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<article role="main">
<section id="frequently-asked-questions">
<h1>Frequently Asked Questions<a class="headerlink" href="#frequently-asked-questions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>Ok, so, maybe no one actually asked them.</p>
<section id="why-xonsh">
<h2>1. Why xonsh?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-xonsh" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The idea for xonsh first struck while I was reviewing the Bash chapter
(written by my co-author <a class="reference external" href="http://katyhuff.github.io/">Katy Huff</a>)
of <a class="reference external" href="http://physics.codes/">Effective Computation in Physics</a>. In the book,
we spend a bunch of time describing important, but complex ideas, such
as piping. However, we don’t even touch on more ‘basic’ aspects of the Bash
language, such as if-statements or loops. Even though I have been using Bash
for well over a decade, I am not even sure I <em>know how</em>
to add two numbers together in it or consistently create an array. This is
normal.</p>
<p>If the tool is so bad, then maybe we need a new tool. So xonsh is really meant
to solve the problem that other shells don’t “fit your brain.”
In some programming situations this is OK because of what you get
(an optimizing compiler, type safety, provable correctness, register access).
But a shell that doesn’t fit your brain is only a liability.</p>
<p>Coincidentally, within the week, <a class="reference external" href="http://stephen-brennan.com/2015/01/16/write-a-shell-in-c/">an article floated to the top of Hacker News</a>
that teaches you how to write a shell in C. So I thought, “It can’t be
that hard…”</p>
<p>And thus, <a class="reference external" href="http://exofrills.org">again</a>, I entered the danger zone.</p>
</section>
<section id="why-not-another-exotic-shell-such-as-fish">
<h2>2. Why not another exotic shell, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fish</span></code>?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-not-another-exotic-shell-such-as-fish" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>While many other alternative shells have an amazing suite of features
as well as much improved syntax of traditional options, none of them
are quite as beautiful as Python. In xonsh, you get the best of all possible
worlds. A syntax that already fits your brain and any features that you
desire.</p>
</section>
<section id="why-not-just-use-the-ipython-command-line-interface">
<h2>3. Why not just use the IPython command line interface?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-not-just-use-the-ipython-command-line-interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are two serious drawbacks to this approach - though, believe me, I have
tried it.</p>
<p>The first is that typing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> before every subprocess command is
extremely tedious. I think that this is because it is a prefix operator and
thus gets in the way of what you are trying to do right as you start to try
to do it. Making <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> a postfix operator could address some of this, but
would probably end up being annoying, though not nearly as jarring.</p>
<p>The second reason is that tab completion of subprocess commands after an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code>
does not work. This is a deal breaker for day-to-day use.</p>
</section>
<section id="so-how-does-this-all-work">
<h2>4. So how does this all work?<a class="headerlink" href="#so-how-does-this-all-work" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>We use <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/ply/ply.html">PLY</a> to tokenize and parse
xonsh code. This is heavily inspired by how <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/eliben/pycparser">pycparser</a>
used this PLY. From our parser, we construct an abstract syntax tree (AST)
only using nodes found in the Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> standard library module.
This allows us to compile and execute the AST using the normal Python tools.</p>
<p>Of course, xonsh has special builtins, so the proper context
(builtins, globals, and locals) must be set up prior to actually executing
any code. However, the AST can be constructed completely independently of
any context…mostly.</p>
<p>While the grammar of the xonsh language is context-free, it was convenient
to write the executer in a way that is slightly context sensitive. This is
because certain expressions are ambiguous as to whether they belong to
Python-mode or subprocess-mode. For example, most people will look at
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ls</span> <span class="pre">-l</span></code> and see a listing command. However, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ls</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">l</span></code> were
Python variables, this could be transformed to the equivalent (Python)
expressions <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ls</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">l</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ls-l</span></code>. Neither of which are valid listing
commands.</p>
<p>What xonsh does to overcome such ambiguity is to check if the names in the
expression (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ls</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">l</span></code> above) are in the present Python context. If they are,
then it takes
the line to be valid xonsh as written. If one of the names cannot be found,
then xonsh assumes that the left-most name is an external command. It thus
attempts to parse the line after wrapping it in an uncaptured subprocess
call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">![]</span></code>. If wrapped version successfully parses, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">![]</span></code> version
stays. Otherwise, the original line is retained.</p>
<p>All of the context sensitive parsing occurs as an AST transformation prior to
any code is executed. This ensures that code will never be partially executed
before failing.</p>
<p>It is critical to note that the context sensitive parsing is a convenience
meant for humans. If ambiguity remains or exactness is required, simply
manually use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">![]</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$[]</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$()</span></code> operators on your code.</p>
</section>
<section id="context-sensitive-parsing-is-gross">
<h2>5. Context-sensitive parsing is gross<a class="headerlink" href="#context-sensitive-parsing-is-gross" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Yes, context-sensitive parsing is gross. But the point of xonsh is that it uses
xontext-sensitive parsing and
is ultimately a lot less gross than other shell languages, such as Bash.
Furthermore, its use is heavily limited here.</p>
</section>
<section id="my-branches-are-timing-out">
<h2>6. My Branches are Timing Out?!<a class="headerlink" href="#my-branches-are-timing-out" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Depending on you system, setup, and repository sizes, computing branch names
and colors (i.e. if the branch is dirty or not), can be a pretty slow operation.
This is bad news because xonsh can try to compute these each time it formats
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$PROMPT</span></code>.</p>
<p>In order to keep xonsh snappy, we have implemented branch computation timeouts.
This is set to a nominal value (usually 0.1 sec) via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$VC_BRANCH_TIMEOUT</span></code>
environment variable.</p>
<p>Feel free to set this to any limit that you feel comfortable with. So if you
don’t mind a potentially slow prompt, set it to 1, 5, 20, 100 seconds! However,
if you never want to deal with a slow prompt or seeing this timeout message,
you can remove the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{curr_branch}</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{branch_color}</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{branch_bg_color}</span></code>
portions of your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$PROMPT</span></code>, and these values will never be computed.</p>
<p>It is also worth noting that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{branch_color}</span></code> is usually the slow poke.
Just removing the color lookup from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$PROMPT</span></code> can still provide the branch
name while being fast enough.</p>
</section>
<section id="exec">
<h2>7. exec<a class="headerlink" href="#exec" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The notion of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> is a bit of a tricky beast in xonsh. Both Python and
basically every other shell language have an exec that perform radically
different operations.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>In Python, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> is a builtin function that executes strings, ASTs, or
code objects in a provided namespace.</p></li>
<li><p>In sh-langs (and elsewhere), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> is a command the runs another command
directly in the current process.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>These two ideas are central to both languages - without which most programs
cannot be run. Luckily, even though they share a name, they have distinct
syntax and don’t share a namespace. Therefore, in xonsh,</p>
<div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># exec() as a function is run as Python's exec</span>
<span class="gp">>>></span> <span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'x = 41; x += 1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="go"># while exec as a statement is like bash's exec</span>
<span class="gp">>>></span> <span class="n">exec</span> <span class="n">gdb</span>
<span class="go">(gdb)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Yes, this is potentially confusing. This is particularly true since earlier
versions of Python <em>had</em> an exec statement whose syntax would have clashed
with the sh-lang command form.</p>
<p>Yes, we are sorry. But the alternative is that important programs that use
exec under the covers, such as SSH and gdb, would not be usable when xonsh
is set as the default shell. (Note that we can’t rename the exec() function
since Python would fail.) As usability is the most important aspect of a shell,
xonsh trades a small amount of potential confusion for large class of important
commands.</p>
<p>All of the above being true, if the exec duality is causing you problems there
a few operations that you can implement to mitigate the confusion. The first is
that you can remove the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> alias and use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xexec</span></code> alias instead:</p>
<div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">aliases</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'exec'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">>>></span> <span class="n">xexec</span> <span class="n">ssh</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively, you can always be sure to run the exec command explicitly in
subprocess mode with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">![]</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!()</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">!</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">exec</span> bash<span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Lastly, you can assign the result of the exec() function to a throw away
variable (since the return is always None):</p>
<div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'x = 42'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Hopefully, though, this trade-off makes sense and you never have to worry about
it…unless chimera slaying is your bag.</p>
</section>
<section id="gotchas">
<h2>8. Gotchas<a class="headerlink" href="#gotchas" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are a few gotchas when using xonsh across multiple versions of Python,
where some behavior can differ, as the underlying Python might behave
differently.</p>
<p>For example double star globbing <cite>**</cite> will only work on Python 3.5+ (ie not on 3.4)
as recursive globbing is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob">new in Python 3.5</a></p>
<p>To keep available packages independent from underlying environments, use the provided <cite>xpip</cite> alias in the same way as <cite>pip</cite> is installed.
It will make sure that the installed packages are available to <cite>xonsh</cite></p>
</section>
<section id="how-to-add-xonsh-into-the-context-menu-for-windows">
<h2>9. How to add xonsh into the context menu for Windows?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-add-xonsh-into-the-context-menu-for-windows" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In Windows, there’s a context menu support for opening a folder in a shell, such as <cite>Open PowerShell window here</cite>. You might want to have a similar menu that opens a folder in xonsh:</p>
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/context_menu_windows.png"><img alt="context_menu_windows" class="align-center" src="_images/context_menu_windows.png" style="width: 80%;" />
</a>
<p>Usually it involves modifying registry to get it, but <a class="reference external" href="https://gist.github.com/nedsociety/91041691d0ac18bc8fd9e937ad21b055">a contributed script</a> can be used for automating chores for you.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Open xonsh and copy-paste the following line:</span>
<span class="gp">>>></span> <span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">__import__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'urllib.request'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/nedsociety/91041691d0ac18bc8fd9e937ad21b055/raw/xonsh_context_menu.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="n">xonsh_register_right_click</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"># To remove the menu, use following line instead:</span>
<span class="gp">>>></span> <span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">__import__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'urllib.request'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'https://gist.githubusercontent.com/nedsociety/91041691d0ac18bc8fd9e937ad21b055/raw/xonsh_context_menu.py'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="n">xonsh_unregister_right_click</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-xonsh">1. Why xonsh?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-not-another-exotic-shell-such-as-fish">2. Why not another exotic shell, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fish</span></code>?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-not-just-use-the-ipython-command-line-interface">3. Why not just use the IPython command line interface?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#so-how-does-this-all-work">4. So how does this all work?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#context-sensitive-parsing-is-gross">5. Context-sensitive parsing is gross</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#my-branches-are-timing-out">6. My Branches are Timing Out?!</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exec">7. exec</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gotchas">8. Gotchas</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-add-xonsh-into-the-context-menu-for-windows">9. How to add xonsh into the context menu for Windows?</a></li>
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