Add more code samples

source-code/README.md

@@ -8,9 +8,13 @@ was used to develop it.
 
 1. `context-manager`: illustrates how to write your own context managers.
 1. `coroutines`: illustrates how to write coroutines in Python.
+1. `decorators`: illustrates how to write decorators in Python.
+1. `descriptors`: illustrates how to write descriptors in Python.
 1. `design-patterns`: illustrates some common design patterns in Python.
 1. `functional-programming`: illustrates some concepts of functional
    programming in Python.
+1. `introspection`: illustration of how to implement introspection in
+   Python.
 1. `object-orientation`: illustrates some concepts of object-oriented
    programming in Python.
 1. `operators-functools`: illustrates some applications of the `operator`

source-code/decorators/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Decorators
+==========
+
+Python supports decorators, i.e., function wrapping to add functionality
+before and/or after the function's invocation.  Python comes with a number
+of standard decorators, but it is easy to define one's own.
+
+What is it?
+-----------
+1. `decorators.py`: two decorators are defined to check a wrapped
+    function's arguments.  The first, `check_min` throws an exception
+    when the argument is negative, the second, `check_max`, throws another
+    exception when the function is called with an argument that is too
+    large.  The decorated function in this example is the factorial.
+    Also it illustrates `functools` wrap decorator to retain the wrapped
+    function's name, docstring, etc.
+1. `memoize.py`: an example of adding a cache to a function using a simple
+    custom decorator, as well as `functools`'s `lru_cache` decorator.

source-code/decorators/decorator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from functools import wraps
+
+
+class NegArgError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, name, n):
+        super(NegArgError, self).__init__()
+        self.message = 'argument {0} for {1} negative'.format(n, name)
+
+
+class TooLargeArgError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, name, n):
+        super(TooLargeArgError, self).__init__()
+        self.message = 'argument {0} for {1} too large'.format(n, name)
+
+
+def check_min(f):
+    @wraps(f)
+    def wrapped(n):
+        if n < 0:
+            raise NegArgError(f.__name__, n)
+        return f(n)
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def check_max(f):
+    @wraps(f)
+    def wrapped(n):
+        if n > 12:
+            raise TooLargeArgError(f.__name__, n)
+        return f(n)
+    return wrapped
+
+
+@check_max
+@check_min
+def fact(n):
+    '''compute factorial of given number'''
+    if n == 0:
+        return 1
+    else:
+        return n*fact(n - 1)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    for n in [3, 7, 22, -1]:
+        try:
+            print('{0}! = {1}'.format(n, fact(n)))
+        except Exception as error:
+            sys.stderr.write('### error: {0}\n'.format(error))
+    print('function name: {0}'.format(fact.__name__))
+    print('function docs: {0}'.format(fact.__doc__))

source-code/decorators/memoize.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from functools import lru_cache
+
+
+def memoize(f):
+    cache = {}
+
+    def wrapper(n):
+        if n not in cache:
+            cache[n] = f(n)
+        return cache[n]
+    wrapper.__name__ = f.__name__
+    return wrapper
+
+
+@memoize
+def fib_memoized(n):
+    if n < 2:
+        return 1
+    else:
+        return fib_memoized(n - 1) + fib_memoized(n - 2)
+
+
+@lru_cache(100)
+def fib_lru_cache(n):
+    if n < 2:
+        return 1
+    else:
+        return fib_lru_cache(n - 1) + fib_lru_cache(n - 2)
+
+
+def fib(n):
+    if n < 2:
+        return 1
+    else:
+        return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
+
+
+def execute(func, n_max):
+    values = []
+    start = datetime.now()
+    for n in range(n_max):
+        values.append(func(n))
+    delta = datetime.now() - start
+    for n in range(n_max):
+        print('{0}({1}) = {2}'.format(func.__name__, n, values[n]))
+    delta_time = float(delta.seconds) + 1.0e-6*float(delta.microseconds)
+    print('{0}: {1:.6f} s'.format(func.__name__, delta_time))
+    return delta_time
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    from argparse import ArgumentParser
+    from datetime import datetime
+
+    arg_parser = ArgumentParser(description='compare memoized versus '
+                                            'non-memooized')
+    arg_parser.add_argument('n_max', type=int, help='maximum n value')
+    options = arg_parser.parse_args()
+    delta_fib = execute(fib, options.n_max)
+    delta_fib_memoized = execute(fib_memoized, options.n_max)
+    delta_fib_lru_cache = execute(fib_lru_cache, options.n_max)
+    print('non-memoized:\t\t{0:.6f} s'.format(delta_fib))
+    print('memoized:\t\t{0:.6f} s'.format(delta_fib_memoized))
+    print('lru_cache:\t\t{0:.6f} s'.format(delta_fib_lru_cache))

source-code/descriptors/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Descriptors
+===========
+
+Python supports descriptors, i.e., the generic object class supports the
+`__get__`, `__set__`, and `__delete__` methods that allow to implement
+accessor methods.
+
+What is it?
+-----------
+`typed_property.py`: implements typed properties

source-code/descriptors/typed_property.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+
+class TypedProperty(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, type, default=None):
+        self._name = '-' + name
+        self._type = type
+        self._default = default if default else type()
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, cls):
+        return getattr(instance, self._name, self._default)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, self._type):
+            raise TypeError('value {0} is not of {1}'.format(value,
+                                                             self._type))
+        setattr(instance, self._name, value)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance, cls):
+        raise AttributeError('can not delete attribute')
+
+
+class Book(object):
+
+    title = TypedProperty('title', str)
+    author = TypedProperty('author', str)
+    year = TypedProperty('year', int)
+
+    def __init__(self, title=None, author=None, year=None):
+        if title:
+            self.title = title
+        if author:
+            self.author = author
+        if year:
+            self.year = year
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '{0}\n  {1}, {2}'.format(self.title, self.author, self.year)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+
+    book1 = Book()
+    print('showing defaults:')
+    print(str(book1) + '\n')
+    book1.title = 'Animal farm'
+    book1.author = 'George Orwell'
+    book1.year = 1945
+    print(str(book1) + '\n')
+    book2 = Book('Alice in Wonderland', 'Lewis Carroll', 1865)
+    print(str(book2) + '\n')
+    try:
+        book3 = Book(1984, 'George Orwell', 1948)
+    except TypeError as error:
+        sys.stderr.write('### error: {0}\n'.format(error))
+        sys.exit(1)
+    sys.exit(0)

source-code/introspection/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Introspection
+Illustration of implementing `__getattr__` and `__setattr__` in a mix-in
+class to provide introspection into parameters in derived classes.
+
+## What is it?
+1. `parameterized.py`: Python module implementing a class representing
+    parameters, a mix-in class adding parameter introspection capabilities
+    to a derived class, and exception classes.
+1. `parameter_introspection.ipynb`: Jupyter notebook illustrating the use
+    of the `Parameterized` mix-in class.
+