [1,2,3,3,3,4,4,5,6,1]
set(new_list)           # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

my_set.remove(100)      # {1} --> Raises KeyError if element not found

my_set.discard(100)     # {1} --> Doesn't raise an error if element not found

my_set.clear()          # {}
new_set = {1,2,3}.copy()# {1,2,3}
set1 = {1,2,3}
set2 = {3,4,5}
set3 = set1.union(set2)               # {1,2,3,4,5}
set4 = set1.intersection(set2)        # {3}
set5 = set1.difference(set2)          # {1, 2}
set6 = set1.symmetric_difference(set2)# {1, 2, 4, 5}
set1.issubset(set2)                   # False
set1.issuperset(set2)                 # False
set1.isdisjoint(set2)                 # False --> return True if two sets have a null intersection.
# Frozenset
# hashable --> it can be used as a key in a dictionary or as an element in a set.
<frozenset> = frozenset(<collection>)

None

None is used for absence of a value and can be used to show nothing has been assigned to an object

type(None) # NoneType
a = None

Comparison Operators

==                   # equal values
!=                   # not equal
>                    # left operand is greater than right operand
<                    # left operand is less than right operand
>=                   # left operand is greater than or equal to right operand
<=                   # left operand is less than or equal to right operand
<element> is <element> # check if two operands refer to same object in memory

Logical Operators

1 < 2 and 4 > 1 # True
1 > 3 or 4 > 1  # True
1 is not 4      # True
not True        # False
1 not in [2,3,4]# True

if <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
  # perform action1
elif <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
  # perform action2
else:
  # perform action3

Loops

my_list = [1,2,3]
my_tuple = (1,2,3)
my_list2 = [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)]
my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2. 'c': 3}

for num in my_list:
    print(num) # 1, 2, 3

for num in my_tuple:
    print(num) # 1, 2, 3

for num in my_list2:
    print(num) # (1,2), (3,4), (5,6)

for num in '123':
    print(num) # 1, 2, 3

for idx,value in enumerate(my_list):
    print(idx) # get the index of the item
    print(value) # get the value

for k,v in my_dict.items(): # Dictionary Unpacking
    print(k) # 'a', 'b', 'c'
    print(v) # 1, 2, 3

while <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
  # action
  if <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
    break # break out of while loop
  if <condition that evaluates to boolean>:
    continue # continue to the next line in the block
# waiting until user quits

msg = ''
while msg != 'quit':
    msg = input("What should I do?")
    print(msg)

Range

range(10)          # range(0, 10) --> 0 to 9
range(1,10)        # range(1, 10)
list(range(0,10,2))# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

Enumerate

for i, el in enumerate('helloo'):
  print(f'{i}, {el}')
# 0, h
# 1, e
# 2, l
# 3, l
# 4, o
# 5, o

Counter

from collections import Counter
colors = ['red', 'blue', 'yellow', 'blue', 'red', 'blue']
counter = Counter(colors)# Counter({'blue': 3, 'red': 2, 'yellow': 1})
counter.most_common()[0] # ('blue', 3)

Named Tuple

  • Tuple is an immutable and hashable list.
  • Named tuple is its subclass with named elements.
from collections import namedtuple
Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
p = Point(1, y=2)# Point(x=1, y=2)
p[0]             # 1
p.x              # 1
getattr(p, 'y')  # 2
p._fields        # Or: Point._fields #('x', 'y')
from collections import namedtuple
Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
f'{person.height}'           # '187'
'{p.height}'.format(p=person)# '187'

OrderedDict

  • Maintains order of insertion
from collections import OrderedDict
# Store each person's languages, keeping # track of who responded first.

programmers = OrderedDict()
programmers['Tim'] = ['python', 'javascript']
programmers['Sarah'] = ['C++']
programmers['Bia'] = ['Ruby', 'Python', 'Go']

for name, langs in programmers.items():
    print(name + '-->')
    for lang in langs:
      print('\t' + lang)

Functions

*args and **kwargs

Splat (*) expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat (**) expands a dictionary into keyword arguments.

args   = (1, 2)
kwargs = {'x': 3, 'y': 4, 'z': 5}
some_func(*args, **kwargs) # same as some_func(1, 2, x=3, y=4, z=5)

* Inside Function Definition

Splat combines zero or more positional arguments into a tuple, while splatty-splat combines zero or more keyword arguments into a dictionary.

def add(*a):
    return sum(a)

add(1, 2, 3) # 6
Ordering of parameters:
def f(*args):                  # f(1, 2, 3)
def f(x, *args):               # f(1, 2, 3)
def f(*args, z):               # f(1, 2, z=3)
def f(x, *args, z):            # f(1, 2, z=3)

def f(**kwargs):               # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
def f(x, **kwargs):            # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)

def f(*args, **kwargs):        # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
def f(x, *args, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
def f(*args, y, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
def f(x, *args, z, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)

Other Uses of *

[*[1,2,3], *[4]]                # [1, 2, 3, 4]
{*[1,2,3], *[4]}                # {1, 2, 3, 4}
(*[1,2,3], *[4])                # (1, 2, 3, 4)
{**{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, **{'c': 3}}# {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
head, *body, tail = [1,2,3,4,5]

Lambda

# lambda: <return_value>
# lambda <argument1>, <argument2>: <return_value>
# Factorial
from functools import reduce

n = 3
factorial = reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(1, n+1))
print(factorial) #6
# Fibonacci

fib = lambda n : n if n <= 1 else fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
result = fib(10)
print(result) #55

Comprehensions

<list> = [i+1 for i in range(10)]         # [1, 2, ..., 10]
<set>  = {i for i in range(10) if i > 5}  # {6, 7, 8, 9}
<iter> = (i+5 for i in range(10))         # (5, 6, ..., 14)
<dict> = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}      # {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
output = [i+j for i in range(3) for j in range(3)] # [0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4]

# Is the same as:
output = []
for i in range(3):
  for j in range(3):
    output.append(i+j)

Ternary Condition

# <expression_if_true> if <condition> else <expression_if_false>

[a if a else 'zero' for a in [0, 1, 0, 3]] # ['zero', 1, 'zero', 3]

Map Filter Reduce

from functools import reduce
list(map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10)))            # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10]
list(filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10)))         # (6, 7, 8, 9)
reduce(lambda acc, x: acc + x, range(10))        # 45

Any All

any([False, True, False])# True if at least one item in collection is truthy, False if empty.
all([True,1,3,True])     # True if all items in collection are true

Closures

We have a closure in Python when:

  • A nested function references a value of its enclosing function and then
  • the enclosing function returns the nested function.
def get_multiplier(a):
    def out(b):
        return a * b
    return out
>>> multiply_by_3 = get_multiplier(3)
>>> multiply_by_3(10)
30
  • If multiple nested functions within enclosing function reference the same value, that value gets shared.
  • To dynamically access function's first free variable use '<function>.__closure__[0].cell_contents'.

Scope

If variable is being assigned to anywhere in the scope, it is regarded as a local variable, unless it is declared as a 'global' or a 'nonlocal'.

def get_counter():
    i = 0
    def out():
        nonlocal i
        i += 1
        return i
    return out
>>> counter = get_counter()
>>> counter(), counter(), counter()
(1, 2, 3)

Modules

if __name__ == '__main__': # Runs main() if file wasn't imported.
    main()
import <module_name>
from <module_name> import <function_name>
import <module_name> as m
from <module_name> import <function_name> as m_function
from <module_name> import *

Iterators

In this cheatsheet '<collection>' can also mean an iterator.

<iter> = iter(<collection>)
<iter> = iter(<function>, to_exclusive)     # Sequence of return values until 'to_exclusive'.
<el>   = next(<iter> [, default])           # Raises StopIteration or returns 'default' on end.

Generators

Convenient way to implement the iterator protocol.

def count(start, step):
    while True:
        yield start
        start += step
>>> counter = count(10, 2)
>>> next(counter), next(counter), next(counter)
(10, 12, 14)

Decorators

A decorator takes a function, adds some functionality and returns it.

@decorator_name
def function_that_gets_passed_to_decorator():
    ...

Example Decorator: timing performance using a decorator.

  • The functools decorator @functools.wraps is used to maintain function naming and documentation of the function within the decorator.
from time import time
import functools

def performance(func):

    @functools.wraps()
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        t1 = time()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        t2 = time()
        print(f"Took: {t2 - t1} ms")
        return result
    return wrapper

# calling a function with the decorator
@performance
def long_time():
    print(sum(i*i for i in range(10000)))

Debugger Example

Decorator that prints function's name every time it gets called.

from functools import wraps

def debug(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def out(*args, **kwargs):
        print(func.__name__)
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return out

@debug
def add(x, y):
    return x + y
  • Wraps is a helper decorator that copies metadata of function add() to function out().
  • Without it 'add.__name__' would return 'out'.

Class

User defined objects are created using the class keyword

class <name>:
    age = 80 # Class Object Attribute
    def __init__(self, a):
        self.a = a # Object Attribute

    @classmethod
    def get_class_name(cls):
        return cls.__name__

Inheritance

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age  = age

class Employee(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, age, staff_num):
        super().__init__(name, age)
        self.staff_num = staff_num

Multiple Inheritance

class A: pass
class B: pass
class C(A, B): pass

MRO determines the order in which parent classes are traversed when searching for a method:

>>> C.mro()
[<class 'C'>, <class 'A'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'object'>]

Exceptions

try:
  5/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
  print("No division by zero!")
while True:
  try:
    x = int(input('Enter your age: '))
  except ValueError:
    print('Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...')
  else: # code that depends on the try block running successfully should be placed in the else block.
    print('Carry on!')
    break

Raising Exception

raise ValueError('some error message')

Finally

try:
  raise KeyboardInterrupt
except:
  print('oops')
finally:
  print('All done!')

Command Line Arguments

import sys
script_name = sys.argv[0]
arguments   = sys.argv[1:]

File IO

Opens a file and returns a corresponding file object.

<file> = open('<path>', mode='r', encoding=None)

Modes

  • 'r' - Read (default).
  • 'w' - Write (truncate).
  • 'x' - Write or fail if the file already exists.
  • 'a' - Append.
  • 'w+' - Read and write (truncate).
  • 'r+' - Read and write from the start.
  • 'a+' - Read and write from the end.
  • 't' - Text mode (default).
  • 'b' - Binary mode.

File

<file>.seek(0)                      # Moves to the start of the file.
<str/bytes> = <file>.readline()     # Returns a line.
<list>      = <file>.readlines()    # Returns a list of lines.
<file>.write(<str/bytes>)           # Writes a string or bytes object.
<file>.writelines(<list>)           # Writes a list of strings or bytes objects.
  • Methods do not add or strip trailing newlines.

Read Text from File

def read_file(filename):
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return file.readlines() # or read()

for line in read_file(filename):
  print(line)

Write Text to File

def write_to_file(filename, text):
    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        file.write(text)

Append Text to File

def append_to_file(filename, text):
    with open(filename, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        file.write(text)

Useful Libraries

CSV

import csv

Read Rows from CSV File

def read_csv_file(filename):
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return csv.reader(file, delimiter=';')

Write Rows to CSV File

def write_to_csv_file(filename, rows):
    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        writer = csv.writer(file, delimiter=';')
        writer.writerows(rows)

JSON

import json
<str>    = json.dumps(<object>, ensure_ascii=True, indent=None)
<object> = json.loads(<str>)

Read Object from JSON File

def read_json_file(filename):
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as file:
        return json.load(file)

Write Object to JSON File

def write_to_json_file(filename, an_object):
    with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
        json.dump(an_object, file, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)

Pickle

import pickle
<bytes>  = pickle.dumps(<object>)
<object> = pickle.loads(<bytes>)

Read Object from File

def read_pickle_file(filename):
    with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
        return pickle.load(file)

Write Object to File

def write_to_pickle_file(filename, an_object):
    with open(filename, 'wb') as file:
        pickle.dump(an_object, file)

Profile

Basic

from time import time
start_time = time()  # Seconds since
...
duration = time() - start_time

Math

from math import e, pi
from math import cos, acos, sin, asin, tan, atan, degrees, radians
from math import log, log10, log2
from math import inf, nan, isinf, isnan

Statistics

from statistics import mean, median, variance, pvariance, pstdev

Random

from random import random, randint, choice, shuffle
random() # random float between 0 and 1
randint(0, 100) # random integer between 0 and 100
random_el = choice([1,2,3,4]) # select a random element from list
shuffle([1,2,3,4]) # shuffles a list

Datetime

  • Module 'datetime' provides 'date' <D>, 'time' <T>, 'datetime' <DT> and 'timedelta' <TD> classes. All are immutable and hashable.
  • Time and datetime can be 'aware' <a>, meaning they have defined timezone, or 'naive' <n>, meaning they don't.
  • If object is naive it is presumed to be in system's timezone.
from datetime import date, time, datetime, timedelta
from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz

Constructors

<D>  = date(year, month, day)
<T>  = time(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, fold=0)
<DT> = datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, ...)
<TD> = timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0,
                 minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)
  • Use '<D/DT>.weekday()' to get the day of the week (Mon == 0).
  • 'fold=1' means second pass in case of time jumping back for one hour.

Now

<D/DTn>  = D/DT.today()                     # Current local date or naive datetime.
<DTn>    = DT.utcnow()                      # Naive datetime from current UTC time.
<DTa>    = DT.now(<tz>)                     # Aware datetime from current tz time.

Timezone

<tz>     = UTC                              # UTC timezone.
<tz>     = tzlocal()                        # Local timezone.
<tz>     = gettz('<Cont.>/<City>')          # Timezone from 'Continent/City_Name' str.
<DTa>    = <DT>.astimezone(<tz>)            # Datetime, converted to passed timezone.
<Ta/DTa> = <T/DT>.replace(tzinfo=<tz>)      # Unconverted object with new timezone.

Regex

import re
<str>   = re.sub(<regex>, new, text, count=0)  # Substitutes all occurrences.
<list>  = re.findall(<regex>, text)            # Returns all occurrences.
<list>  = re.split(<regex>, text, maxsplit=0)  # Use brackets in regex to keep the matches.
<Match> = re.search(<regex>, text)             # Searches for first occurrence of pattern.
<Match> = re.match(<regex>, text)              # Searches only at the beginning of the text.

Match Object

<str>   = <Match>.group()   # Whole match.
<str>   = <Match>.group(1)  # Part in first bracket.
<tuple> = <Match>.groups()  # All bracketed parts.
<int>   = <Match>.start()   # Start index of a match.
<int>   = <Match>.end()     # Exclusive end index of a match.

Special Sequences

Expressions below hold true for strings that contain only ASCII characters. Use capital letters for negation.

'\d' == '[0-9]'          # Digit
'\s' == '[ \t\n\r\f\v]'  # Whitespace
'\w' == '[a-zA-Z0-9_]'   # Alphanumeric

Credits

Inspired by: https://github.com/aneagoie/ztm-python-cheat-sheet

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