Migrate from poetry to uv

[philiporlando]

Poetry's major version bump has introduced numerous breaking changes to this project, some of which are outlined in #42.

At this point, I believe we're at a crossroads. Rather than investing the time in adapting to Poetry 2.0, I think it makes more sense to migrate the project to uv. This migration would involve:

• Refactoring pyproject.toml to align with uv specifications.
• Replacing the poetry.lock file with a new lockfile generated by uv.
• Removing the poetry.toml file.
• Updating the README to reflect the migration.
• Refactoring the python-tests.yml GitHub Action to use uv instead of poetry.
• Refactoring the python-style.yml GitHub Action to use Ruff instead of Black (might as well while we're at it).