ROMS-ICEPLUME
Buoyant plume theory coupled with Rutgers ROMS.
This repository contains code of the Buoyant Plume Theory (BPT)/ROMS Coupled Model. Previously the model is developed based on Kate's ROMS branch (ROMS-ice) in order to allow coupling with sea-ice model.
However, Kate's ROMS is heavily modified and contains a lot of uniform configurations, which is potentially buggy. Since so far we haven't get the chance to couple the model with sea-ice, it is reasonable to migrate back to Rutgers ROMS to maintain a tidy version of the code.
This document is an introduction to the work in process ICEPLUME module for ROMS. It is modified from a similar package, IcePlume for the MITgcm, first developed by Dr. Tom Cowton. A detailed description of the MITgcm version is in Cowton et al. (2015).
Contents
In ROMS, freshwater discharge is treated as point source going into a ROMS grid, which is activated by the compiling options LuvSrc or LwSrc. It reads in a total discharge (Qbar), a prescribed vertical weight function (Qshape), and tracer concentrations (T, S and passive), and volume/tracers are injected into a grid cell through horizontal advection (LuvSrc) or vertical convergence (LwSrc).
This method works well for shallow estuaries with a barotropic freshwater discharge forcing. In most cases, the freshwater is advected into the grid uniformly (Qshape=1/N or Qshape=dz/H. The expansion in volume and dilution of tracers drives a gravitational flow, which adjusts quickly to form an estuarine circulation.
However, the freshwater discharge is not always uniform in vertical direction. At high latitude, especially fjordic systems, summer meltwater can permeate the glacier through cracks and pores, and releases at the bottom of glacier head. If the glacier extends into the ocean, the freshwater discharge is injected at depth, which is called subglacial discharge.
In fjordic systems, the depth of subglacial discharge can be a few hundreds of meters. The runoff water is cold and fresh, rises and entrains the ambient water until it reaches a neutral buoyant layer. This process is non-hydrostatic, which cannot be accurately simulated by ROMS. Therefore, a parameterization for this process is required to correctly model subglacial discharge.
This document is a technical manual to introduce the ROMS-ICEPLUME coupled model, which uses a set of parameterizations to represent the subglacial discharge driven circulation in fjords. The parameterizations for entrainment, detrainment, background melting and coupler options are described in the Theory Section; code structure is briefly summarized in the Code Structure Section; steps for model usage are given in the Example Case.
Figure 1: Schematics of the ROMS-ICEPLUME model framework.
The buoyant plume theory (BPT) is a set of equations that describes the development of buoyant plume rising near an ocean/glacier boundary. It is first described using a one-dimensional model by Jenkins (1991, 2011), which assumes the plume initiates from a line source and only grows in direction normal to line source. Later this model is modified by Cowton et al. (2015), which assumes the plume initiates from a point source instead of a line source, and grows uniformly in horizontal direction. In reality it is likely that the development of buoyant plume falls in between the two cases (Jackson et al., 2017). In this section we attempt to use a ‘generalized’ buoyant plume model to describe both cases. This generalized model gives more flexibility in modeling different geometries of buoyant plume, and is also convenient for numerical applications.
To summarize, the development of buoyant plume is controlled by the following BPT equations:
where A is the plume cross section area, u is the velocity along plume transport axis, g'=g(ρa-ρp)/ρ0 is the reduced gravitational acceleration. The temporal derivative of mass, is the submarine melt rate from the glacier wall. T, S and ρ are temperature, salinity and density. The subscripts a, p and b indicate the plume model component of ambient water, plume water, and boundary layer, respectively. The ambient conditions are read from ROMS at each baroclinic time step. ΓT and ΓS are non-dimensional turbulent transfer coefficients, and Cd is the ice-plume drag coefficient.
The parameter α is a constant entrainment rate. It determines the growth rate buoyant plume. It is the key parameter controlling the model behavior. Historically α=0.1 is the conventional value (Jenkins, 2011; Cowton et al., 2015), which is also verified by recent numerical studies (Ezhova et al., 2018).
Lm and Lc are length of the cross section that is in contact with the glacier ice wall and the ambient water, respectively. In this model the plume can take any arbitrary shape as long as Lm and Lc can be determined. For example, when Lm=2b, Lc=πb, and b=√(2A/π), The BPT Equations degenerate into the point source model (Cowton et al., 2015), where b is the radius of the ‘half-cone’ plume. When Lm=Lc=const and A=D∙const, the BPT Equations degenerate into the line source model (Jenkins, 2011), where D is the thickness of plume. For other plume geometries, Lm and Lc can be determined analytically or numerically.
The BPT equations can be easily interpreted as the conservation of mass, momentum, heat and salt. In The first equation, Au is the volume flux through a horizontal transect; the first term on RHS is the entrainment of volume from the ambient water; the second term on RHS is the volume of melted water from glacier wall. In the second equation, Au2 is the momentum flux through a transect; the first term on RHS is the buoyancy force; the second term on RHS is the friction (drag) from ambient water. In Equations third and fourth equations, the first and second terms on RHS are similar to that of the first equation; the third terms are turbulent mixing of temperature and salinity between plume and boundary layer.
The melting of plume-ice boundary layer is described by a set of three equations (Holland & Jenkins, 1999)
where ci and cw are heat capacity of ice and water, L is the latent heat of melting/freezing, Ti is the temperature of glacier ice, λ1, λ2, and λ3 are constants of linearity. The first equation is the heat budget during melting/freezing; LHS is the total heat absorbed by ice; RHS is the heat transfer from plume water to the glacier wall using a bulk flux formula. The second equation is similar to the first one but for salt budget. The last equation is the linear relationship between melting temperature as a function of salinity and depth.
A list of constants and parameter values are listed in the Table below. By solving the BPT and melting Equations, it gives the volume flux and tracer concentration of the buoyant plume (A, u, Tp, Sp), which is then coupled with the ocean model.
| Symbol | Name | Value | Units |
|---|---|---|---|
| α | Entrainment Rate | 0.1 | |
| ci | Ice heat capacity | 2009 | J∙kg-1∙°C-1 |
| cw | Water heat capacity | 3974 | J∙kg-1∙°C-1 |
| ρ0 | Reference ambient water density | 1020 | kg∙m-3 |
| ρice | Reference ice density | 916.7 | kg∙m-3 |
| L | Latent heat of melting | 335000 | J∙kg-1 |
| ΓT | Thermal turbulent transfer coefficient | 0.022 | |
| ΓS | Salt turbulent transfer coefficient | 0.00062 | |
| Cd | Ice/ocean drag coefficient | 0.065 | |
| λ1 | Freezing point salt slope | -0.0573 | |
| λ2 | Freezing point offset | 0.0832 | |
| λ3 | Freezing point depth slope | 0.000761 | |
| Ti | Ice temperature | -10 | °C |
| ubkg | Minimum background velocity | 0.3 | m∙s-1 |
The background melt rate is calculated following the same melting Equations by substituting the plume temperature, salinity and velocity Tp, Sp with the ambient temperature and salinity Tp, Sp. The melt rate is then corrected for the surface area since portion of the grid cell is covered by the buoyant plume where the melting rate is calculated already.
This background melt parameterization is known to underestimate the melt rate by at least one order of magnitude (D. A. Sutherland et al., 2019). The parameterization of Holland and Jenkins (1999) is first developed to estimate melt rate below ice shelves, which are horizontally aligned on top of seawater. Since the meltwater is fresher than seawater below, it forms a hydrostatically stable layer, which tends to prevent further melting. Near a vertically aligned glacier/ocean boundary, melt water is hydrostatically unstable compared to ambient water, and convection cells tend to form which accelerates melting. This may partly explain the underestimated melt rate. A temporary solution is to increase the background velocity ubkg, which guarantees a minimum amount of melting; however, the melt rate produced is still significantly lower than field observations.
Figure 2: Schematics of the detrainment parameterization.
To simplify the problem, the ambient stratification is represented with a two-layer setup, where ρ1<ρ2 are average densities of the upper and lower layer, respectively; g'=g(ρ1-ρ2)/ρref is defined as the reduced gravity between two layers; ρref is a reference density and g is the gravitational acceleration. Subglacial discharge plume rises along the glacier wall, during which the plume properties are predicted by the BPT. The plume density is ρp when the rising stage terminates. If the value of ρp falls between the densities of the two layers (ρ1<ρp<ρ2), the outflowing plume forms near the density jump; otherwise the plume outflows at surface and travels downstream as gravity current. Assuming that the plume detrains as one uniform water mass, the nose speed UD of the outflowing current is estimated with an empirical parameterization developed by Noh et al. (1992); Ching et al. (1993). For outflow in two-layer fluid, the nose velocity is dependent on a modified Richardson number
where lp is a length scale of the buoyant plume (roughly the along fjord width of the upwelling plume), and WP is the scale of vertical velocity of the plume during rising stage. Both lP and WP are predicted by the BPT. The outflow velocity is then calculated using a piecewise function
Even though the Ching et al. (1993) parameterization is empirically derived, the dependence on Richardson Number suggests it is tightly related to the laws of stability in sheared flow. When stratification is weak (i.e., Ri<6), the upwelling plume overshoots deeply into the top layer, and the transition from an upwelling plume to a horizontal outflow is very slow. Therefore, the outflow adjusts on a Richardson Number bases, coinciding with the behavior of a gravity current. When stratification is strong (i.e., Ri>6), the overshooting phase is short, and the density interface acts like a solid boundary (McConnochie et al., 2020), redirects the momentum from vertical to horizontal direction (with a 5% loss), thus the dependence on Richardson Number is weak and nose velocity is scaled with WP. When stratification is very wake and the plume density is smaller than the surface layer, the outflow emerges at surface, and the expression of Ri>6 is adopted to determine the nose velocity since air-sea interface also acts as a large density interface, similar to the strongly stratified scenario.
The next step is to determine the velocity structure of the outflow which we based on the velocity profiles reported by Ching et al. (1993); Baines (2002). We use an asymmetric Gaussian function to approximate the velocity profile; the Gaussian shape is able to generate a smooth transition from the core of outflow to the ambient water, and reduces the artificial mixing caused by unrealistic shear.
The assumed expression of the Gaussian velocity profile is
This expression is asymmetric around the outflow core depth ZP; on either side it is normalized by length scales h1, h2. The standard deviation σ is determined arbitrarily; σ→+∞ corresponds to a uniform UD in the outflow. In general, σ=0.5 is a reasonable value to provide a smooth profile for numerical implementation.
The corresponding outflow volume flux (per unit depth) is qD(z)=lmuD(z), where lm is roughly the ‘width’ of the plume (see Figure 2) predicted by BPT. The total outflow volume flux is then
which is equivalent to the upwelling plume volume flux predicted by BPT; since the profile is gaussian on either side, its integration can be easily computed. Therefore, the total thickness of the outflow is
When a gravity current intrudes into a two-layer stratified fluid, in most cases the intrusion is asymmetric (Ungarish, 2010). As a result, the vertical extents of the outflowing plume below and above the layer boundary are usually not equal (h1≠h2), and the intrusion depths into upper and lower layer need to be determined independently. Following Ungarish (2010), h1 and h2 are determined by matching the pressure at the base of outflow with the pressure of the ambient water of the same depth.
When the buoyant plume detrains from the glacier front, it pushes ambient water downstream and changes the local pressure. The pressure at the bottom of the outflow (Z2 in Figure 2) is estimated by integrating from surface
At the same depth, the ambient water pressure is
The ‘steady’ condition for gravity current intrusion requires P2=P'2. When P2<P'2, the dense ambient water (ρ2) is forced to move upstream, lifting the buoyant plume to a shallower depth; when P2>P'2, the outflow water mass sinks and pushes the ambient water downstream. Rearranging the equations,
and at this stage the properties of outflow are fully determined.
Once the entrainment/outflowing rates are calculated, the fluxes are added to the ROMS grid as point sources in each vertical level. Previously, ROMS provides two options to add point source into a grid cell: LuvSrc or LwSrc, where the point source is prescribed as horizontal or vertical mass fluxes, respectively. Similarly, to incorporate entrainment/outflow fluxes in ROMS, the simplest method is to prescribe a horizontal mass flux from a nearby ocean grid (hereinafter HMass), which takes advantage of the existing framework of LuvSrc. When HMass is activated, the horizontal velocity from glacier to ocean is determined by
where qD and qE are total entrainment and outflow volume fluxes into/out of a ROMS grid cell predicted by BPT and the outflow parameterization; dx, dy and dz are length dimensions of the ocean grid; k is the grid cell index in vertical direction.
In the second method, the point source is prescribed as vertical mass fluxes (hereinafter VMass), which is implemented as an increment in vertical velocity
where A=dxdy is the area of the grid. In ROMS this is equivalent to adding convergence/divergence in an ocean grid. This is the default method to add point source in MITgcm, and is later adopted by Cowton et al. (2015) to couple the buoyant plume model with ocean model.
The tracer fluxes, T, on the other hand, are independent of the choices of HMass or VMass
where TAm and TP are tracer concentrations of the ambient water and plume water, respectively.
The third method (hereinafter Mix), unlike HMass or VMass, does not add horizontal or vertical mass fluxes to the ocean grid. This method is newly developed to process the large values of plume driven convergence and divergence in VMass, which generates instabilities in numerical implementations. Since subglacial discharge overturns deep, high density water to shallower depths (Straneo & Cenedese, 2015; Beaird et al., 2018), the isopycnals near the neutral buoyant depth ZP will be distorted as a result of the overturning. Baroclinic pressure gradient then drives the exchange flow, forming an outflowing plume similar to VMass. Unlike VMass, Mix calculates the expanding/shrinking of isopycnals internally; then the new profiles of tracers are rewritten back into the ocean grid before the execution of baroclinic timestep to mimic the distortion in isopycnals.
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of coupler Mix.
In Mix, we consider each grid cell is a rectangular box of volume vol0(k)=Adz(k) and uniform tracer concentration T0(k). Each grid cell is allowed to expand/contract and modify its tracer concentration based on the volume and tracer flux into or out of the cell by entrainment qE and outflow qD (Figure 3). Integrating over one baroclinic timestep ∆t, the volume and tracer concentration for each level become
The subscript denotes that this is merely an intermediate step. After this step the vertical grid spacing is distorted, and a transformation is required to project the new profile back to the original grid space (Figure 3). This is achieved by weighted averaging
where 0≤δ≤1 is the weight function of each level to transform from the intermediate to original grid space. The value of δ is 0 where the intermediate grid does not overlap with the original grid, and is between 0 and 1 if the two partially overlap. After the transformation, tracer concentration profile is rewritten back into the ocean model, without introducing any momentum into the grid cells.
In a hydrostatic GCM like ROMS, Mix and VMass generate very similar solutions. The advantage of Mix over VMass is that it is numerically stable and can tolerate much larger baroclinic timesteps. One limitation of Mix is that it cannot properly represent the barotropic response of buoyant plume. However, since the circulation driven by subglacial discharge is mostly baroclinic, the overall barotropic contribution is minimal and sometimes can be neglected.
In ROMS, the options LuvSrc and LwSrc are generally used to represent rivers in estuarine and coastal simulations. Fluxes of freshwater are added as uniform barotropic flow from one end of a narrow river channel, in which case LuvSrc and LwSrc produce similar results. Subglacial discharge, on the other hand, drives strong baroclinic circulation in the near field. The barotropic signal is relatively weak, and the prescribed fluxes are naturally associated with great shear. As a result, HMass, VMass and Mix are expected to produce very different results due to the way that initial shear is prescribed. Moreover, subglacial discharge drains into fjords through opening of ~100 m width, which is relatively small compared to the width of glacier front (1-10 km). As a result, unlike a river, the outflowing plume near the glacier front is not bounded by topography and will spread laterally. Since VMass and Mix prescribe the outflow without initial horizontal momentum in the along channel direction, the outflow behaves more isotropic and balloons out in all direction; on the other hand, HMass prescribes the outflow with momentum in along channel direction, thus produces a jet-like flow in the near field. The outflow produced by HMass is significantly different from VMass and Mix, and is more consistent with observations from in-situ surveys.
ROMS-ICEPLUME is forked from the Rutgers ROMS. It contains several additional FORTRAN source code files as well as modifications to the original code. New source code files are located in ROMS/IcePlume. The module is written in three source code files:
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mod_iceplume.F: This file contains model constants, parameters, shared variables and arrays for ICEPLUME. All profiles of plume status are stored in TYPE PLUME, which is also accessed by the ocean model.
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iceplume_opkd.F: This file contains an ODE solver, ODEPACK, developed by Hindmarsh (1982). It is originally written in FORTRAN 77, here it is revamped to be compatible with the ROMS C preprocessor.
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iceplume.F: This file contains the main module iceplume_mod. The main functions in this module are
- iceplume_init, which initialize the plume model during the initialization stage in initial.F.
- iceplume, which communicates between the plume model and ocean model.
- iceplume_mix, which implements the ICEPLUME_MIX method.
- iceplume_spread, which spreads the buoyant plume fluxes in adjacent grids. (EXPERIMENTAL!!! DO NOT USE)
- iceplume_entrain, which calculates entrainment and melt rates. The related subroutines are
- general_entrain_model, which contains the BPT equation code and is called repeatedly by the ODE solver;
- plume_metrics, which is used to calculate Lm and Lc based on the model type.
- iceplume_detrain, which contains the detrainment model. This subroutine calculates velocity and tracer profiles of the outflow.
- iceplume_calc, which contains the wrapper function that calls the plume entrainment and detrainment melting models. It also calculates volume and tracer fluxes and background melt rates. The related subroutine is
- iceplume_meltrate, which calcuates background meltrate using the three-equation parameterization.
- rho, which computers in-situ density.
- sw_temp/sw_ptmp/sw_adtg, which calculates in-situ temperature. These three functions are modified from the MITgcm code repository.
- linint, which performs linear interpolation.
To couple ICEPLUME to ROMS, a few pieces of code are added/modified in the following source codes:
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ROMS/Utility/checkdefs.F: Add ICEPLUME as a C-preprocessor definition.
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ROMS/Modules/mod_arrays.F: Allocate types and arrays to initiate ICEPLUME model.
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ROMS/Modules/mod_scalars.F: Relax maximum speed threshold to 100 m/s when ICEPLUME is activated.
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ROMS/Modules/mod_sources.F: Define ICEPLUME input variables in TYPE SOURCES.
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ROMS/Modules/mod_ncparam.F: Define variables to read plume model parameters/forcing from the river netCDF file.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/set_idata.F: Read plume model parameters (depth/length/type, etc.) from river netCDF file.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/get_data.F: Read raw plume model forcing (subglacial discharge, tracer concentration, etc.) data from river netCDF file.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/set_data.F: Interpolate plume forcing data to time of calculation from raw forcing data.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/initial.F: Initiate variables for plume model.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/main3d.F: Call the ICEPLUME model.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/step2d_LF_AM3.F: If use Luv coupler, set the 2-D horizontal advection forced by plume; If use Lw coupler, set the increment in Zeta forced by plume.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/step3d_uv.F: If use Luv coupler, set the 3-D horizontal advection forced by plume.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/omega.F: If use Lw coupler, set the 3-D vertical velocity forced by plume.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/step3d_t.F: Set 3-D tracer fluxes forced by plume.
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ROMS/Nonlinear/pre_step3d.F: Pre-step for 3-D velocity and tracer fluxes.
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ROMS/External/varinfo.dat: Add variable ids for plume model.
The current version of ICEPLUME is based on Rutgers ROMS version 3.9. To activate the basic functionality of ICEPLUME, add #define ICEPLUME in your application header file before compiling. Once ICEPLUME itself is defined, the following options can be used to add additional configurations:
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ICEPLUME_MELT
By default, background melt is not calculated in ICEPLUME. Use this option to activate calculation of background melt rate.
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ICEPLUME_TRACER
Use this option to activate tracer computation of subglacial discharge. Requires T_PASSIVE.
This option is now automatically turned on when both ICEPLUME and T_PASSIVE are defined (check globaldeffs.h). No need to define this option in the header file.
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ICEPLUME_MELT_TRACER
Use this activate tracer computation of plume and ambient melt water. When this method is used, the last two dye types (NT(ng)-1, NT(ng)) will be used for the plume melt and background melt water, respectively; do not use them for other purpose, and make sure NPT>2 in your roms_*.in file.
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ICEPLUME_DET_AVERAGE
When determining the neutral buoyancy depth of buoyant plume, profiles of tracers from the ocean model are used to determine the ambient density. If this option is activated, the ambient density profile will be determined by averaging over a pre-defined domain near the point source. This is a very useful option in keeping the outflow steady.
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ICEPLUME_MIX
Use this option to activate the Mix coupler and deactivate HMass/VMass coupler.
Other than the above model configurations, there are other experimental CPP options that are not recommended for general use (and might be removed in future)
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ICEPLUME_DET_NO
Use this option to disable the detrainment model.
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ICEPLUME_SHOOT_NO
Use this option to disable calculating of overshooting stage in the upwelling plume model.
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ICEPLUME_DET_BULK (OBSOLETE)
Use a bulk formula (instead of adding layers from above/below) to calculate h1 and h2.
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ICEPLUME_DET_IWCP (OBSOLETE)
Use internal wave speed (instead of the Ching93 outflow parameterization) to estimate UD.
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ICEPLUME_DET_NEUTRAL
Use this option to make tracer concentrations of buoyant plume at different levels match the ambient water.
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ICEPLUME_SLOPE
Use this option to activate the Slope coupler, a linear combination of Mix and HMass. Requires ICEPLUME_MIX.
When ICEPLUME is activated, ROMS needs to read in additional variables from the river netCDF file, including:
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subglacial_depth
Dimension (‘river’), grounding line depth. This value is negative and is in accordance with the ROMS depth metrics. If the value is greater than 0, the model assumes grounding line is at the bottom, and the grounding line depth is equal to water depth. If it is a negative number, the grounding line depth will be the first ω layer above this number.
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subglacial_length
Dimension (‘river’), denoted as lsg, the length of ‘crack’ on glacier, which is also the width of subglacial river. It is used by subglacial_type 3 and 4.
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subglacial_type
Dimension (‘river’), a numerical value determines the type of BPT model. Acceptable values are
- 0, no subglacial runoff or melting.
- 1, no subglacial discharge, only background melting.
- 2, point source (half-cone, Cowton et al., (2015)) model.
- 3, finite-line source model, the sheet model (TYPE 4) combined with two 1/4 cones.
- 4, infinite-line source (sheet, Jenkins (2011)) model.
- 5, detached full cone model, this can be used for non-glacial situations such as hydrothermal vents.
- 6, half ellipse model, with an aspect ratio pre-defined in mod_iceplume.F.
A very crude diagram of the shape of different plume type is in Figure 4.
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subglacial_transport
Dimension (‘river_time’, ‘river’), subglacial discharge rate.
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subglacial_temp
Dimension (‘river_time’, ‘river’), subglacial discharge initial temperature.
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subglacial_salt
Dimension (‘river_time’, ‘river’), subglacial discharge initial salinity.
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subglacial_dye_
Dimension (‘river_time’, ‘river’), subglacial discharge passive trace concentration.
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subglacial_Erange
Dimension (‘loc’, ‘river’), average span in Eta direction for the detrainment model. This is only required by ICEPLUME_DET_AVERAGE. The dimension ‘loc’ is constantly 2.
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subglacial_Xrange
Dimension (‘loc’, ‘river’), average span in Xi direction for the detrainment model.
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subglacial_angle
Dimension (‘river’), angle of glacier/ocean boundary. This is only used by ICEPLUME_SLOPE.
For more information, contact the developer for a sample river netCDF file or a python script. The ICEPLUME model has a standalone version that is able to calculate the plume status offline using ROMS forcing and history files. It has a series of python-based scripts that helps to automate the calculation. Contact the developer if you need a tryout.
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of different plume types.
An analytical test case is provided for users to try out this coupled model. The files for this case is located in ./Iceplume_Test. It is a pure analytical case, thus no extra file is needed. The test domain is a rectangular basin, with an open boundary towards the east side. Horizontal resolution is uniformly 220 m; the total domain size is determined by Lm and Mm in the roms_iceplume_test.in file. The first two rows of grid are masked to represent the glacier; subglacial discharge is injected from the center of the glacier into the channel. The channel is uniformly 200 m deep.
Initially the channel is stratified by a strong halocline at 50 m (set in roms_iceplume_test.in). Subglacial discharge of 200 m3s-1 is injected from bottom (200 m), and a finite-line style plume of 220 m wide is used. Details of the plume parameters are set in src/ana_psource.h.
To run this test case, set the right path in the build_roms.bash file and compile. Different model options can be activated in src/iceplume_test.h; the default setup is the recommended one for most users.
Ungarish, M. (2010). An Introduction to Gravity Currents and Intrusions Introduction. Introduction to Gravity Currents and Intrusions, 1-10.
Wang, C., Chant, R. J., & Jackson, R. H. (2023). Parameterizing Subglacial Discharge in Modeling Buoyancy Driven Flow in Tidewater Glacier Fjords. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128(8), e2023JC019924.
Chuning Wang, School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiaotong University
This is a major update. In this update I attempt to fix and improve the ICEPLUME_DET_AVERAGE method. The major issue I had is to average data across tiles. Depending on the MPI method, accessing data from another tile may not be allowed. This happened when I run the code on a super computer with Intel MPI. Historically it has also caused issues for other uses; in my own applications I 'fix' it by manually set averaging span within a single tile.
However this simple 'patch' is not a good solution. It is necessary to design the code so it can either
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Automatically detect the tile boundary and restrict the average span within it; or
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Accessing data across tiles for the spatial averaging.
Therefore, two methods are applied to fix the same problem. The first solution is to iteratively find the boundary of each tile, and compare the averaging span with tile boundaries; this is easy to achieve, however, it may generate slightly difference solution when the domain is tiled differently. The second solution, which is more aggressive, uses ROMS internal function mp_aggregate2d and mp_aggregate3d to collect data from each tile and then apply the average. It guarantees the same averaging span each time, but exchanging data between tiles can be numerically expensive when the tile number is large.
In this new version, the default averaging method is the the first one, which thoeretically is 'faster'. To use the more aggressive approach, user needs to manually activate it with the cpp flag ICEPLUME_CTIL_AVG as well as the original flag ICEPLUME_DET_AVERAGE; CTIL stands for cross tile. User should run benchmark tests to decide which strategy works best for the machine.
Another improvement is that the spatial averaging calculation now skips land-masked points, and weight the average with respect to each grid size, which aims to serve realistic topography in future applications. Other modifications include but not limited to data broadcasting, tile exchange, etc.
Chuning Wang
2020-11-24
More optimization on the averaging algorithm. Using ROMS internal function mp_assemble to substitute mp_aggregate in the coupling function. This is to avoid fetching global arrays of density at each timestep. Instead, each tile calculates the weighted SUM, and mp_assemble is used to get and broadcast the reduced sum from and to each tile; then the weighted average is calculated using the reduced sum.
Since this is a better scheme over the method introduced in Ver 1.1.0, I decide to remove the temporarily used CPP flag ICEPLUME_CTIL_AVG. From now on only the new default averaging method is available.
Other modifications - Previously ICEPLUME_DET_AVERAGE averages density profiles on \sigma surfaces. This is based on the assumption that the depth near glacier grounding is somewhat constant, which is fine for idealized simulation. To generalize for realistic applications, in the current version the density profile is averaged on z surfaces. This is realized by linearly interpolating the density profile from each grid.
Chuning Wang
2020-12-03
Bug fixing and new README page on github. The README is rewritten using materials from my thesis.
Chuning Wang
2021-05-21
Move all iceplume related functions to one file ROMS/IcePlume/iceplume.F to pack it in a module iceplume_mod. The purpose is to seal the iceplume module to avoid accidental access of other model components. This is part of the preparation for coupling with an icesheet model, potentially the FISOC coupling system.
Unfortunately the ODEpack code cannot be packed into the same module due to some conflicts with F77. For now it is kept in a separate file in iceplume_opkd.F. I haven't had a solution on this minor problem.
Chuning Wang 2021-06-08
Add new method ICEPLUME_DET_SMOOTH. This method allows a smooth transition from a subsurface plume to a surface plume. This is still experimental - more testing is on the way.
Chuning Wang 2021-06-22