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I(...e).pipe(oe(o=>d(o,"change").pipe(m(()=>o))),Q(e[r]),m(o=>({index:e.indexOf(o),color:{media:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),scheme:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),primary:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),accent:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}})),B(1))}function Kn(e){let t=$("input",e),r=E("meta",{name:"theme-color"});document.head.appendChild(r);let o=E("meta",{name:"color-scheme"});document.head.appendChild(o);let n=$t("(prefers-color-scheme: light)");return C(()=>{let i=new g;return i.subscribe(a=>{if(document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-switching",""),a.color.media==="(prefers-color-scheme)"){let s=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),p=document.querySelector(s.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: 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Gr=Vt(Yr());function Ga(e){e.setAttribute("data-md-copying","");let t=e.closest("[data-copy]"),r=t?t.getAttribute("data-copy"):e.innerText;return e.removeAttribute("data-md-copying"),r.trimEnd()}function Bn({alert$:e}){Gr.default.isSupported()&&new F(t=>{new Gr.default("[data-clipboard-target], [data-clipboard-text]",{text:r=>r.getAttribute("data-clipboard-text")||Ga(P(r.getAttribute("data-clipboard-target")))}).on("success",r=>t.next(r))}).pipe(y(t=>{t.trigger.focus()}),m(()=>ye("clipboard.copied"))).subscribe(e)}function Gn(e,t){return e.protocol=t.protocol,e.hostname=t.hostname,e}function Ja(e,t){let r=new Map;for(let o of $("url",e)){let n=P("loc",o),i=[Gn(new URL(n.textContent),t)];r.set(`${i[0]}`,i);for(let a of $("[rel=alternate]",o)){let s=a.getAttribute("href");s!=null&&i.push(Gn(new URL(s),t))}}return r}function ur(e){return mn(new URL("sitemap.xml",e)).pipe(m(t=>Ja(t,new URL(e))),ve(()=>I(new Map)))}function Xa(e,t){if(!(e.target instanceof Element))return M;let 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g,o=r.pipe(X(),ne(!0));z([t.pipe(Ae(It)),r],(i,a)=>a).pipe(Z("value")).subscribe(({value:i})=>t.next({type:2,data:i})),r.pipe(Z("focus")).subscribe(({focus:i})=>{i&&Je("search",i)}),d(e.form,"reset").pipe(U(o)).subscribe(()=>e.focus());let n=P("header [for=__search]");return d(n,"click").subscribe(()=>e.focus()),ns(e,{worker$:t}).pipe(y(i=>r.next(i)),L(()=>r.complete()),m(i=>R({ref:e},i)),B(1))}function si(e,{worker$:t,query$:r}){let o=new g,n=tn(e.parentElement).pipe(b(Boolean)),i=e.parentElement,a=P(":scope > :first-child",e),s=P(":scope > :last-child",e);Ve("search").subscribe(l=>s.setAttribute("role",l?"list":"presentation")),o.pipe(ee(r),Ur(t.pipe(Ae(It)))).subscribe(([{items:l},{value:f}])=>{switch(l.length){case 0:a.textContent=f.length?ye("search.result.none"):ye("search.result.placeholder");break;case 1:a.textContent=ye("search.result.one");break;default:let u=sr(l.length);a.textContent=ye("search.result.other",u)}});let p=o.pipe(y(()=>s.innerHTML=""),v(({items:l})=>S(I(...l.slice(0,10)),I(...l.slice(10)).pipe(Ye(4),Vr(n),v(([f])=>f)))),m(Tn),pe());return p.subscribe(l=>s.appendChild(l)),p.pipe(oe(l=>{let f=fe("details",l);return typeof f=="undefined"?M:d(f,"toggle").pipe(U(o),m(()=>f))})).subscribe(l=>{l.open===!1&&l.offsetTop<=i.scrollTop&&i.scrollTo({top:l.offsetTop})}),t.pipe(b(dr),m(({data:l})=>l)).pipe(y(l=>o.next(l)),L(()=>o.complete()),m(l=>R({ref:e},l)))}function is(e,{query$:t}){return t.pipe(m(({value:r})=>{let o=xe();return o.hash="",r=r.replace(/\s+/g,"+").replace(/&/g,"%26").replace(/=/g,"%3D"),o.search=`q=${r}`,{url:o}}))}function ci(e,t){let r=new g,o=r.pipe(X(),ne(!0));return r.subscribe(({url:n})=>{e.setAttribute("data-clipboard-text",e.href),e.href=`${n}`}),d(e,"click").pipe(U(o)).subscribe(n=>n.preventDefault()),is(e,t).pipe(y(n=>r.next(n)),L(()=>r.complete()),m(n=>R({ref:e},n)))}function pi(e,{worker$:t,keyboard$:r}){let o=new g,n=Se("search-query"),i=S(d(n,"keydown"),d(n,"focus")).pipe(be(se),m(()=>n.value),K());return o.pipe(We(i),m(([{suggest:s},p])=>{let c=p.split(/([\s-]+)/);if(s!=null&&s.length&&c[c.length-1]){let l=s[s.length-1];l.startsWith(c[c.length-1])&&(c[c.length-1]=l)}else c.length=0;return c})).subscribe(s=>e.innerHTML=s.join("").replace(/\s/g," ")),r.pipe(b(({mode:s})=>s==="search")).subscribe(s=>{switch(s.type){case"ArrowRight":e.innerText.length&&n.selectionStart===n.value.length&&(n.value=e.innerText);break}}),t.pipe(b(dr),m(({data:s})=>s)).pipe(y(s=>o.next(s)),L(()=>o.complete()),m(()=>({ref:e})))}function li(e,{index$:t,keyboard$:r}){let o=Te();try{let n=ni(o.search,t),i=Se("search-query",e),a=Se("search-result",e);d(e,"click").pipe(b(({target:p})=>p instanceof Element&&!!p.closest("a"))).subscribe(()=>Je("search",!1)),r.pipe(b(({mode:p})=>p==="search")).subscribe(p=>{let c=Re();switch(p.type){case"Enter":if(c===i){let l=new Map;for(let f of $(":first-child [href]",a)){let 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z([t,r.pipe(Q(xe()),b(o=>!!o.searchParams.get("h")))]).pipe(m(([o,n])=>oi(o.config)(n.searchParams.get("h"))),m(o=>{var a;let n=new Map,i=document.createNodeIterator(e,NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT);for(let s=i.nextNode();s;s=i.nextNode())if((a=s.parentElement)!=null&&a.offsetHeight){let p=s.textContent,c=o(p);c.length>p.length&&n.set(s,c)}for(let[s,p]of n){let{childNodes:c}=E("span",null,p);s.replaceWith(...Array.from(c))}return{ref:e,nodes:n}}))}function as(e,{viewport$:t,main$:r}){let o=e.closest(".md-grid"),n=o.offsetTop-o.parentElement.offsetTop;return z([r,t]).pipe(m(([{offset:i,height:a},{offset:{y:s}}])=>(a=a+Math.min(n,Math.max(0,s-i))-n,{height:a,locked:s>=i+n})),K((i,a)=>i.height===a.height&&i.locked===a.locked))}function Jr(e,o){var n=o,{header$:t}=n,r=io(n,["header$"]);let i=P(".md-sidebar__scrollwrap",e),{y:a}=Ue(i);return C(()=>{let s=new g,p=s.pipe(X(),ne(!0)),c=s.pipe(Le(0,me));return c.pipe(ee(t)).subscribe({next([{height:l},{height:f}]){i.style.height=`${l-2*a}px`,e.style.top=`${f}px`},complete(){i.style.height="",e.style.top=""}}),c.pipe(Ae()).subscribe(()=>{for(let l of $(".md-nav__link--active[href]",e)){if(!l.clientHeight)continue;let f=l.closest(".md-sidebar__scrollwrap");if(typeof f!="undefined"){let u=l.offsetTop-f.offsetTop,{height:h}=ce(f);f.scrollTo({top:u-h/2})}}}),ue($("label[tabindex]",e)).pipe(oe(l=>d(l,"click").pipe(be(se),m(()=>l),U(p)))).subscribe(l=>{let f=P(`[id="${l.htmlFor}"]`);P(`[aria-labelledby="${l.id}"]`).setAttribute("aria-expanded",`${f.checked}`)}),as(e,r).pipe(y(l=>s.next(l)),L(()=>s.complete()),m(l=>R({ref:e},l)))})}function fi(e,t){if(typeof t!="undefined"){let r=`https://api.github.com/repos/${e}/${t}`;return Ct(Ne(`${r}/releases/latest`).pipe(ve(()=>M),m(o=>({version:o.tag_name})),Be({})),Ne(r).pipe(ve(()=>M),m(o=>({stars:o.stargazers_count,forks:o.forks_count})),Be({}))).pipe(m(([o,n])=>R(R({},o),n)))}else{let r=`https://api.github.com/users/${e}`;return Ne(r).pipe(m(o=>({repositories:o.public_repos})),Be({}))}}function ui(e,t){let r=`https://${e}/api/v4/projects/${encodeURIComponent(t)}`;return Ne(r).pipe(ve(()=>M),m(({star_count:o,forks_count:n})=>({stars:o,forks:n})),Be({}))}function di(e){let t=e.match(/^.+github\.com\/([^/]+)\/?([^/]+)?/i);if(t){let[,r,o]=t;return fi(r,o)}if(t=e.match(/^.+?([^/]*gitlab[^/]+)\/(.+?)\/?$/i),t){let[,r,o]=t;return ui(r,o)}return M}var ss;function cs(e){return ss||(ss=C(()=>{let t=__md_get("__source",sessionStorage);if(t)return I(t);if(ae("consent").length){let o=__md_get("__consent");if(!(o&&o.github))return M}return di(e.href).pipe(y(o=>__md_set("__source",o,sessionStorage)))}).pipe(ve(()=>M),b(t=>Object.keys(t).length>0),m(t=>({facts:t})),B(1)))}function hi(e){let t=P(":scope > :last-child",e);return C(()=>{let r=new g;return 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n.title=o,lt(n,{viewport$:t}).pipe(U(e.pipe(Ce(1))),L(()=>n.removeAttribute("title")))})).subscribe(),e.pipe(v(()=>$(".md-status")),oe(r=>lt(r,{viewport$:t}))).subscribe()}function yi({document$:e,tablet$:t}){e.pipe(v(()=>$(".md-toggle--indeterminate")),y(r=>{r.indeterminate=!0,r.checked=!1}),oe(r=>d(r,"change").pipe(Dr(()=>r.classList.contains("md-toggle--indeterminate")),m(()=>r))),ee(t)).subscribe(([r,o])=>{r.classList.remove("md-toggle--indeterminate"),o&&(r.checked=!1)})}function fs(){return/(iPad|iPhone|iPod)/.test(navigator.userAgent)}function Ei({document$:e}){e.pipe(v(()=>$("[data-md-scrollfix]")),y(t=>t.removeAttribute("data-md-scrollfix")),b(fs),oe(t=>d(t,"touchstart").pipe(m(()=>t)))).subscribe(t=>{let r=t.scrollTop;r===0?t.scrollTop=1:r+t.offsetHeight===t.scrollHeight&&(t.scrollTop=r-1)})}function wi({viewport$:e,tablet$:t}){z([Ve("search"),t]).pipe(m(([r,o])=>r&&!o),v(r=>I(r).pipe(Ge(r?400:100))),ee(e)).subscribe(([r,{offset:{y:o}}])=>{if(r)document.body.setAttribute("data-md-scrolllock",""),document.body.style.top=`-${o}px`;else{let n=-1*parseInt(document.body.style.top,10);document.body.removeAttribute("data-md-scrolllock"),document.body.style.top="",n&&window.scrollTo(0,n)}})}Object.entries||(Object.entries=function(e){let t=[];for(let r of Object.keys(e))t.push([r,e[r]]);return t});Object.values||(Object.values=function(e){let t=[];for(let r of Object.keys(e))t.push(e[r]);return t});typeof Element!="undefined"&&(Element.prototype.scrollTo||(Element.prototype.scrollTo=function(e,t){typeof e=="object"?(this.scrollLeft=e.left,this.scrollTop=e.top):(this.scrollLeft=e,this.scrollTop=t)}),Element.prototype.replaceWith||(Element.prototype.replaceWith=function(...e){let t=this.parentNode;if(t){e.length===0&&t.removeChild(this);for(let r=e.length-1;r>=0;r--){let o=e[r];typeof o=="string"?o=document.createTextNode(o):o.parentNode&&o.parentNode.removeChild(o),r?t.insertBefore(this.previousSibling,o):t.replaceChild(o,this)}}}));function us(){return location.protocol==="file:"?wt(`${new URL("search/search_index.js",Xr.base)}`).pipe(m(()=>__index),B(1)):Ne(new URL("search/search_index.json",Xr.base))}document.documentElement.classList.remove("no-js");document.documentElement.classList.add("js");var ot=Yo(),jt=nn(),Ot=cn(jt),Zr=on(),Oe=bn(),hr=$t("(min-width: 960px)"),Si=$t("(min-width: 1220px)"),Oi=pn(),Xr=Te(),Mi=document.forms.namedItem("search")?us():Ke,eo=new g;Bn({alert$:eo});var to=new g;G("navigation.instant")&&Zn({location$:jt,viewport$:Oe,progress$:to}).subscribe(ot);var Ti;((Ti=Xr.version)==null?void 0:Ti.provider)==="mike"&&ii({document$:ot});S(jt,Ot).pipe(Ge(125)).subscribe(()=>{Je("drawer",!1),Je("search",!1)});Zr.pipe(b(({mode:e})=>e==="global")).subscribe(e=>{switch(e.type){case"p":case",":let t=fe("link[rel=prev]");typeof t!="undefined"&&pt(t);break;case"n":case".":let r=fe("link[rel=next]");typeof r!="undefined"&&pt(r);break;case"Enter":let o=Re();o instanceof HTMLLabelElement&&o.click()}});xi({viewport$:Oe,document$:ot});yi({document$:ot,tablet$:hr});Ei({document$:ot});wi({viewport$:Oe,tablet$:hr});var rt=Nn(Se("header"),{viewport$:Oe}),Ft=ot.pipe(m(()=>Se("main")),v(e=>Qn(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt})),B(1)),ds=S(...ae("consent").map(e=>xn(e,{target$:Ot})),...ae("dialog").map(e=>Dn(e,{alert$:eo})),...ae("header").map(e=>zn(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft})),...ae("palette").map(e=>Kn(e)),...ae("progress").map(e=>Yn(e,{progress$:to})),...ae("search").map(e=>li(e,{index$:Mi,keyboard$:Zr})),...ae("source").map(e=>hi(e))),hs=C(()=>S(...ae("announce").map(e=>gn(e)),...ae("content").map(e=>Un(e,{viewport$:Oe,target$:Ot,print$:Oi})),...ae("content").map(e=>G("search.highlight")?mi(e,{index$:Mi,location$:jt}):M),...ae("header-title").map(e=>qn(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt})),...ae("sidebar").map(e=>e.getAttribute("data-md-type")==="navigation"?Nr(Si,()=>Jr(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft})):Nr(hr,()=>Jr(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft}))),...ae("tabs").map(e=>bi(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt})),...ae("toc").map(e=>vi(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft,target$:Ot})),...ae("top").map(e=>gi(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft,target$:Ot})))),Li=ot.pipe(v(()=>hs),Pe(ds),B(1));Li.subscribe();window.document$=ot;window.location$=jt;window.target$=Ot;window.keyboard$=Zr;window.viewport$=Oe;window.tablet$=hr;window.screen$=Si;window.print$=Oi;window.alert$=eo;window.progress$=to;window.component$=Li;})(); 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"src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/search/_/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/search/highlight/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/sidebar/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/source/facts/github/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/source/facts/gitlab/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/source/facts/_/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/source/_/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/tabs/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/toc/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/components/top/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/patches/ellipsis/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/patches/indeterminate/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/patches/scrollfix/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/patches/scrolllock/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/polyfills/index.ts"], + "sourcesContent": ["(function (global, factory) {\n typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory() :\n typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(factory) :\n (factory());\n}(this, (function () { 'use strict';\n\n /**\n * Applies the :focus-visible polyfill at the given scope.\n * A scope in this case is either the top-level Document or a Shadow Root.\n *\n * @param {(Document|ShadowRoot)} scope\n * @see https://github.com/WICG/focus-visible\n */\n function applyFocusVisiblePolyfill(scope) {\n var hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n var hadFocusVisibleRecently = false;\n var hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout = null;\n\n var inputTypesAllowlist = {\n text: true,\n search: true,\n url: true,\n tel: true,\n email: true,\n password: true,\n number: true,\n date: true,\n month: true,\n week: true,\n time: true,\n datetime: true,\n 'datetime-local': true\n };\n\n /**\n * Helper function for legacy browsers and iframes which sometimes focus\n * elements like document, body, and non-interactive SVG.\n * @param {Element} el\n */\n function isValidFocusTarget(el) {\n if (\n el &&\n el !== document &&\n el.nodeName !== 'HTML' &&\n el.nodeName !== 'BODY' &&\n 'classList' in el &&\n 'contains' in el.classList\n ) {\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * Computes whether the given element should automatically trigger the\n * `focus-visible` class being added, i.e. whether it should always match\n * `:focus-visible` when focused.\n * @param {Element} el\n * @return {boolean}\n */\n function focusTriggersKeyboardModality(el) {\n var type = el.type;\n var tagName = el.tagName;\n\n if (tagName === 'INPUT' && inputTypesAllowlist[type] && !el.readOnly) {\n return true;\n }\n\n if (tagName === 'TEXTAREA' && !el.readOnly) {\n return true;\n }\n\n if (el.isContentEditable) {\n return true;\n }\n\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * Add the `focus-visible` class to the given element if it was not added by\n * the author.\n * @param {Element} el\n */\n function addFocusVisibleClass(el) {\n if (el.classList.contains('focus-visible')) {\n return;\n }\n el.classList.add('focus-visible');\n el.setAttribute('data-focus-visible-added', '');\n }\n\n /**\n * Remove the `focus-visible` class from the given element if it was not\n * originally added by the author.\n * @param {Element} el\n */\n function removeFocusVisibleClass(el) {\n if (!el.hasAttribute('data-focus-visible-added')) {\n return;\n }\n el.classList.remove('focus-visible');\n el.removeAttribute('data-focus-visible-added');\n }\n\n /**\n * If the most recent user interaction was via the keyboard;\n * and the key press did not include a meta, alt/option, or control key;\n * then the modality is keyboard. Otherwise, the modality is not keyboard.\n * Apply `focus-visible` to any current active element and keep track\n * of our keyboard modality state with `hadKeyboardEvent`.\n * @param {KeyboardEvent} e\n */\n function onKeyDown(e) {\n if (e.metaKey || e.altKey || e.ctrlKey) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (isValidFocusTarget(scope.activeElement)) {\n addFocusVisibleClass(scope.activeElement);\n }\n\n hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n }\n\n /**\n * If at any point a user clicks with a pointing device, ensure that we change\n * the modality away from keyboard.\n * This avoids the situation where a user presses a key on an already focused\n * element, and then clicks on a different element, focusing it with a\n * pointing device, while we still think we're in keyboard modality.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onPointerDown(e) {\n hadKeyboardEvent = false;\n }\n\n /**\n * On `focus`, add the `focus-visible` class to the target if:\n * - the target received focus as a result of keyboard navigation, or\n * - the event target is an element that will likely require interaction\n * via the keyboard (e.g. a text box)\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onFocus(e) {\n // Prevent IE from focusing the document or HTML element.\n if (!isValidFocusTarget(e.target)) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (hadKeyboardEvent || focusTriggersKeyboardModality(e.target)) {\n addFocusVisibleClass(e.target);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * On `blur`, remove the `focus-visible` class from the target.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onBlur(e) {\n if (!isValidFocusTarget(e.target)) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (\n e.target.classList.contains('focus-visible') ||\n e.target.hasAttribute('data-focus-visible-added')\n ) {\n // To detect a tab/window switch, we look for a blur event followed\n // rapidly by a visibility change.\n // If we don't see a visibility change within 100ms, it's probably a\n // regular focus change.\n hadFocusVisibleRecently = true;\n window.clearTimeout(hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout);\n hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout = window.setTimeout(function() {\n hadFocusVisibleRecently = false;\n }, 100);\n removeFocusVisibleClass(e.target);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * If the user changes tabs, keep track of whether or not the previously\n * focused element had .focus-visible.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onVisibilityChange(e) {\n if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') {\n // If the tab becomes active again, the browser will handle calling focus\n // on the element (Safari actually calls it twice).\n // If this tab change caused a blur on an element with focus-visible,\n // re-apply the class when the user switches back to the tab.\n if (hadFocusVisibleRecently) {\n hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n }\n addInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Add a group of listeners to detect usage of any pointing devices.\n * These listeners will be added when the polyfill first loads, and anytime\n * the window is blurred, so that they are active when the window regains\n * focus.\n */\n function addInitialPointerMoveListeners() {\n document.addEventListener('mousemove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('mousedown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('mouseup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('pointermove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('pointerup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('touchmove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('touchstart', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('touchend', onInitialPointerMove);\n }\n\n function removeInitialPointerMoveListeners() {\n document.removeEventListener('mousemove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('mousedown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('mouseup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('pointermove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('pointerup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('touchmove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('touchstart', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('touchend', onInitialPointerMove);\n }\n\n /**\n * When the polfyill first loads, assume the user is in keyboard modality.\n * If any event is received from a pointing device (e.g. mouse, pointer,\n * touch), turn off keyboard modality.\n * This accounts for situations where focus enters the page from the URL bar.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onInitialPointerMove(e) {\n // Work around a Safari quirk that fires a mousemove on whenever the\n // window blurs, even if you're tabbing out of the page. \u00AF\\_(\u30C4)_/\u00AF\n if (e.target.nodeName && e.target.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'html') {\n return;\n }\n\n hadKeyboardEvent = false;\n removeInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n }\n\n // For some kinds of state, we are interested in changes at the global scope\n // only. For example, global pointer input, global key presses and global\n // visibility change should affect the state at every scope:\n document.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('mousedown', onPointerDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('touchstart', onPointerDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibilityChange, true);\n\n addInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n\n // For focus and blur, we specifically care about state changes in the local\n // scope. This is because focus / blur events that originate from within a\n // shadow root are not re-dispatched from the host element if it was already\n // the active element in its own scope:\n scope.addEventListener('focus', onFocus, true);\n scope.addEventListener('blur', onBlur, true);\n\n // We detect that a node is a ShadowRoot by ensuring that it is a\n // DocumentFragment and also has a host property. This check covers native\n // implementation and polyfill implementation transparently. If we only cared\n // about the native implementation, we could just check if the scope was\n // an instance of a ShadowRoot.\n if (scope.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE && scope.host) {\n // Since a ShadowRoot is a special kind of DocumentFragment, it does not\n // have a root element to add a class to. So, we add this attribute to the\n // host element instead:\n scope.host.setAttribute('data-js-focus-visible', '');\n } else if (scope.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {\n document.documentElement.classList.add('js-focus-visible');\n document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-js-focus-visible', '');\n }\n }\n\n // It is important to wrap all references to global window and document in\n // these checks to support server-side rendering use cases\n // @see https://github.com/WICG/focus-visible/issues/199\n if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof document !== 'undefined') {\n // Make the polyfill helper globally available. This can be used as a signal\n // to interested libraries that wish to coordinate with the polyfill for e.g.,\n // applying the polyfill to a shadow root:\n window.applyFocusVisiblePolyfill = applyFocusVisiblePolyfill;\n\n // Notify interested libraries of the polyfill's presence, in case the\n // polyfill was loaded lazily:\n var event;\n\n try {\n event = new CustomEvent('focus-visible-polyfill-ready');\n } catch (error) {\n // IE11 does not support using CustomEvent as a constructor directly:\n event = document.createEvent('CustomEvent');\n event.initCustomEvent('focus-visible-polyfill-ready', false, false, {});\n }\n\n window.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n if (typeof document !== 'undefined') {\n // Apply the polyfill to the global document, so that no JavaScript\n // coordination is required to use the polyfill in the top-level document:\n applyFocusVisiblePolyfill(document);\n }\n\n})));\n", "/*!\n * clipboard.js v2.0.11\n * https://clipboardjs.com/\n *\n * Licensed MIT \u00A9 Zeno Rocha\n */\n(function webpackUniversalModuleDefinition(root, factory) {\n\tif(typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module === 'object')\n\t\tmodule.exports = factory();\n\telse if(typeof define === 'function' && define.amd)\n\t\tdefine([], factory);\n\telse if(typeof exports === 'object')\n\t\texports[\"ClipboardJS\"] = factory();\n\telse\n\t\troot[\"ClipboardJS\"] = factory();\n})(this, function() {\nreturn /******/ (function() { // webpackBootstrap\n/******/ \tvar __webpack_modules__ = ({\n\n/***/ 686:\n/***/ (function(__unused_webpack_module, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {\n\n\"use strict\";\n\n// EXPORTS\n__webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, {\n \"default\": function() { return /* binding */ clipboard; }\n});\n\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/tiny-emitter/index.js\nvar tiny_emitter = __webpack_require__(279);\nvar tiny_emitter_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(tiny_emitter);\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/good-listener/src/listen.js\nvar listen = __webpack_require__(370);\nvar listen_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(listen);\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/select/src/select.js\nvar src_select = __webpack_require__(817);\nvar select_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(src_select);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/common/command.js\n/**\n * Executes a given operation type.\n * @param {String} type\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nfunction command(type) {\n try {\n return document.execCommand(type);\n } catch (err) {\n return false;\n }\n}\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/cut.js\n\n\n/**\n * Cut action wrapper.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @return {String}\n */\n\nvar ClipboardActionCut = function ClipboardActionCut(target) {\n var selectedText = select_default()(target);\n command('cut');\n return selectedText;\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_cut = (ClipboardActionCut);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/common/create-fake-element.js\n/**\n * Creates a fake textarea element with a value.\n * @param {String} value\n * @return {HTMLElement}\n */\nfunction createFakeElement(value) {\n var isRTL = document.documentElement.getAttribute('dir') === 'rtl';\n var fakeElement = document.createElement('textarea'); // Prevent zooming on iOS\n\n fakeElement.style.fontSize = '12pt'; // Reset box model\n\n fakeElement.style.border = '0';\n fakeElement.style.padding = '0';\n fakeElement.style.margin = '0'; // Move element out of screen horizontally\n\n fakeElement.style.position = 'absolute';\n fakeElement.style[isRTL ? 'right' : 'left'] = '-9999px'; // Move element to the same position vertically\n\n var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;\n fakeElement.style.top = \"\".concat(yPosition, \"px\");\n fakeElement.setAttribute('readonly', '');\n fakeElement.value = value;\n return fakeElement;\n}\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/copy.js\n\n\n\n/**\n * Create fake copy action wrapper using a fake element.\n * @param {String} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @return {String}\n */\n\nvar fakeCopyAction = function fakeCopyAction(value, options) {\n var fakeElement = createFakeElement(value);\n options.container.appendChild(fakeElement);\n var selectedText = select_default()(fakeElement);\n command('copy');\n fakeElement.remove();\n return selectedText;\n};\n/**\n * Copy action wrapper.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @return {String}\n */\n\n\nvar ClipboardActionCopy = function ClipboardActionCopy(target) {\n var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {\n container: document.body\n };\n var selectedText = '';\n\n if (typeof target === 'string') {\n selectedText = fakeCopyAction(target, options);\n } else if (target instanceof HTMLInputElement && !['text', 'search', 'url', 'tel', 'password'].includes(target === null || target === void 0 ? void 0 : target.type)) {\n // If input type doesn't support `setSelectionRange`. Simulate it. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLInputElement/setSelectionRange\n selectedText = fakeCopyAction(target.value, options);\n } else {\n selectedText = select_default()(target);\n command('copy');\n }\n\n return selectedText;\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_copy = (ClipboardActionCopy);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/default.js\nfunction _typeof(obj) { \"@babel/helpers - typeof\"; if (typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\") { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj; }; } return _typeof(obj); }\n\n\n\n/**\n * Inner function which performs selection from either `text` or `target`\n * properties and then executes copy or cut operations.\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n\nvar ClipboardActionDefault = function ClipboardActionDefault() {\n var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};\n // Defines base properties passed from constructor.\n var _options$action = options.action,\n action = _options$action === void 0 ? 'copy' : _options$action,\n container = options.container,\n target = options.target,\n text = options.text; // Sets the `action` to be performed which can be either 'copy' or 'cut'.\n\n if (action !== 'copy' && action !== 'cut') {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"action\" value, use either \"copy\" or \"cut\"');\n } // Sets the `target` property using an element that will be have its content copied.\n\n\n if (target !== undefined) {\n if (target && _typeof(target) === 'object' && target.nodeType === 1) {\n if (action === 'copy' && target.hasAttribute('disabled')) {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" attribute. Please use \"readonly\" instead of \"disabled\" attribute');\n }\n\n if (action === 'cut' && (target.hasAttribute('readonly') || target.hasAttribute('disabled'))) {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" attribute. You can\\'t cut text from elements with \"readonly\" or \"disabled\" attributes');\n }\n } else {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" value, use a valid Element');\n }\n } // Define selection strategy based on `text` property.\n\n\n if (text) {\n return actions_copy(text, {\n container: container\n });\n } // Defines which selection strategy based on `target` property.\n\n\n if (target) {\n return action === 'cut' ? actions_cut(target) : actions_copy(target, {\n container: container\n });\n }\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_default = (ClipboardActionDefault);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/clipboard.js\nfunction clipboard_typeof(obj) { \"@babel/helpers - typeof\"; if (typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\") { clipboard_typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { clipboard_typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj; }; } return clipboard_typeof(obj); }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError(\"Cannot call a class as a function\"); } }\n\nfunction _defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if (\"value\" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } }\n\nfunction _createClass(Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) _defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) _defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== \"function\" && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError(\"Super expression must either be null or a function\"); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) _setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass); }\n\nfunction _setPrototypeOf(o, p) { _setPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf || function _setPrototypeOf(o, p) { o.__proto__ = p; return o; }; return _setPrototypeOf(o, p); }\n\nfunction _createSuper(Derived) { var hasNativeReflectConstruct = _isNativeReflectConstruct(); return function _createSuperInternal() { var Super = _getPrototypeOf(Derived), result; if (hasNativeReflectConstruct) { var NewTarget = _getPrototypeOf(this).constructor; result = Reflect.construct(Super, arguments, NewTarget); } else { result = Super.apply(this, arguments); } return _possibleConstructorReturn(this, result); }; }\n\nfunction _possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) { if (call && (clipboard_typeof(call) === \"object\" || typeof call === \"function\")) { return call; } return _assertThisInitialized(self); }\n\nfunction _assertThisInitialized(self) { if (self === void 0) { throw new ReferenceError(\"this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called\"); } return self; }\n\nfunction _isNativeReflectConstruct() { if (typeof Reflect === \"undefined\" || !Reflect.construct) return false; if (Reflect.construct.sham) return false; if (typeof Proxy === \"function\") return true; try { Date.prototype.toString.call(Reflect.construct(Date, [], function () {})); return true; } catch (e) { return false; } }\n\nfunction _getPrototypeOf(o) { _getPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.getPrototypeOf : function _getPrototypeOf(o) { return o.__proto__ || Object.getPrototypeOf(o); }; return _getPrototypeOf(o); }\n\n\n\n\n\n\n/**\n * Helper function to retrieve attribute value.\n * @param {String} suffix\n * @param {Element} element\n */\n\nfunction getAttributeValue(suffix, element) {\n var attribute = \"data-clipboard-\".concat(suffix);\n\n if (!element.hasAttribute(attribute)) {\n return;\n }\n\n return element.getAttribute(attribute);\n}\n/**\n * Base class which takes one or more elements, adds event listeners to them,\n * and instantiates a new `ClipboardAction` on each click.\n */\n\n\nvar Clipboard = /*#__PURE__*/function (_Emitter) {\n _inherits(Clipboard, _Emitter);\n\n var _super = _createSuper(Clipboard);\n\n /**\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} trigger\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n function Clipboard(trigger, options) {\n var _this;\n\n _classCallCheck(this, Clipboard);\n\n _this = _super.call(this);\n\n _this.resolveOptions(options);\n\n _this.listenClick(trigger);\n\n return _this;\n }\n /**\n * Defines if attributes would be resolved using internal setter functions\n * or custom functions that were passed in the constructor.\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n\n\n _createClass(Clipboard, [{\n key: \"resolveOptions\",\n value: function resolveOptions() {\n var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};\n this.action = typeof options.action === 'function' ? options.action : this.defaultAction;\n this.target = typeof options.target === 'function' ? options.target : this.defaultTarget;\n this.text = typeof options.text === 'function' ? options.text : this.defaultText;\n this.container = clipboard_typeof(options.container) === 'object' ? options.container : document.body;\n }\n /**\n * Adds a click event listener to the passed trigger.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} trigger\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"listenClick\",\n value: function listenClick(trigger) {\n var _this2 = this;\n\n this.listener = listen_default()(trigger, 'click', function (e) {\n return _this2.onClick(e);\n });\n }\n /**\n * Defines a new `ClipboardAction` on each click event.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"onClick\",\n value: function onClick(e) {\n var trigger = e.delegateTarget || e.currentTarget;\n var action = this.action(trigger) || 'copy';\n var text = actions_default({\n action: action,\n container: this.container,\n target: this.target(trigger),\n text: this.text(trigger)\n }); // Fires an event based on the copy operation result.\n\n this.emit(text ? 'success' : 'error', {\n action: action,\n text: text,\n trigger: trigger,\n clearSelection: function clearSelection() {\n if (trigger) {\n trigger.focus();\n }\n\n window.getSelection().removeAllRanges();\n }\n });\n }\n /**\n * Default `action` lookup function.\n * @param {Element} trigger\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"defaultAction\",\n value: function defaultAction(trigger) {\n return getAttributeValue('action', trigger);\n }\n /**\n * Default `target` lookup function.\n * @param {Element} trigger\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"defaultTarget\",\n value: function defaultTarget(trigger) {\n var selector = getAttributeValue('target', trigger);\n\n if (selector) {\n return document.querySelector(selector);\n }\n }\n /**\n * Allow fire programmatically a copy action\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @returns Text copied.\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"defaultText\",\n\n /**\n * Default `text` lookup function.\n * @param {Element} trigger\n */\n value: function defaultText(trigger) {\n return getAttributeValue('text', trigger);\n }\n /**\n * Destroy lifecycle.\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"destroy\",\n value: function destroy() {\n this.listener.destroy();\n }\n }], [{\n key: \"copy\",\n value: function copy(target) {\n var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {\n container: document.body\n };\n return actions_copy(target, options);\n }\n /**\n * Allow fire programmatically a cut action\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @returns Text cutted.\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"cut\",\n value: function cut(target) {\n return actions_cut(target);\n }\n /**\n * Returns the support of the given action, or all actions if no action is\n * given.\n * @param {String} [action]\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"isSupported\",\n value: function isSupported() {\n var action = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : ['copy', 'cut'];\n var actions = typeof action === 'string' ? [action] : action;\n var support = !!document.queryCommandSupported;\n actions.forEach(function (action) {\n support = support && !!document.queryCommandSupported(action);\n });\n return support;\n }\n }]);\n\n return Clipboard;\n}((tiny_emitter_default()));\n\n/* harmony default export */ var clipboard = (Clipboard);\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 828:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nvar DOCUMENT_NODE_TYPE = 9;\n\n/**\n * A polyfill for Element.matches()\n */\nif (typeof Element !== 'undefined' && !Element.prototype.matches) {\n var proto = Element.prototype;\n\n proto.matches = proto.matchesSelector ||\n proto.mozMatchesSelector ||\n proto.msMatchesSelector ||\n proto.oMatchesSelector ||\n proto.webkitMatchesSelector;\n}\n\n/**\n * Finds the closest parent that matches a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @return {Function}\n */\nfunction closest (element, selector) {\n while (element && element.nodeType !== DOCUMENT_NODE_TYPE) {\n if (typeof element.matches === 'function' &&\n element.matches(selector)) {\n return element;\n }\n element = element.parentNode;\n }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = closest;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 438:\n/***/ (function(module, __unused_webpack_exports, __webpack_require__) {\n\nvar closest = __webpack_require__(828);\n\n/**\n * Delegates event to a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @param {Boolean} useCapture\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction _delegate(element, selector, type, callback, useCapture) {\n var listenerFn = listener.apply(this, arguments);\n\n element.addEventListener(type, listenerFn, useCapture);\n\n return {\n destroy: function() {\n element.removeEventListener(type, listenerFn, useCapture);\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Delegates event to a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element|String|Array} [elements]\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @param {Boolean} useCapture\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction delegate(elements, selector, type, callback, useCapture) {\n // Handle the regular Element usage\n if (typeof elements.addEventListener === 'function') {\n return _delegate.apply(null, arguments);\n }\n\n // Handle Element-less usage, it defaults to global delegation\n if (typeof type === 'function') {\n // Use `document` as the first parameter, then apply arguments\n // This is a short way to .unshift `arguments` without running into deoptimizations\n return _delegate.bind(null, document).apply(null, arguments);\n }\n\n // Handle Selector-based usage\n if (typeof elements === 'string') {\n elements = document.querySelectorAll(elements);\n }\n\n // Handle Array-like based usage\n return Array.prototype.map.call(elements, function (element) {\n return _delegate(element, selector, type, callback, useCapture);\n });\n}\n\n/**\n * Finds closest match and invokes callback.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Function}\n */\nfunction listener(element, selector, type, callback) {\n return function(e) {\n e.delegateTarget = closest(e.target, selector);\n\n if (e.delegateTarget) {\n callback.call(element, e);\n }\n }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = delegate;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 879:\n/***/ (function(__unused_webpack_module, exports) {\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a HTML element.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.node = function(value) {\n return value !== undefined\n && value instanceof HTMLElement\n && value.nodeType === 1;\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a list of HTML elements.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.nodeList = function(value) {\n var type = Object.prototype.toString.call(value);\n\n return value !== undefined\n && (type === '[object NodeList]' || type === '[object HTMLCollection]')\n && ('length' in value)\n && (value.length === 0 || exports.node(value[0]));\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a string.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.string = function(value) {\n return typeof value === 'string'\n || value instanceof String;\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a function.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.fn = function(value) {\n var type = Object.prototype.toString.call(value);\n\n return type === '[object Function]';\n};\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 370:\n/***/ (function(module, __unused_webpack_exports, __webpack_require__) {\n\nvar is = __webpack_require__(879);\nvar delegate = __webpack_require__(438);\n\n/**\n * Validates all params and calls the right\n * listener function based on its target type.\n *\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} target\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listen(target, type, callback) {\n if (!target && !type && !callback) {\n throw new Error('Missing required arguments');\n }\n\n if (!is.string(type)) {\n throw new TypeError('Second argument must be a String');\n }\n\n if (!is.fn(callback)) {\n throw new TypeError('Third argument must be a Function');\n }\n\n if (is.node(target)) {\n return listenNode(target, type, callback);\n }\n else if (is.nodeList(target)) {\n return listenNodeList(target, type, callback);\n }\n else if (is.string(target)) {\n return listenSelector(target, type, callback);\n }\n else {\n throw new TypeError('First argument must be a String, HTMLElement, HTMLCollection, or NodeList');\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds an event listener to a HTML element\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {HTMLElement} node\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenNode(node, type, callback) {\n node.addEventListener(type, callback);\n\n return {\n destroy: function() {\n node.removeEventListener(type, callback);\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add an event listener to a list of HTML elements\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {NodeList|HTMLCollection} nodeList\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenNodeList(nodeList, type, callback) {\n Array.prototype.forEach.call(nodeList, function(node) {\n node.addEventListener(type, callback);\n });\n\n return {\n destroy: function() {\n Array.prototype.forEach.call(nodeList, function(node) {\n node.removeEventListener(type, callback);\n });\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add an event listener to a selector\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenSelector(selector, type, callback) {\n return delegate(document.body, selector, type, callback);\n}\n\nmodule.exports = listen;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 817:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nfunction select(element) {\n var selectedText;\n\n if (element.nodeName === 'SELECT') {\n element.focus();\n\n selectedText = element.value;\n }\n else if (element.nodeName === 'INPUT' || element.nodeName === 'TEXTAREA') {\n var isReadOnly = element.hasAttribute('readonly');\n\n if (!isReadOnly) {\n element.setAttribute('readonly', '');\n }\n\n element.select();\n element.setSelectionRange(0, element.value.length);\n\n if (!isReadOnly) {\n element.removeAttribute('readonly');\n }\n\n selectedText = element.value;\n }\n else {\n if (element.hasAttribute('contenteditable')) {\n element.focus();\n }\n\n var selection = window.getSelection();\n var range = document.createRange();\n\n range.selectNodeContents(element);\n selection.removeAllRanges();\n selection.addRange(range);\n\n selectedText = selection.toString();\n }\n\n return selectedText;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = select;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 279:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nfunction E () {\n // Keep this empty so it's easier to inherit from\n // (via https://github.com/lipsmack from https://github.com/scottcorgan/tiny-emitter/issues/3)\n}\n\nE.prototype = {\n on: function (name, callback, ctx) {\n var e = this.e || (this.e = {});\n\n (e[name] || (e[name] = [])).push({\n fn: callback,\n ctx: ctx\n });\n\n return this;\n },\n\n once: function (name, callback, ctx) {\n var self = this;\n function listener () {\n self.off(name, listener);\n callback.apply(ctx, arguments);\n };\n\n listener._ = callback\n return this.on(name, listener, ctx);\n },\n\n emit: function (name) {\n var data = [].slice.call(arguments, 1);\n var evtArr = ((this.e || (this.e = {}))[name] || []).slice();\n var i = 0;\n var len = evtArr.length;\n\n for (i; i < len; i++) {\n evtArr[i].fn.apply(evtArr[i].ctx, data);\n }\n\n return this;\n },\n\n off: function (name, callback) {\n var e = this.e || (this.e = {});\n var evts = e[name];\n var liveEvents = [];\n\n if (evts && callback) {\n for (var i = 0, len = evts.length; i < len; i++) {\n if (evts[i].fn !== callback && evts[i].fn._ !== callback)\n liveEvents.push(evts[i]);\n }\n }\n\n // Remove event from queue to prevent memory leak\n // Suggested by https://github.com/lazd\n // Ref: https://github.com/scottcorgan/tiny-emitter/commit/c6ebfaa9bc973b33d110a84a307742b7cf94c953#commitcomment-5024910\n\n (liveEvents.length)\n ? e[name] = liveEvents\n : delete e[name];\n\n return this;\n }\n};\n\nmodule.exports = E;\nmodule.exports.TinyEmitter = E;\n\n\n/***/ })\n\n/******/ \t});\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t// The module cache\n/******/ \tvar __webpack_module_cache__ = {};\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t// The require function\n/******/ \tfunction __webpack_require__(moduleId) {\n/******/ \t\t// Check if module is in cache\n/******/ \t\tif(__webpack_module_cache__[moduleId]) {\n/******/ \t\t\treturn __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId].exports;\n/******/ \t\t}\n/******/ \t\t// Create a new module (and put it into the cache)\n/******/ \t\tvar module = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId] = {\n/******/ \t\t\t// no module.id needed\n/******/ \t\t\t// no module.loaded needed\n/******/ \t\t\texports: {}\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t\t// Execute the module function\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_modules__[moduleId](module, module.exports, __webpack_require__);\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t\t// Return the exports of the module\n/******/ \t\treturn module.exports;\n/******/ \t}\n/******/ \t\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/compat get default export */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t// getDefaultExport function for compatibility with non-harmony modules\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.n = function(module) {\n/******/ \t\t\tvar getter = module && module.__esModule ?\n/******/ \t\t\t\tfunction() { return module['default']; } :\n/******/ \t\t\t\tfunction() { return module; };\n/******/ \t\t\t__webpack_require__.d(getter, { a: getter });\n/******/ \t\t\treturn getter;\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/define property getters */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t// define getter functions for harmony exports\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.d = function(exports, definition) {\n/******/ \t\t\tfor(var key in definition) {\n/******/ \t\t\t\tif(__webpack_require__.o(definition, key) && !__webpack_require__.o(exports, key)) {\n/******/ \t\t\t\t\tObject.defineProperty(exports, key, { enumerable: true, get: definition[key] });\n/******/ \t\t\t\t}\n/******/ \t\t\t}\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/hasOwnProperty shorthand */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.o = function(obj, prop) { return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop); }\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t// module exports must be returned from runtime so entry inlining is disabled\n/******/ \t// startup\n/******/ \t// Load entry module and return exports\n/******/ \treturn __webpack_require__(686);\n/******/ })()\n.default;\n});", "/*!\n * escape-html\n * Copyright(c) 2012-2013 TJ Holowaychuk\n * Copyright(c) 2015 Andreas Lubbe\n * Copyright(c) 2015 Tiancheng \"Timothy\" Gu\n * MIT Licensed\n */\n\n'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Module variables.\n * @private\n */\n\nvar matchHtmlRegExp = /[\"'&<>]/;\n\n/**\n * Module exports.\n * @public\n */\n\nmodule.exports = escapeHtml;\n\n/**\n * Escape special characters in the given string of html.\n *\n * @param {string} string The string to escape for inserting into HTML\n * @return {string}\n * @public\n */\n\nfunction escapeHtml(string) {\n var str = '' + string;\n var match = matchHtmlRegExp.exec(str);\n\n if (!match) {\n return str;\n }\n\n var escape;\n var html = '';\n var index = 0;\n var lastIndex = 0;\n\n for (index = match.index; index < str.length; index++) {\n switch (str.charCodeAt(index)) {\n case 34: // \"\n escape = '"';\n break;\n case 38: // &\n escape = '&';\n break;\n case 39: // '\n escape = ''';\n break;\n case 60: // <\n escape = '<';\n break;\n case 62: // >\n escape = '>';\n break;\n default:\n continue;\n }\n\n if (lastIndex !== index) {\n html += str.substring(lastIndex, index);\n }\n\n lastIndex = index + 1;\n html += escape;\n }\n\n return lastIndex !== index\n ? html + str.substring(lastIndex, index)\n : html;\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath \n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport \"focus-visible\"\n\nimport {\n EMPTY,\n NEVER,\n Observable,\n Subject,\n defer,\n delay,\n filter,\n map,\n merge,\n mergeWith,\n shareReplay,\n switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { configuration, feature } from \"./_\"\nimport {\n at,\n getActiveElement,\n getOptionalElement,\n requestJSON,\n setLocation,\n setToggle,\n watchDocument,\n watchKeyboard,\n watchLocation,\n watchLocationTarget,\n watchMedia,\n watchPrint,\n watchScript,\n watchViewport\n} from \"./browser\"\nimport {\n getComponentElement,\n getComponentElements,\n mountAnnounce,\n mountBackToTop,\n mountConsent,\n mountContent,\n mountDialog,\n mountHeader,\n mountHeaderTitle,\n mountPalette,\n mountProgress,\n mountSearch,\n mountSearchHiglight,\n mountSidebar,\n mountSource,\n mountTableOfContents,\n mountTabs,\n watchHeader,\n watchMain\n} from \"./components\"\nimport {\n SearchIndex,\n setupClipboardJS,\n setupInstantNavigation,\n setupVersionSelector\n} from \"./integrations\"\nimport {\n patchEllipsis,\n patchIndeterminate,\n patchScrollfix,\n patchScrolllock\n} from \"./patches\"\nimport \"./polyfills\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions - @todo refactor\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch search index\n *\n * @returns Search index observable\n */\nfunction fetchSearchIndex(): Observable {\n if (location.protocol === \"file:\") {\n return watchScript(\n `${new URL(\"search/search_index.js\", config.base)}`\n )\n .pipe(\n // @ts-ignore - @todo fix typings\n map(() => __index),\n shareReplay(1)\n )\n } else {\n return requestJSON(\n new URL(\"search/search_index.json\", config.base)\n )\n }\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Application\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Yay, JavaScript is available */\ndocument.documentElement.classList.remove(\"no-js\")\ndocument.documentElement.classList.add(\"js\")\n\n/* Set up navigation observables and subjects */\nconst document$ = watchDocument()\nconst location$ = watchLocation()\nconst target$ = watchLocationTarget(location$)\nconst keyboard$ = watchKeyboard()\n\n/* Set up media observables */\nconst viewport$ = watchViewport()\nconst tablet$ = watchMedia(\"(min-width: 960px)\")\nconst screen$ = watchMedia(\"(min-width: 1220px)\")\nconst print$ = watchPrint()\n\n/* Retrieve search index, if search is enabled */\nconst config = configuration()\nconst index$ = document.forms.namedItem(\"search\")\n ? fetchSearchIndex()\n : NEVER\n\n/* Set up Clipboard.js integration */\nconst alert$ = new Subject()\nsetupClipboardJS({ alert$ })\n\n/* Set up progress indicator */\nconst progress$ = new Subject()\n\n/* Set up instant navigation, if enabled */\nif (feature(\"navigation.instant\"))\n setupInstantNavigation({ location$, viewport$, progress$ })\n .subscribe(document$)\n\n/* Set up version selector */\nif (config.version?.provider === \"mike\")\n setupVersionSelector({ document$ })\n\n/* Always close drawer and search on navigation */\nmerge(location$, target$)\n .pipe(\n delay(125)\n )\n .subscribe(() => {\n setToggle(\"drawer\", false)\n setToggle(\"search\", false)\n })\n\n/* Set up global keyboard handlers */\nkeyboard$\n .pipe(\n filter(({ mode }) => mode === \"global\")\n )\n .subscribe(key => {\n switch (key.type) {\n\n /* Go to previous page */\n case \"p\":\n case \",\":\n const prev = getOptionalElement(\"link[rel=prev]\")\n if (typeof prev !== \"undefined\")\n setLocation(prev)\n break\n\n /* Go to next page */\n case \"n\":\n case \".\":\n const next = getOptionalElement(\"link[rel=next]\")\n if (typeof next !== \"undefined\")\n setLocation(next)\n break\n\n /* Expand navigation, see https://bit.ly/3ZjG5io */\n case \"Enter\":\n const active = getActiveElement()\n if (active instanceof HTMLLabelElement)\n active.click()\n }\n })\n\n/* Set up patches */\npatchEllipsis({ viewport$, document$ })\npatchIndeterminate({ document$, tablet$ })\npatchScrollfix({ document$ })\npatchScrolllock({ viewport$, tablet$ })\n\n/* Set up header and main area observable */\nconst header$ = watchHeader(getComponentElement(\"header\"), { viewport$ })\nconst main$ = document$\n .pipe(\n map(() => getComponentElement(\"main\")),\n switchMap(el => watchMain(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n shareReplay(1)\n )\n\n/* Set up control component observables */\nconst control$ = merge(\n\n /* Consent */\n ...getComponentElements(\"consent\")\n .map(el => mountConsent(el, { target$ })),\n\n /* Dialog */\n ...getComponentElements(\"dialog\")\n .map(el => mountDialog(el, { alert$ })),\n\n /* Header */\n ...getComponentElements(\"header\")\n .map(el => mountHeader(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ })),\n\n /* Color palette */\n ...getComponentElements(\"palette\")\n .map(el => mountPalette(el)),\n\n /* Progress bar */\n ...getComponentElements(\"progress\")\n .map(el => mountProgress(el, { progress$ })),\n\n /* Search */\n ...getComponentElements(\"search\")\n .map(el => mountSearch(el, { index$, keyboard$ })),\n\n /* Repository information */\n ...getComponentElements(\"source\")\n .map(el => mountSource(el))\n)\n\n/* Set up content component observables */\nconst content$ = defer(() => merge(\n\n /* Announcement bar */\n ...getComponentElements(\"announce\")\n .map(el => mountAnnounce(el)),\n\n /* Content */\n ...getComponentElements(\"content\")\n .map(el => mountContent(el, { viewport$, target$, print$ })),\n\n /* Search highlighting */\n ...getComponentElements(\"content\")\n .map(el => feature(\"search.highlight\")\n ? mountSearchHiglight(el, { index$, location$ })\n : EMPTY\n ),\n\n /* Header title */\n ...getComponentElements(\"header-title\")\n .map(el => mountHeaderTitle(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n\n /* Sidebar */\n ...getComponentElements(\"sidebar\")\n .map(el => el.getAttribute(\"data-md-type\") === \"navigation\"\n ? at(screen$, () => mountSidebar(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ }))\n : at(tablet$, () => mountSidebar(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ }))\n ),\n\n /* Navigation tabs */\n ...getComponentElements(\"tabs\")\n .map(el => mountTabs(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n\n /* Table of contents */\n ...getComponentElements(\"toc\")\n .map(el => mountTableOfContents(el, {\n viewport$, header$, main$, target$\n })),\n\n /* Back-to-top button */\n ...getComponentElements(\"top\")\n .map(el => mountBackToTop(el, { viewport$, header$, main$, target$ }))\n))\n\n/* Set up component observables */\nconst component$ = document$\n .pipe(\n switchMap(() => content$),\n mergeWith(control$),\n shareReplay(1)\n )\n\n/* Subscribe to all components */\ncomponent$.subscribe()\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Exports\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\nwindow.document$ = document$ /* Document observable */\nwindow.location$ = location$ /* Location subject */\nwindow.target$ = target$ /* Location target observable */\nwindow.keyboard$ = keyboard$ /* Keyboard observable */\nwindow.viewport$ = viewport$ /* Viewport observable */\nwindow.tablet$ = tablet$ /* Media tablet observable */\nwindow.screen$ = screen$ /* Media screen observable */\nwindow.print$ = print$ /* Media print observable */\nwindow.alert$ = alert$ /* Alert subject */\nwindow.progress$ = progress$ /* Progress indicator subject */\nwindow.component$ = component$ /* Component observable */\n", "/*! *****************************************************************************\r\nCopyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.\r\n\r\nPermission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\r\npurpose with or without fee is hereby granted.\r\n\r\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\r\nREGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\r\nAND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\r\nINDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\r\nLOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR\r\nOTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\r\nPERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.\r\n***************************************************************************** */\r\n/* global Reflect, Promise */\r\n\r\nvar extendStatics = function(d, b) {\r\n extendStatics = Object.setPrototypeOf ||\r\n ({ __proto__: [] } instanceof Array && function (d, b) { d.__proto__ = b; }) ||\r\n function (d, b) { for (var p in b) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, p)) d[p] = b[p]; };\r\n return extendStatics(d, b);\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport function __extends(d, b) {\r\n if (typeof b !== \"function\" && b !== null)\r\n throw new TypeError(\"Class extends value \" + String(b) + \" is not a constructor or null\");\r\n extendStatics(d, b);\r\n function __() { this.constructor = d; }\r\n d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport var __assign = function() {\r\n __assign = Object.assign || function __assign(t) {\r\n for (var s, i = 1, n = arguments.length; i < n; i++) {\r\n s = arguments[i];\r\n for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p)) t[p] = s[p];\r\n }\r\n return t;\r\n }\r\n return __assign.apply(this, arguments);\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __rest(s, e) {\r\n var t = {};\r\n for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p) && e.indexOf(p) < 0)\r\n t[p] = s[p];\r\n if (s != null && typeof Object.getOwnPropertySymbols === \"function\")\r\n for (var i = 0, p = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(s); i < p.length; i++) {\r\n if (e.indexOf(p[i]) < 0 && Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(s, p[i]))\r\n t[p[i]] = s[p[i]];\r\n }\r\n return t;\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __decorate(decorators, target, key, desc) {\r\n var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;\r\n if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.decorate === \"function\") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);\r\n else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;\r\n return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __param(paramIndex, decorator) {\r\n return function (target, key) { decorator(target, key, paramIndex); }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue) {\r\n if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.metadata === \"function\") return Reflect.metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue);\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __awaiter(thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {\r\n function adopt(value) { return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) { resolve(value); }); }\r\n return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {\r\n function fulfilled(value) { try { step(generator.next(value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }\r\n function rejected(value) { try { step(generator[\"throw\"](value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }\r\n function step(result) { result.done ? resolve(result.value) : adopt(result.value).then(fulfilled, rejected); }\r\n step((generator = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || [])).next());\r\n });\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __generator(thisArg, body) {\r\n var _ = { label: 0, sent: function() { if (t[0] & 1) throw t[1]; return t[1]; }, trys: [], ops: [] }, f, y, t, g;\r\n return g = { next: verb(0), \"throw\": verb(1), \"return\": verb(2) }, typeof Symbol === \"function\" && (g[Symbol.iterator] = function() { return this; }), g;\r\n function verb(n) { return function (v) { return step([n, v]); }; }\r\n function step(op) {\r\n if (f) throw new TypeError(\"Generator is already executing.\");\r\n while (_) try {\r\n if (f = 1, y && (t = op[0] & 2 ? y[\"return\"] : op[0] ? y[\"throw\"] || ((t = y[\"return\"]) && t.call(y), 0) : y.next) && !(t = t.call(y, op[1])).done) return t;\r\n if (y = 0, t) op = [op[0] & 2, t.value];\r\n switch (op[0]) {\r\n case 0: case 1: t = op; break;\r\n case 4: _.label++; return { value: op[1], done: false };\r\n case 5: _.label++; y = op[1]; op = [0]; continue;\r\n case 7: op = _.ops.pop(); _.trys.pop(); continue;\r\n default:\r\n if (!(t = _.trys, t = t.length > 0 && t[t.length - 1]) && (op[0] === 6 || op[0] === 2)) { _ = 0; continue; }\r\n if (op[0] === 3 && (!t || (op[1] > t[0] && op[1] < t[3]))) { _.label = op[1]; break; }\r\n if (op[0] === 6 && _.label < t[1]) { _.label = t[1]; t = op; break; }\r\n if (t && _.label < t[2]) { _.label = t[2]; _.ops.push(op); break; }\r\n if (t[2]) _.ops.pop();\r\n _.trys.pop(); continue;\r\n }\r\n op = body.call(thisArg, _);\r\n } catch (e) { op = [6, e]; y = 0; } finally { f = t = 0; }\r\n if (op[0] & 5) throw op[1]; return { value: op[0] ? op[1] : void 0, done: true };\r\n }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport var __createBinding = Object.create ? (function(o, m, k, k2) {\r\n if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\r\n Object.defineProperty(o, k2, { enumerable: true, get: function() { return m[k]; } });\r\n}) : (function(o, m, k, k2) {\r\n if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\r\n o[k2] = m[k];\r\n});\r\n\r\nexport function __exportStar(m, o) {\r\n for (var p in m) if (p !== \"default\" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o, p)) __createBinding(o, m, p);\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __values(o) {\r\n var s = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && Symbol.iterator, m = s && o[s], i = 0;\r\n if (m) return m.call(o);\r\n if (o && typeof o.length === \"number\") return {\r\n next: function () {\r\n if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;\r\n return { value: o && o[i++], done: !o };\r\n }\r\n };\r\n throw new TypeError(s ? \"Object is not iterable.\" : \"Symbol.iterator is not defined.\");\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __read(o, n) {\r\n var m = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && o[Symbol.iterator];\r\n if (!m) return o;\r\n var i = m.call(o), r, ar = [], e;\r\n try {\r\n while ((n === void 0 || n-- > 0) && !(r = i.next()).done) ar.push(r.value);\r\n }\r\n catch (error) { e = { error: error }; }\r\n finally {\r\n try {\r\n if (r && !r.done && (m = i[\"return\"])) m.call(i);\r\n }\r\n finally { if (e) throw e.error; }\r\n }\r\n return ar;\r\n}\r\n\r\n/** @deprecated */\r\nexport function __spread() {\r\n for (var ar = [], i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++)\r\n ar = ar.concat(__read(arguments[i]));\r\n return ar;\r\n}\r\n\r\n/** @deprecated */\r\nexport function __spreadArrays() {\r\n for (var s = 0, i = 0, il = arguments.length; i < il; i++) s += arguments[i].length;\r\n for (var r = Array(s), k = 0, i = 0; i < il; i++)\r\n for (var a = arguments[i], j = 0, jl = a.length; j < jl; j++, k++)\r\n r[k] = a[j];\r\n return r;\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __spreadArray(to, from, pack) {\r\n if (pack || arguments.length === 2) for (var i = 0, l = from.length, ar; i < l; i++) {\r\n if (ar || !(i in from)) {\r\n if (!ar) ar = Array.prototype.slice.call(from, 0, i);\r\n ar[i] = from[i];\r\n }\r\n }\r\n return to.concat(ar || Array.prototype.slice.call(from));\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __await(v) {\r\n return this instanceof __await ? (this.v = v, this) : new __await(v);\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __asyncGenerator(thisArg, _arguments, generator) {\r\n if (!Symbol.asyncIterator) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncIterator is not defined.\");\r\n var g = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || []), i, q = [];\r\n return i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\"), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.asyncIterator] = function () { return this; }, i;\r\n function verb(n) { if (g[n]) i[n] = function (v) { return new Promise(function (a, b) { q.push([n, v, a, b]) > 1 || resume(n, v); }); }; }\r\n function resume(n, v) { try { step(g[n](v)); } catch (e) { settle(q[0][3], e); } }\r\n function step(r) { r.value instanceof __await ? Promise.resolve(r.value.v).then(fulfill, reject) : settle(q[0][2], r); }\r\n function fulfill(value) { resume(\"next\", value); }\r\n function reject(value) { resume(\"throw\", value); }\r\n function settle(f, v) { if (f(v), q.shift(), q.length) resume(q[0][0], q[0][1]); }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __asyncDelegator(o) {\r\n var i, p;\r\n return i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\", function (e) { throw e; }), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.iterator] = function () { return this; }, i;\r\n function verb(n, f) { i[n] = o[n] ? function (v) { return (p = !p) ? { value: __await(o[n](v)), done: n === \"return\" } : f ? f(v) : v; } : f; }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __asyncValues(o) {\r\n if (!Symbol.asyncIterator) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncIterator is not defined.\");\r\n var m = o[Symbol.asyncIterator], i;\r\n return m ? m.call(o) : (o = typeof __values === \"function\" ? __values(o) : o[Symbol.iterator](), i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\"), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.asyncIterator] = function () { return this; }, i);\r\n function verb(n) { i[n] = o[n] && function (v) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { v = o[n](v), settle(resolve, reject, v.done, v.value); }); }; }\r\n function settle(resolve, reject, d, v) { Promise.resolve(v).then(function(v) { resolve({ value: v, done: d }); }, reject); }\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __makeTemplateObject(cooked, raw) {\r\n if (Object.defineProperty) { Object.defineProperty(cooked, \"raw\", { value: raw }); } else { cooked.raw = raw; }\r\n return cooked;\r\n};\r\n\r\nvar __setModuleDefault = Object.create ? (function(o, v) {\r\n Object.defineProperty(o, \"default\", { enumerable: true, value: v });\r\n}) : function(o, v) {\r\n o[\"default\"] = v;\r\n};\r\n\r\nexport function __importStar(mod) {\r\n if (mod && mod.__esModule) return mod;\r\n var result = {};\r\n if (mod != null) for (var k in mod) if (k !== \"default\" && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(mod, k)) __createBinding(result, mod, k);\r\n __setModuleDefault(result, mod);\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __importDefault(mod) {\r\n return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { default: mod };\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __classPrivateFieldGet(receiver, state, kind, f) {\r\n if (kind === \"a\" && !f) throw new TypeError(\"Private accessor was defined without a getter\");\r\n if (typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver !== state || !f : !state.has(receiver)) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot read private member from an object whose class did not declare it\");\r\n return kind === \"m\" ? f : kind === \"a\" ? f.call(receiver) : f ? f.value : state.get(receiver);\r\n}\r\n\r\nexport function __classPrivateFieldSet(receiver, state, value, kind, f) {\r\n if (kind === \"m\") throw new TypeError(\"Private method is not writable\");\r\n if (kind === \"a\" && !f) throw new TypeError(\"Private accessor was defined without a setter\");\r\n if (typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver !== state || !f : !state.has(receiver)) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot write private member to an object whose class did not declare it\");\r\n return (kind === \"a\" ? f.call(receiver, value) : f ? f.value = value : state.set(receiver, value)), value;\r\n}\r\n", "/**\n * Returns true if the object is a function.\n * @param value The value to check\n */\nexport function isFunction(value: any): value is (...args: any[]) => any {\n return typeof value === 'function';\n}\n", "/**\n * Used to create Error subclasses until the community moves away from ES5.\n *\n * This is because compiling from TypeScript down to ES5 has issues with subclassing Errors\n * as well as other built-in types: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/12123\n *\n * @param createImpl A factory function to create the actual constructor implementation. The returned\n * function should be a named function that calls `_super` internally.\n */\nexport function createErrorClass(createImpl: (_super: any) => any): T {\n const _super = (instance: any) => {\n Error.call(instance);\n instance.stack = new Error().stack;\n };\n\n const ctorFunc = createImpl(_super);\n ctorFunc.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);\n ctorFunc.prototype.constructor = ctorFunc;\n return ctorFunc;\n}\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface UnsubscriptionError extends Error {\n readonly errors: any[];\n}\n\nexport interface UnsubscriptionErrorCtor {\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n */\n new (errors: any[]): UnsubscriptionError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when one or more errors have occurred during the\n * `unsubscribe` of a {@link Subscription}.\n */\nexport const UnsubscriptionError: UnsubscriptionErrorCtor = createErrorClass(\n (_super) =>\n function UnsubscriptionErrorImpl(this: any, errors: (Error | string)[]) {\n _super(this);\n this.message = errors\n ? `${errors.length} errors occurred during unsubscription:\n${errors.map((err, i) => `${i + 1}) ${err.toString()}`).join('\\n ')}`\n : '';\n this.name = 'UnsubscriptionError';\n this.errors = errors;\n }\n);\n", "/**\n * Removes an item from an array, mutating it.\n * @param arr The array to remove the item from\n * @param item The item to remove\n */\nexport function arrRemove(arr: T[] | undefined | null, item: T) {\n if (arr) {\n const index = arr.indexOf(item);\n 0 <= index && arr.splice(index, 1);\n }\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { UnsubscriptionError } from './util/UnsubscriptionError';\nimport { SubscriptionLike, TeardownLogic, Unsubscribable } from './types';\nimport { arrRemove } from './util/arrRemove';\n\n/**\n * Represents a disposable resource, such as the execution of an Observable. A\n * Subscription has one important method, `unsubscribe`, that takes no argument\n * and just disposes the resource held by the subscription.\n *\n * Additionally, subscriptions may be grouped together through the `add()`\n * method, which will attach a child Subscription to the current Subscription.\n * When a Subscription is unsubscribed, all its children (and its grandchildren)\n * will be unsubscribed as well.\n *\n * @class Subscription\n */\nexport class Subscription implements SubscriptionLike {\n /** @nocollapse */\n public static EMPTY = (() => {\n const empty = new Subscription();\n empty.closed = true;\n return empty;\n })();\n\n /**\n * A flag to indicate whether this Subscription has already been unsubscribed.\n */\n public closed = false;\n\n private _parentage: Subscription[] | Subscription | null = null;\n\n /**\n * The list of registered finalizers to execute upon unsubscription. Adding and removing from this\n * list occurs in the {@link #add} and {@link #remove} methods.\n */\n private _finalizers: Exclude[] | null = null;\n\n /**\n * @param initialTeardown A function executed first as part of the finalization\n * process that is kicked off when {@link #unsubscribe} is called.\n */\n constructor(private initialTeardown?: () => void) {}\n\n /**\n * Disposes the resources held by the subscription. May, for instance, cancel\n * an ongoing Observable execution or cancel any other type of work that\n * started when the Subscription was created.\n * @return {void}\n */\n unsubscribe(): void {\n let errors: any[] | undefined;\n\n if (!this.closed) {\n this.closed = true;\n\n // Remove this from it's parents.\n const { _parentage } = this;\n if (_parentage) {\n this._parentage = null;\n if (Array.isArray(_parentage)) {\n for (const parent of _parentage) {\n parent.remove(this);\n }\n } else {\n _parentage.remove(this);\n }\n }\n\n const { initialTeardown: initialFinalizer } = this;\n if (isFunction(initialFinalizer)) {\n try {\n initialFinalizer();\n } catch (e) {\n errors = e instanceof UnsubscriptionError ? e.errors : [e];\n }\n }\n\n const { _finalizers } = this;\n if (_finalizers) {\n this._finalizers = null;\n for (const finalizer of _finalizers) {\n try {\n execFinalizer(finalizer);\n } catch (err) {\n errors = errors ?? [];\n if (err instanceof UnsubscriptionError) {\n errors = [...errors, ...err.errors];\n } else {\n errors.push(err);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n if (errors) {\n throw new UnsubscriptionError(errors);\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Adds a finalizer to this subscription, so that finalization will be unsubscribed/called\n * when this subscription is unsubscribed. If this subscription is already {@link #closed},\n * because it has already been unsubscribed, then whatever finalizer is passed to it\n * will automatically be executed (unless the finalizer itself is also a closed subscription).\n *\n * Closed Subscriptions cannot be added as finalizers to any subscription. Adding a closed\n * subscription to a any subscription will result in no operation. (A noop).\n *\n * Adding a subscription to itself, or adding `null` or `undefined` will not perform any\n * operation at all. (A noop).\n *\n * `Subscription` instances that are added to this instance will automatically remove themselves\n * if they are unsubscribed. Functions and {@link Unsubscribable} objects that you wish to remove\n * will need to be removed manually with {@link #remove}\n *\n * @param teardown The finalization logic to add to this subscription.\n */\n add(teardown: TeardownLogic): void {\n // Only add the finalizer if it's not undefined\n // and don't add a subscription to itself.\n if (teardown && teardown !== this) {\n if (this.closed) {\n // If this subscription is already closed,\n // execute whatever finalizer is handed to it automatically.\n execFinalizer(teardown);\n } else {\n if (teardown instanceof Subscription) {\n // We don't add closed subscriptions, and we don't add the same subscription\n // twice. Subscription unsubscribe is idempotent.\n if (teardown.closed || teardown._hasParent(this)) {\n return;\n }\n teardown._addParent(this);\n }\n (this._finalizers = this._finalizers ?? []).push(teardown);\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Checks to see if a this subscription already has a particular parent.\n * This will signal that this subscription has already been added to the parent in question.\n * @param parent the parent to check for\n */\n private _hasParent(parent: Subscription) {\n const { _parentage } = this;\n return _parentage === parent || (Array.isArray(_parentage) && _parentage.includes(parent));\n }\n\n /**\n * Adds a parent to this subscription so it can be removed from the parent if it\n * unsubscribes on it's own.\n *\n * NOTE: THIS ASSUMES THAT {@link _hasParent} HAS ALREADY BEEN CHECKED.\n * @param parent The parent subscription to add\n */\n private _addParent(parent: Subscription) {\n const { _parentage } = this;\n this._parentage = Array.isArray(_parentage) ? (_parentage.push(parent), _parentage) : _parentage ? [_parentage, parent] : parent;\n }\n\n /**\n * Called on a child when it is removed via {@link #remove}.\n * @param parent The parent to remove\n */\n private _removeParent(parent: Subscription) {\n const { _parentage } = this;\n if (_parentage === parent) {\n this._parentage = null;\n } else if (Array.isArray(_parentage)) {\n arrRemove(_parentage, parent);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Removes a finalizer from this subscription that was previously added with the {@link #add} method.\n *\n * Note that `Subscription` instances, when unsubscribed, will automatically remove themselves\n * from every other `Subscription` they have been added to. This means that using the `remove` method\n * is not a common thing and should be used thoughtfully.\n *\n * If you add the same finalizer instance of a function or an unsubscribable object to a `Subscription` instance\n * more than once, you will need to call `remove` the same number of times to remove all instances.\n *\n * All finalizer instances are removed to free up memory upon unsubscription.\n *\n * @param teardown The finalizer to remove from this subscription\n */\n remove(teardown: Exclude): void {\n const { _finalizers } = this;\n _finalizers && arrRemove(_finalizers, teardown);\n\n if (teardown instanceof Subscription) {\n teardown._removeParent(this);\n }\n }\n}\n\nexport const EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION = Subscription.EMPTY;\n\nexport function isSubscription(value: any): value is Subscription {\n return (\n value instanceof Subscription ||\n (value && 'closed' in value && isFunction(value.remove) && isFunction(value.add) && isFunction(value.unsubscribe))\n );\n}\n\nfunction execFinalizer(finalizer: Unsubscribable | (() => void)) {\n if (isFunction(finalizer)) {\n finalizer();\n } else {\n finalizer.unsubscribe();\n }\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { ObservableNotification } from './types';\n\n/**\n * The {@link GlobalConfig} object for RxJS. It is used to configure things\n * like how to react on unhandled errors.\n */\nexport const config: GlobalConfig = {\n onUnhandledError: null,\n onStoppedNotification: null,\n Promise: undefined,\n useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling: false,\n useDeprecatedNextContext: false,\n};\n\n/**\n * The global configuration object for RxJS, used to configure things\n * like how to react on unhandled errors. Accessible via {@link config}\n * object.\n */\nexport interface GlobalConfig {\n /**\n * A registration point for unhandled errors from RxJS. These are errors that\n * cannot were not handled by consuming code in the usual subscription path. For\n * example, if you have this configured, and you subscribe to an observable without\n * providing an error handler, errors from that subscription will end up here. This\n * will _always_ be called asynchronously on another job in the runtime. This is because\n * we do not want errors thrown in this user-configured handler to interfere with the\n * behavior of the library.\n */\n onUnhandledError: ((err: any) => void) | null;\n\n /**\n * A registration point for notifications that cannot be sent to subscribers because they\n * have completed, errored or have been explicitly unsubscribed. By default, next, complete\n * and error notifications sent to stopped subscribers are noops. However, sometimes callers\n * might want a different behavior. For example, with sources that attempt to report errors\n * to stopped subscribers, a caller can configure RxJS to throw an unhandled error instead.\n * This will _always_ be called asynchronously on another job in the runtime. This is because\n * we do not want errors thrown in this user-configured handler to interfere with the\n * behavior of the library.\n */\n onStoppedNotification: ((notification: ObservableNotification, subscriber: Subscriber) => void) | null;\n\n /**\n * The promise constructor used by default for {@link Observable#toPromise toPromise} and {@link Observable#forEach forEach}\n * methods.\n *\n * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support this sort of injection of a\n * Promise constructor. If you need a Promise implementation other than native promises,\n * please polyfill/patch Promise as you see appropriate. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n Promise?: PromiseConstructorLike;\n\n /**\n * If true, turns on synchronous error rethrowing, which is a deprecated behavior\n * in v6 and higher. This behavior enables bad patterns like wrapping a subscribe\n * call in a try/catch block. It also enables producer interference, a nasty bug\n * where a multicast can be broken for all observers by a downstream consumer with\n * an unhandled error. DO NOT USE THIS FLAG UNLESS IT'S NEEDED TO BUY TIME\n * FOR MIGRATION REASONS.\n *\n * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support synchronous throwing\n * of unhandled errors. All errors will be thrown on a separate call stack to prevent bad\n * behaviors described above. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling: boolean;\n\n /**\n * If true, enables an as-of-yet undocumented feature from v5: The ability to access\n * `unsubscribe()` via `this` context in `next` functions created in observers passed\n * to `subscribe`.\n *\n * This is being removed because the performance was severely problematic, and it could also cause\n * issues when types other than POJOs are passed to subscribe as subscribers, as they will likely have\n * their `this` context overwritten.\n *\n * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support altering the\n * context of next functions provided as part of an observer to Subscribe. Instead,\n * you will have access to a subscription or a signal or token that will allow you to do things like\n * unsubscribe and test closed status. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n useDeprecatedNextContext: boolean;\n}\n", "import type { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\ntype SetTimeoutFunction = (handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args: any[]) => TimerHandle;\ntype ClearTimeoutFunction = (handle: TimerHandle) => void;\n\ninterface TimeoutProvider {\n setTimeout: SetTimeoutFunction;\n clearTimeout: ClearTimeoutFunction;\n delegate:\n | {\n setTimeout: SetTimeoutFunction;\n clearTimeout: ClearTimeoutFunction;\n }\n | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const timeoutProvider: TimeoutProvider = {\n // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n setTimeout(handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args) {\n const { delegate } = timeoutProvider;\n if (delegate?.setTimeout) {\n return delegate.setTimeout(handler, timeout, ...args);\n }\n return setTimeout(handler, timeout, ...args);\n },\n clearTimeout(handle) {\n const { delegate } = timeoutProvider;\n return (delegate?.clearTimeout || clearTimeout)(handle as any);\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { config } from '../config';\nimport { timeoutProvider } from '../scheduler/timeoutProvider';\n\n/**\n * Handles an error on another job either with the user-configured {@link onUnhandledError},\n * or by throwing it on that new job so it can be picked up by `window.onerror`, `process.on('error')`, etc.\n *\n * This should be called whenever there is an error that is out-of-band with the subscription\n * or when an error hits a terminal boundary of the subscription and no error handler was provided.\n *\n * @param err the error to report\n */\nexport function reportUnhandledError(err: any) {\n timeoutProvider.setTimeout(() => {\n const { onUnhandledError } = config;\n if (onUnhandledError) {\n // Execute the user-configured error handler.\n onUnhandledError(err);\n } else {\n // Throw so it is picked up by the runtime's uncaught error mechanism.\n throw err;\n }\n });\n}\n", "/* tslint:disable:no-empty */\nexport function noop() { }\n", "import { CompleteNotification, NextNotification, ErrorNotification } from './types';\n\n/**\n * A completion object optimized for memory use and created to be the\n * same \"shape\" as other notifications in v8.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION = (() => createNotification('C', undefined, undefined) as CompleteNotification)();\n\n/**\n * Internal use only. Creates an optimized error notification that is the same \"shape\"\n * as other notifications.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function errorNotification(error: any): ErrorNotification {\n return createNotification('E', undefined, error) as any;\n}\n\n/**\n * Internal use only. Creates an optimized next notification that is the same \"shape\"\n * as other notifications.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function nextNotification(value: T) {\n return createNotification('N', value, undefined) as NextNotification;\n}\n\n/**\n * Ensures that all notifications created internally have the same \"shape\" in v8.\n *\n * TODO: This is only exported to support a crazy legacy test in `groupBy`.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function createNotification(kind: 'N' | 'E' | 'C', value: any, error: any) {\n return {\n kind,\n value,\n error,\n };\n}\n", "import { config } from '../config';\n\nlet context: { errorThrown: boolean; error: any } | null = null;\n\n/**\n * Handles dealing with errors for super-gross mode. Creates a context, in which\n * any synchronously thrown errors will be passed to {@link captureError}. Which\n * will record the error such that it will be rethrown after the call back is complete.\n * TODO: Remove in v8\n * @param cb An immediately executed function.\n */\nexport function errorContext(cb: () => void) {\n if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling) {\n const isRoot = !context;\n if (isRoot) {\n context = { errorThrown: false, error: null };\n }\n cb();\n if (isRoot) {\n const { errorThrown, error } = context!;\n context = null;\n if (errorThrown) {\n throw error;\n }\n }\n } else {\n // This is the general non-deprecated path for everyone that\n // isn't crazy enough to use super-gross mode (useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling)\n cb();\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Captures errors only in super-gross mode.\n * @param err the error to capture\n */\nexport function captureError(err: any) {\n if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling && context) {\n context.errorThrown = true;\n context.error = err;\n }\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { Observer, ObservableNotification } from './types';\nimport { isSubscription, Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { config } from './config';\nimport { reportUnhandledError } from './util/reportUnhandledError';\nimport { noop } from './util/noop';\nimport { nextNotification, errorNotification, COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION } from './NotificationFactories';\nimport { timeoutProvider } from './scheduler/timeoutProvider';\nimport { captureError } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * Implements the {@link Observer} interface and extends the\n * {@link Subscription} class. While the {@link Observer} is the public API for\n * consuming the values of an {@link Observable}, all Observers get converted to\n * a Subscriber, in order to provide Subscription-like capabilities such as\n * `unsubscribe`. Subscriber is a common type in RxJS, and crucial for\n * implementing operators, but it is rarely used as a public API.\n *\n * @class Subscriber\n */\nexport class Subscriber extends Subscription implements Observer {\n /**\n * A static factory for a Subscriber, given a (potentially partial) definition\n * of an Observer.\n * @param next The `next` callback of an Observer.\n * @param error The `error` callback of an\n * Observer.\n * @param complete The `complete` callback of an\n * Observer.\n * @return A Subscriber wrapping the (partially defined)\n * Observer represented by the given arguments.\n * @nocollapse\n * @deprecated Do not use. Will be removed in v8. There is no replacement for this\n * method, and there is no reason to be creating instances of `Subscriber` directly.\n * If you have a specific use case, please file an issue.\n */\n static create(next?: (x?: T) => void, error?: (e?: any) => void, complete?: () => void): Subscriber {\n return new SafeSubscriber(next, error, complete);\n }\n\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n protected isStopped: boolean = false;\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n protected destination: Subscriber | Observer; // this `any` is the escape hatch to erase extra type param (e.g. R)\n\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n * There is no reason to directly create an instance of Subscriber. This type is exported for typings reasons.\n */\n constructor(destination?: Subscriber | Observer) {\n super();\n if (destination) {\n this.destination = destination;\n // Automatically chain subscriptions together here.\n // if destination is a Subscription, then it is a Subscriber.\n if (isSubscription(destination)) {\n destination.add(this);\n }\n } else {\n this.destination = EMPTY_OBSERVER;\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * The {@link Observer} callback to receive notifications of type `next` from\n * the Observable, with a value. The Observable may call this method 0 or more\n * times.\n * @param {T} [value] The `next` value.\n * @return {void}\n */\n next(value?: T): void {\n if (this.isStopped) {\n handleStoppedNotification(nextNotification(value), this);\n } else {\n this._next(value!);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * The {@link Observer} callback to receive notifications of type `error` from\n * the Observable, with an attached `Error`. Notifies the Observer that\n * the Observable has experienced an error condition.\n * @param {any} [err] The `error` exception.\n * @return {void}\n */\n error(err?: any): void {\n if (this.isStopped) {\n handleStoppedNotification(errorNotification(err), this);\n } else {\n this.isStopped = true;\n this._error(err);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * The {@link Observer} callback to receive a valueless notification of type\n * `complete` from the Observable. Notifies the Observer that the Observable\n * has finished sending push-based notifications.\n * @return {void}\n */\n complete(): void {\n if (this.isStopped) {\n handleStoppedNotification(COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION, this);\n } else {\n this.isStopped = true;\n this._complete();\n }\n }\n\n unsubscribe(): void {\n if (!this.closed) {\n this.isStopped = true;\n super.unsubscribe();\n this.destination = null!;\n }\n }\n\n protected _next(value: T): void {\n this.destination.next(value);\n }\n\n protected _error(err: any): void {\n try {\n this.destination.error(err);\n } finally {\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n\n protected _complete(): void {\n try {\n this.destination.complete();\n } finally {\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * This bind is captured here because we want to be able to have\n * compatibility with monoid libraries that tend to use a method named\n * `bind`. In particular, a library called Monio requires this.\n */\nconst _bind = Function.prototype.bind;\n\nfunction bind any>(fn: Fn, thisArg: any): Fn {\n return _bind.call(fn, thisArg);\n}\n\n/**\n * Internal optimization only, DO NOT EXPOSE.\n * @internal\n */\nclass ConsumerObserver implements Observer {\n constructor(private partialObserver: Partial>) {}\n\n next(value: T): void {\n const { partialObserver } = this;\n if (partialObserver.next) {\n try {\n partialObserver.next(value);\n } catch (error) {\n handleUnhandledError(error);\n }\n }\n }\n\n error(err: any): void {\n const { partialObserver } = this;\n if (partialObserver.error) {\n try {\n partialObserver.error(err);\n } catch (error) {\n handleUnhandledError(error);\n }\n } else {\n handleUnhandledError(err);\n }\n }\n\n complete(): void {\n const { partialObserver } = this;\n if (partialObserver.complete) {\n try {\n partialObserver.complete();\n } catch (error) {\n handleUnhandledError(error);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nexport class SafeSubscriber extends Subscriber {\n constructor(\n observerOrNext?: Partial> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n error?: ((e?: any) => void) | null,\n complete?: (() => void) | null\n ) {\n super();\n\n let partialObserver: Partial>;\n if (isFunction(observerOrNext) || !observerOrNext) {\n // The first argument is a function, not an observer. The next\n // two arguments *could* be observers, or they could be empty.\n partialObserver = {\n next: (observerOrNext ?? undefined) as (((value: T) => void) | undefined),\n error: error ?? undefined,\n complete: complete ?? undefined,\n };\n } else {\n // The first argument is a partial observer.\n let context: any;\n if (this && config.useDeprecatedNextContext) {\n // This is a deprecated path that made `this.unsubscribe()` available in\n // next handler functions passed to subscribe. This only exists behind a flag\n // now, as it is *very* slow.\n context = Object.create(observerOrNext);\n context.unsubscribe = () => this.unsubscribe();\n partialObserver = {\n next: observerOrNext.next && bind(observerOrNext.next, context),\n error: observerOrNext.error && bind(observerOrNext.error, context),\n complete: observerOrNext.complete && bind(observerOrNext.complete, context),\n };\n } else {\n // The \"normal\" path. Just use the partial observer directly.\n partialObserver = observerOrNext;\n }\n }\n\n // Wrap the partial observer to ensure it's a full observer, and\n // make sure proper error handling is accounted for.\n this.destination = new ConsumerObserver(partialObserver);\n }\n}\n\nfunction handleUnhandledError(error: any) {\n if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling) {\n captureError(error);\n } else {\n // Ideal path, we report this as an unhandled error,\n // which is thrown on a new call stack.\n reportUnhandledError(error);\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * An error handler used when no error handler was supplied\n * to the SafeSubscriber -- meaning no error handler was supplied\n * do the `subscribe` call on our observable.\n * @param err The error to handle\n */\nfunction defaultErrorHandler(err: any) {\n throw err;\n}\n\n/**\n * A handler for notifications that cannot be sent to a stopped subscriber.\n * @param notification The notification being sent\n * @param subscriber The stopped subscriber\n */\nfunction handleStoppedNotification(notification: ObservableNotification, subscriber: Subscriber) {\n const { onStoppedNotification } = config;\n onStoppedNotification && timeoutProvider.setTimeout(() => onStoppedNotification(notification, subscriber));\n}\n\n/**\n * The observer used as a stub for subscriptions where the user did not\n * pass any arguments to `subscribe`. Comes with the default error handling\n * behavior.\n */\nexport const EMPTY_OBSERVER: Readonly> & { closed: true } = {\n closed: true,\n next: noop,\n error: defaultErrorHandler,\n complete: noop,\n};\n", "/**\n * Symbol.observable or a string \"@@observable\". Used for interop\n *\n * @deprecated We will no longer be exporting this symbol in upcoming versions of RxJS.\n * Instead polyfill and use Symbol.observable directly *or* use https://www.npmjs.com/package/symbol-observable\n */\nexport const observable: string | symbol = (() => (typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.observable) || '@@observable')();\n", "/**\n * This function takes one parameter and just returns it. Simply put,\n * this is like `(x: T): T => x`.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * This is useful in some cases when using things like `mergeMap`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, map, range, mergeMap, identity } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000).pipe(take(5));\n *\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(\n * map(i => range(i)),\n * mergeMap(identity) // same as mergeMap(x => x)\n * );\n *\n * result$.subscribe({\n * next: console.log\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * Or when you want to selectively apply an operator\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, identity } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const shouldLimit = () => Math.random() < 0.5;\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000);\n *\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(shouldLimit() ? take(5) : identity);\n *\n * result$.subscribe({\n * next: console.log\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @param x Any value that is returned by this function\n * @returns The value passed as the first parameter to this function\n */\nexport function identity(x: T): T {\n return x;\n}\n", "import { identity } from './identity';\nimport { UnaryFunction } from '../types';\n\nexport function pipe(): typeof identity;\nexport function pipe(fn1: UnaryFunction): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(fn1: UnaryFunction, fn2: UnaryFunction): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(fn1: UnaryFunction, fn2: UnaryFunction, fn3: UnaryFunction): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction,\n fn8: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction,\n fn8: UnaryFunction,\n fn9: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction,\n fn8: UnaryFunction,\n fn9: UnaryFunction,\n ...fns: UnaryFunction[]\n): UnaryFunction;\n\n/**\n * pipe() can be called on one or more functions, each of which can take one argument (\"UnaryFunction\")\n * and uses it to return a value.\n * It returns a function that takes one argument, passes it to the first UnaryFunction, and then\n * passes the result to the next one, passes that result to the next one, and so on. \n */\nexport function pipe(...fns: Array>): UnaryFunction {\n return pipeFromArray(fns);\n}\n\n/** @internal */\nexport function pipeFromArray(fns: Array>): UnaryFunction {\n if (fns.length === 0) {\n return identity as UnaryFunction;\n }\n\n if (fns.length === 1) {\n return fns[0];\n }\n\n return function piped(input: T): R {\n return fns.reduce((prev: any, fn: UnaryFunction) => fn(prev), input as any);\n };\n}\n", "import { Operator } from './Operator';\nimport { SafeSubscriber, Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { isSubscription, Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { TeardownLogic, OperatorFunction, Subscribable, Observer } from './types';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from './symbol/observable';\nimport { pipeFromArray } from './util/pipe';\nimport { config } from './config';\nimport { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { errorContext } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * A representation of any set of values over any amount of time. This is the most basic building block\n * of RxJS.\n *\n * @class Observable\n */\nexport class Observable implements Subscribable {\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\n source: Observable | undefined;\n\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\n operator: Operator | undefined;\n\n /**\n * @constructor\n * @param {Function} subscribe the function that is called when the Observable is\n * initially subscribed to. This function is given a Subscriber, to which new values\n * can be `next`ed, or an `error` method can be called to raise an error, or\n * `complete` can be called to notify of a successful completion.\n */\n constructor(subscribe?: (this: Observable, subscriber: Subscriber) => TeardownLogic) {\n if (subscribe) {\n this._subscribe = subscribe;\n }\n }\n\n // HACK: Since TypeScript inherits static properties too, we have to\n // fight against TypeScript here so Subject can have a different static create signature\n /**\n * Creates a new Observable by calling the Observable constructor\n * @owner Observable\n * @method create\n * @param {Function} subscribe? the subscriber function to be passed to the Observable constructor\n * @return {Observable} a new observable\n * @nocollapse\n * @deprecated Use `new Observable()` instead. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n static create: (...args: any[]) => any = (subscribe?: (subscriber: Subscriber) => TeardownLogic) => {\n return new Observable(subscribe);\n };\n\n /**\n * Creates a new Observable, with this Observable instance as the source, and the passed\n * operator defined as the new observable's operator.\n * @method lift\n * @param operator the operator defining the operation to take on the observable\n * @return a new observable with the Operator applied\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n * If you have implemented an operator using `lift`, it is recommended that you create an\n * operator by simply returning `new Observable()` directly. See \"Creating new operators from\n * scratch\" section here: https://rxjs.dev/guide/operators\n */\n lift(operator?: Operator): Observable {\n const observable = new Observable();\n observable.source = this;\n observable.operator = operator;\n return observable;\n }\n\n subscribe(observerOrNext?: Partial> | ((value: T) => void)): Subscription;\n /** @deprecated Instead of passing separate callback arguments, use an observer argument. Signatures taking separate callback arguments will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/subscribe-arguments */\n subscribe(next?: ((value: T) => void) | null, error?: ((error: any) => void) | null, complete?: (() => void) | null): Subscription;\n /**\n * Invokes an execution of an Observable and registers Observer handlers for notifications it will emit.\n *\n * Use it when you have all these Observables, but still nothing is happening.\n *\n * `subscribe` is not a regular operator, but a method that calls Observable's internal `subscribe` function. It\n * might be for example a function that you passed to Observable's constructor, but most of the time it is\n * a library implementation, which defines what will be emitted by an Observable, and when it be will emitted. This means\n * that calling `subscribe` is actually the moment when Observable starts its work, not when it is created, as it is often\n * the thought.\n *\n * Apart from starting the execution of an Observable, this method allows you to listen for values\n * that an Observable emits, as well as for when it completes or errors. You can achieve this in two\n * of the following ways.\n *\n * The first way is creating an object that implements {@link Observer} interface. It should have methods\n * defined by that interface, but note that it should be just a regular JavaScript object, which you can create\n * yourself in any way you want (ES6 class, classic function constructor, object literal etc.). In particular, do\n * not attempt to use any RxJS implementation details to create Observers - you don't need them. Remember also\n * that your object does not have to implement all methods. If you find yourself creating a method that doesn't\n * do anything, you can simply omit it. Note however, if the `error` method is not provided and an error happens,\n * it will be thrown asynchronously. Errors thrown asynchronously cannot be caught using `try`/`catch`. Instead,\n * use the {@link onUnhandledError} configuration option or use a runtime handler (like `window.onerror` or\n * `process.on('error)`) to be notified of unhandled errors. Because of this, it's recommended that you provide\n * an `error` method to avoid missing thrown errors.\n *\n * The second way is to give up on Observer object altogether and simply provide callback functions in place of its methods.\n * This means you can provide three functions as arguments to `subscribe`, where the first function is equivalent\n * of a `next` method, the second of an `error` method and the third of a `complete` method. Just as in case of an Observer,\n * if you do not need to listen for something, you can omit a function by passing `undefined` or `null`,\n * since `subscribe` recognizes these functions by where they were placed in function call. When it comes\n * to the `error` function, as with an Observer, if not provided, errors emitted by an Observable will be thrown asynchronously.\n *\n * You can, however, subscribe with no parameters at all. This may be the case where you're not interested in terminal events\n * and you also handled emissions internally by using operators (e.g. using `tap`).\n *\n * Whichever style of calling `subscribe` you use, in both cases it returns a Subscription object.\n * This object allows you to call `unsubscribe` on it, which in turn will stop the work that an Observable does and will clean\n * up all resources that an Observable used. Note that cancelling a subscription will not call `complete` callback\n * provided to `subscribe` function, which is reserved for a regular completion signal that comes from an Observable.\n *\n * Remember that callbacks provided to `subscribe` are not guaranteed to be called asynchronously.\n * It is an Observable itself that decides when these functions will be called. For example {@link of}\n * by default emits all its values synchronously. Always check documentation for how given Observable\n * will behave when subscribed and if its default behavior can be modified with a `scheduler`.\n *\n * #### Examples\n *\n * Subscribe with an {@link guide/observer Observer}\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const sumObserver = {\n * sum: 0,\n * next(value) {\n * console.log('Adding: ' + value);\n * this.sum = this.sum + value;\n * },\n * error() {\n * // We actually could just remove this method,\n * // since we do not really care about errors right now.\n * },\n * complete() {\n * console.log('Sum equals: ' + this.sum);\n * }\n * };\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3) // Synchronously emits 1, 2, 3 and then completes.\n * .subscribe(sumObserver);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 'Adding: 1'\n * // 'Adding: 2'\n * // 'Adding: 3'\n * // 'Sum equals: 6'\n * ```\n *\n * Subscribe with functions ({@link deprecations/subscribe-arguments deprecated})\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of } from 'rxjs'\n *\n * let sum = 0;\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3).subscribe(\n * value => {\n * console.log('Adding: ' + value);\n * sum = sum + value;\n * },\n * undefined,\n * () => console.log('Sum equals: ' + sum)\n * );\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 'Adding: 1'\n * // 'Adding: 2'\n * // 'Adding: 3'\n * // 'Sum equals: 6'\n * ```\n *\n * Cancel a subscription\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const subscription = interval(1000).subscribe({\n * next(num) {\n * console.log(num)\n * },\n * complete() {\n * // Will not be called, even when cancelling subscription.\n * console.log('completed!');\n * }\n * });\n *\n * setTimeout(() => {\n * subscription.unsubscribe();\n * console.log('unsubscribed!');\n * }, 2500);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0 after 1s\n * // 1 after 2s\n * // 'unsubscribed!' after 2.5s\n * ```\n *\n * @param {Observer|Function} observerOrNext (optional) Either an observer with methods to be called,\n * or the first of three possible handlers, which is the handler for each value emitted from the subscribed\n * Observable.\n * @param {Function} error (optional) A handler for a terminal event resulting from an error. If no error handler is provided,\n * the error will be thrown asynchronously as unhandled.\n * @param {Function} complete (optional) A handler for a terminal event resulting from successful completion.\n * @return {Subscription} a subscription reference to the registered handlers\n * @method subscribe\n */\n subscribe(\n observerOrNext?: Partial> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n error?: ((error: any) => void) | null,\n complete?: (() => void) | null\n ): Subscription {\n const subscriber = isSubscriber(observerOrNext) ? observerOrNext : new SafeSubscriber(observerOrNext, error, complete);\n\n errorContext(() => {\n const { operator, source } = this;\n subscriber.add(\n operator\n ? // We're dealing with a subscription in the\n // operator chain to one of our lifted operators.\n operator.call(subscriber, source)\n : source\n ? // If `source` has a value, but `operator` does not, something that\n // had intimate knowledge of our API, like our `Subject`, must have\n // set it. We're going to just call `_subscribe` directly.\n this._subscribe(subscriber)\n : // In all other cases, we're likely wrapping a user-provided initializer\n // function, so we need to catch errors and handle them appropriately.\n this._trySubscribe(subscriber)\n );\n });\n\n return subscriber;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _trySubscribe(sink: Subscriber): TeardownLogic {\n try {\n return this._subscribe(sink);\n } catch (err) {\n // We don't need to return anything in this case,\n // because it's just going to try to `add()` to a subscription\n // above.\n sink.error(err);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Used as a NON-CANCELLABLE means of subscribing to an observable, for use with\n * APIs that expect promises, like `async/await`. You cannot unsubscribe from this.\n *\n * **WARNING**: Only use this with observables you *know* will complete. If the source\n * observable does not complete, you will end up with a promise that is hung up, and\n * potentially all of the state of an async function hanging out in memory. To avoid\n * this situation, look into adding something like {@link timeout}, {@link take},\n * {@link takeWhile}, or {@link takeUntil} amongst others.\n *\n * #### Example\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000).pipe(take(4));\n *\n * async function getTotal() {\n * let total = 0;\n *\n * await source$.forEach(value => {\n * total += value;\n * console.log('observable -> ' + value);\n * });\n *\n * return total;\n * }\n *\n * getTotal().then(\n * total => console.log('Total: ' + total)\n * );\n *\n * // Expected:\n * // 'observable -> 0'\n * // 'observable -> 1'\n * // 'observable -> 2'\n * // 'observable -> 3'\n * // 'Total: 6'\n * ```\n *\n * @param next a handler for each value emitted by the observable\n * @return a promise that either resolves on observable completion or\n * rejects with the handled error\n */\n forEach(next: (value: T) => void): Promise;\n\n /**\n * @param next a handler for each value emitted by the observable\n * @param promiseCtor a constructor function used to instantiate the Promise\n * @return a promise that either resolves on observable completion or\n * rejects with the handled error\n * @deprecated Passing a Promise constructor will no longer be available\n * in upcoming versions of RxJS. This is because it adds weight to the library, for very\n * little benefit. If you need this functionality, it is recommended that you either\n * polyfill Promise, or you create an adapter to convert the returned native promise\n * to whatever promise implementation you wanted. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n forEach(next: (value: T) => void, promiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise;\n\n forEach(next: (value: T) => void, promiseCtor?: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise {\n promiseCtor = getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor);\n\n return new promiseCtor((resolve, reject) => {\n const subscriber = new SafeSubscriber({\n next: (value) => {\n try {\n next(value);\n } catch (err) {\n reject(err);\n subscriber.unsubscribe();\n }\n },\n error: reject,\n complete: resolve,\n });\n this.subscribe(subscriber);\n }) as Promise;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): TeardownLogic {\n return this.source?.subscribe(subscriber);\n }\n\n /**\n * An interop point defined by the es7-observable spec https://github.com/zenparsing/es-observable\n * @method Symbol.observable\n * @return {Observable} this instance of the observable\n */\n [Symbol_observable]() {\n return this;\n }\n\n /* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\n pipe(): Observable;\n pipe(op1: OperatorFunction): Observable;\n pipe(op1: OperatorFunction, op2: OperatorFunction): Observable;\n pipe(op1: OperatorFunction, op2: OperatorFunction, op3: OperatorFunction): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction,\n op8: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction,\n op8: OperatorFunction,\n op9: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction,\n op8: OperatorFunction,\n op9: OperatorFunction,\n ...operations: OperatorFunction[]\n ): Observable;\n /* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n /**\n * Used to stitch together functional operators into a chain.\n * @method pipe\n * @return {Observable} the Observable result of all of the operators having\n * been called in the order they were passed in.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, filter, map, scan } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * interval(1000)\n * .pipe(\n * filter(x => x % 2 === 0),\n * map(x => x + x),\n * scan((acc, x) => acc + x)\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n */\n pipe(...operations: OperatorFunction[]): Observable {\n return pipeFromArray(operations)(this);\n }\n\n /* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\n /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n toPromise(): Promise;\n /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n toPromise(PromiseCtor: typeof Promise): Promise;\n /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n toPromise(PromiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise;\n /* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n /**\n * Subscribe to this Observable and get a Promise resolving on\n * `complete` with the last emission (if any).\n *\n * **WARNING**: Only use this with observables you *know* will complete. If the source\n * observable does not complete, you will end up with a promise that is hung up, and\n * potentially all of the state of an async function hanging out in memory. To avoid\n * this situation, look into adding something like {@link timeout}, {@link take},\n * {@link takeWhile}, or {@link takeUntil} amongst others.\n *\n * @method toPromise\n * @param [promiseCtor] a constructor function used to instantiate\n * the Promise\n * @return A Promise that resolves with the last value emit, or\n * rejects on an error. If there were no emissions, Promise\n * resolves with undefined.\n * @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise\n */\n toPromise(promiseCtor?: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise {\n promiseCtor = getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor);\n\n return new promiseCtor((resolve, reject) => {\n let value: T | undefined;\n this.subscribe(\n (x: T) => (value = x),\n (err: any) => reject(err),\n () => resolve(value)\n );\n }) as Promise;\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Decides between a passed promise constructor from consuming code,\n * A default configured promise constructor, and the native promise\n * constructor and returns it. If nothing can be found, it will throw\n * an error.\n * @param promiseCtor The optional promise constructor to passed by consuming code\n */\nfunction getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike | undefined) {\n return promiseCtor ?? config.Promise ?? Promise;\n}\n\nfunction isObserver(value: any): value is Observer {\n return value && isFunction(value.next) && isFunction(value.error) && isFunction(value.complete);\n}\n\nfunction isSubscriber(value: any): value is Subscriber {\n return (value && value instanceof Subscriber) || (isObserver(value) && isSubscription(value));\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/**\n * Used to determine if an object is an Observable with a lift function.\n */\nexport function hasLift(source: any): source is { lift: InstanceType['lift'] } {\n return isFunction(source?.lift);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates an `OperatorFunction`. Used to define operators throughout the library in a concise way.\n * @param init The logic to connect the liftedSource to the subscriber at the moment of subscription.\n */\nexport function operate(\n init: (liftedSource: Observable, subscriber: Subscriber) => (() => void) | void\n): OperatorFunction {\n return (source: Observable) => {\n if (hasLift(source)) {\n return source.lift(function (this: Subscriber, liftedSource: Observable) {\n try {\n return init(liftedSource, this);\n } catch (err) {\n this.error(err);\n }\n });\n }\n throw new TypeError('Unable to lift unknown Observable type');\n };\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\n\n/**\n * Creates an instance of an `OperatorSubscriber`.\n * @param destination The downstream subscriber.\n * @param onNext Handles next values, only called if this subscriber is not stopped or closed. Any\n * error that occurs in this function is caught and sent to the `error` method of this subscriber.\n * @param onError Handles errors from the subscription, any errors that occur in this handler are caught\n * and send to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onComplete Handles completion notification from the subscription. Any errors that occur in\n * this handler are sent to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onFinalize Additional teardown logic here. This will only be called on teardown if the\n * subscriber itself is not already closed. This is called after all other teardown logic is executed.\n */\nexport function createOperatorSubscriber(\n destination: Subscriber,\n onNext?: (value: T) => void,\n onComplete?: () => void,\n onError?: (err: any) => void,\n onFinalize?: () => void\n): Subscriber {\n return new OperatorSubscriber(destination, onNext, onComplete, onError, onFinalize);\n}\n\n/**\n * A generic helper for allowing operators to be created with a Subscriber and\n * use closures to capture necessary state from the operator function itself.\n */\nexport class OperatorSubscriber extends Subscriber {\n /**\n * Creates an instance of an `OperatorSubscriber`.\n * @param destination The downstream subscriber.\n * @param onNext Handles next values, only called if this subscriber is not stopped or closed. Any\n * error that occurs in this function is caught and sent to the `error` method of this subscriber.\n * @param onError Handles errors from the subscription, any errors that occur in this handler are caught\n * and send to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onComplete Handles completion notification from the subscription. Any errors that occur in\n * this handler are sent to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onFinalize Additional finalization logic here. This will only be called on finalization if the\n * subscriber itself is not already closed. This is called after all other finalization logic is executed.\n * @param shouldUnsubscribe An optional check to see if an unsubscribe call should truly unsubscribe.\n * NOTE: This currently **ONLY** exists to support the strange behavior of {@link groupBy}, where unsubscription\n * to the resulting observable does not actually disconnect from the source if there are active subscriptions\n * to any grouped observable. (DO NOT EXPOSE OR USE EXTERNALLY!!!)\n */\n constructor(\n destination: Subscriber,\n onNext?: (value: T) => void,\n onComplete?: () => void,\n onError?: (err: any) => void,\n private onFinalize?: () => void,\n private shouldUnsubscribe?: () => boolean\n ) {\n // It's important - for performance reasons - that all of this class's\n // members are initialized and that they are always initialized in the same\n // order. This will ensure that all OperatorSubscriber instances have the\n // same hidden class in V8. This, in turn, will help keep the number of\n // hidden classes involved in property accesses within the base class as\n // low as possible. If the number of hidden classes involved exceeds four,\n // the property accesses will become megamorphic and performance penalties\n // will be incurred - i.e. inline caches won't be used.\n //\n // The reasons for ensuring all instances have the same hidden class are\n // further discussed in this blog post from Benedikt Meurer:\n // https://benediktmeurer.de/2018/03/23/impact-of-polymorphism-on-component-based-frameworks-like-react/\n super(destination);\n this._next = onNext\n ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber, value: T) {\n try {\n onNext(value);\n } catch (err) {\n destination.error(err);\n }\n }\n : super._next;\n this._error = onError\n ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber, err: any) {\n try {\n onError(err);\n } catch (err) {\n // Send any errors that occur down stream.\n destination.error(err);\n } finally {\n // Ensure finalization.\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n : super._error;\n this._complete = onComplete\n ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber) {\n try {\n onComplete();\n } catch (err) {\n // Send any errors that occur down stream.\n destination.error(err);\n } finally {\n // Ensure finalization.\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n : super._complete;\n }\n\n unsubscribe() {\n if (!this.shouldUnsubscribe || this.shouldUnsubscribe()) {\n const { closed } = this;\n super.unsubscribe();\n // Execute additional teardown if we have any and we didn't already do so.\n !closed && this.onFinalize?.();\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\n\ninterface AnimationFrameProvider {\n schedule(callback: FrameRequestCallback): Subscription;\n requestAnimationFrame: typeof requestAnimationFrame;\n cancelAnimationFrame: typeof cancelAnimationFrame;\n delegate:\n | {\n requestAnimationFrame: typeof requestAnimationFrame;\n cancelAnimationFrame: typeof cancelAnimationFrame;\n }\n | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const animationFrameProvider: AnimationFrameProvider = {\n // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n schedule(callback) {\n let request = requestAnimationFrame;\n let cancel: typeof cancelAnimationFrame | undefined = cancelAnimationFrame;\n const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n if (delegate) {\n request = delegate.requestAnimationFrame;\n cancel = delegate.cancelAnimationFrame;\n }\n const handle = request((timestamp) => {\n // Clear the cancel function. The request has been fulfilled, so\n // attempting to cancel the request upon unsubscription would be\n // pointless.\n cancel = undefined;\n callback(timestamp);\n });\n return new Subscription(() => cancel?.(handle));\n },\n requestAnimationFrame(...args) {\n const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n return (delegate?.requestAnimationFrame || requestAnimationFrame)(...args);\n },\n cancelAnimationFrame(...args) {\n const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n return (delegate?.cancelAnimationFrame || cancelAnimationFrame)(...args);\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface ObjectUnsubscribedError extends Error {}\n\nexport interface ObjectUnsubscribedErrorCtor {\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n */\n new (): ObjectUnsubscribedError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when an action is invalid because the object has been\n * unsubscribed.\n *\n * @see {@link Subject}\n * @see {@link BehaviorSubject}\n *\n * @class ObjectUnsubscribedError\n */\nexport const ObjectUnsubscribedError: ObjectUnsubscribedErrorCtor = createErrorClass(\n (_super) =>\n function ObjectUnsubscribedErrorImpl(this: any) {\n _super(this);\n this.name = 'ObjectUnsubscribedError';\n this.message = 'object unsubscribed';\n }\n);\n", "import { Operator } from './Operator';\nimport { Observable } from './Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription, EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION } from './Subscription';\nimport { Observer, SubscriptionLike, TeardownLogic } from './types';\nimport { ObjectUnsubscribedError } from './util/ObjectUnsubscribedError';\nimport { arrRemove } from './util/arrRemove';\nimport { errorContext } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * A Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be\n * multicasted to many Observers. Subjects are like EventEmitters.\n *\n * Every Subject is an Observable and an Observer. You can subscribe to a\n * Subject, and you can call next to feed values as well as error and complete.\n */\nexport class Subject extends Observable implements SubscriptionLike {\n closed = false;\n\n private currentObservers: Observer[] | null = null;\n\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n observers: Observer[] = [];\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n isStopped = false;\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n hasError = false;\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n thrownError: any = null;\n\n /**\n * Creates a \"subject\" by basically gluing an observer to an observable.\n *\n * @nocollapse\n * @deprecated Recommended you do not use. Will be removed at some point in the future. Plans for replacement still under discussion.\n */\n static create: (...args: any[]) => any = (destination: Observer, source: Observable): AnonymousSubject => {\n return new AnonymousSubject(destination, source);\n };\n\n constructor() {\n // NOTE: This must be here to obscure Observable's constructor.\n super();\n }\n\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n lift(operator: Operator): Observable {\n const subject = new AnonymousSubject(this, this);\n subject.operator = operator as any;\n return subject as any;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _throwIfClosed() {\n if (this.closed) {\n throw new ObjectUnsubscribedError();\n }\n }\n\n next(value: T) {\n errorContext(() => {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n if (!this.isStopped) {\n if (!this.currentObservers) {\n this.currentObservers = Array.from(this.observers);\n }\n for (const observer of this.currentObservers) {\n observer.next(value);\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n error(err: any) {\n errorContext(() => {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n if (!this.isStopped) {\n this.hasError = this.isStopped = true;\n this.thrownError = err;\n const { observers } = this;\n while (observers.length) {\n observers.shift()!.error(err);\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n complete() {\n errorContext(() => {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n if (!this.isStopped) {\n this.isStopped = true;\n const { observers } = this;\n while (observers.length) {\n observers.shift()!.complete();\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n unsubscribe() {\n this.isStopped = this.closed = true;\n this.observers = this.currentObservers = null!;\n }\n\n get observed() {\n return this.observers?.length > 0;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _trySubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): TeardownLogic {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n return super._trySubscribe(subscriber);\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n this._checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber);\n return this._innerSubscribe(subscriber);\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _innerSubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber) {\n const { hasError, isStopped, observers } = this;\n if (hasError || isStopped) {\n return EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION;\n }\n this.currentObservers = null;\n observers.push(subscriber);\n return new Subscription(() => {\n this.currentObservers = null;\n arrRemove(observers, subscriber);\n });\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber: Subscriber) {\n const { hasError, thrownError, isStopped } = this;\n if (hasError) {\n subscriber.error(thrownError);\n } else if (isStopped) {\n subscriber.complete();\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Creates a new Observable with this Subject as the source. You can do this\n * to create custom Observer-side logic of the Subject and conceal it from\n * code that uses the Observable.\n * @return {Observable} Observable that the Subject casts to\n */\n asObservable(): Observable {\n const observable: any = new Observable();\n observable.source = this;\n return observable;\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * @class AnonymousSubject\n */\nexport class AnonymousSubject extends Subject {\n constructor(\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n public destination?: Observer,\n source?: Observable\n ) {\n super();\n this.source = source;\n }\n\n next(value: T) {\n this.destination?.next?.(value);\n }\n\n error(err: any) {\n this.destination?.error?.(err);\n }\n\n complete() {\n this.destination?.complete?.();\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n return this.source?.subscribe(subscriber) ?? EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION;\n }\n}\n", "import { Subject } from './Subject';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\n\n/**\n * A variant of Subject that requires an initial value and emits its current\n * value whenever it is subscribed to.\n *\n * @class BehaviorSubject\n */\nexport class BehaviorSubject extends Subject {\n constructor(private _value: T) {\n super();\n }\n\n get value(): T {\n return this.getValue();\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n const subscription = super._subscribe(subscriber);\n !subscription.closed && subscriber.next(this._value);\n return subscription;\n }\n\n getValue(): T {\n const { hasError, thrownError, _value } = this;\n if (hasError) {\n throw thrownError;\n }\n this._throwIfClosed();\n return _value;\n }\n\n next(value: T): void {\n super.next((this._value = value));\n }\n}\n", "import { TimestampProvider } from '../types';\n\ninterface DateTimestampProvider extends TimestampProvider {\n delegate: TimestampProvider | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const dateTimestampProvider: DateTimestampProvider = {\n now() {\n // Use the variable rather than `this` so that the function can be called\n // without being bound to the provider.\n return (dateTimestampProvider.delegate || Date).now();\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { Subject } from './Subject';\nimport { TimestampProvider } from './types';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { dateTimestampProvider } from './scheduler/dateTimestampProvider';\n\n/**\n * A variant of {@link Subject} that \"replays\" old values to new subscribers by emitting them when they first subscribe.\n *\n * `ReplaySubject` has an internal buffer that will store a specified number of values that it has observed. Like `Subject`,\n * `ReplaySubject` \"observes\" values by having them passed to its `next` method. When it observes a value, it will store that\n * value for a time determined by the configuration of the `ReplaySubject`, as passed to its constructor.\n *\n * When a new subscriber subscribes to the `ReplaySubject` instance, it will synchronously emit all values in its buffer in\n * a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) manner. The `ReplaySubject` will also complete, if it has observed completion; and it will\n * error if it has observed an error.\n *\n * There are two main configuration items to be concerned with:\n *\n * 1. `bufferSize` - This will determine how many items are stored in the buffer, defaults to infinite.\n * 2. `windowTime` - The amount of time to hold a value in the buffer before removing it from the buffer.\n *\n * Both configurations may exist simultaneously. So if you would like to buffer a maximum of 3 values, as long as the values\n * are less than 2 seconds old, you could do so with a `new ReplaySubject(3, 2000)`.\n *\n * ### Differences with BehaviorSubject\n *\n * `BehaviorSubject` is similar to `new ReplaySubject(1)`, with a couple of exceptions:\n *\n * 1. `BehaviorSubject` comes \"primed\" with a single value upon construction.\n * 2. `ReplaySubject` will replay values, even after observing an error, where `BehaviorSubject` will not.\n *\n * @see {@link Subject}\n * @see {@link BehaviorSubject}\n * @see {@link shareReplay}\n */\nexport class ReplaySubject extends Subject {\n private _buffer: (T | number)[] = [];\n private _infiniteTimeWindow = true;\n\n /**\n * @param bufferSize The size of the buffer to replay on subscription\n * @param windowTime The amount of time the buffered items will stay buffered\n * @param timestampProvider An object with a `now()` method that provides the current timestamp. This is used to\n * calculate the amount of time something has been buffered.\n */\n constructor(\n private _bufferSize = Infinity,\n private _windowTime = Infinity,\n private _timestampProvider: TimestampProvider = dateTimestampProvider\n ) {\n super();\n this._infiniteTimeWindow = _windowTime === Infinity;\n this._bufferSize = Math.max(1, _bufferSize);\n this._windowTime = Math.max(1, _windowTime);\n }\n\n next(value: T): void {\n const { isStopped, _buffer, _infiniteTimeWindow, _timestampProvider, _windowTime } = this;\n if (!isStopped) {\n _buffer.push(value);\n !_infiniteTimeWindow && _buffer.push(_timestampProvider.now() + _windowTime);\n }\n this._trimBuffer();\n super.next(value);\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n this._trimBuffer();\n\n const subscription = this._innerSubscribe(subscriber);\n\n const { _infiniteTimeWindow, _buffer } = this;\n // We use a copy here, so reentrant code does not mutate our array while we're\n // emitting it to a new subscriber.\n const copy = _buffer.slice();\n for (let i = 0; i < copy.length && !subscriber.closed; i += _infiniteTimeWindow ? 1 : 2) {\n subscriber.next(copy[i] as T);\n }\n\n this._checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber);\n\n return subscription;\n }\n\n private _trimBuffer() {\n const { _bufferSize, _timestampProvider, _buffer, _infiniteTimeWindow } = this;\n // If we don't have an infinite buffer size, and we're over the length,\n // use splice to truncate the old buffer values off. Note that we have to\n // double the size for instances where we're not using an infinite time window\n // because we're storing the values and the timestamps in the same array.\n const adjustedBufferSize = (_infiniteTimeWindow ? 1 : 2) * _bufferSize;\n _bufferSize < Infinity && adjustedBufferSize < _buffer.length && _buffer.splice(0, _buffer.length - adjustedBufferSize);\n\n // Now, if we're not in an infinite time window, remove all values where the time is\n // older than what is allowed.\n if (!_infiniteTimeWindow) {\n const now = _timestampProvider.now();\n let last = 0;\n // Search the array for the first timestamp that isn't expired and\n // truncate the buffer up to that point.\n for (let i = 1; i < _buffer.length && (_buffer[i] as number) <= now; i += 2) {\n last = i;\n }\n last && _buffer.splice(0, last + 1);\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { Scheduler } from '../Scheduler';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * A unit of work to be executed in a `scheduler`. An action is typically\n * created from within a {@link SchedulerLike} and an RxJS user does not need to concern\n * themselves about creating and manipulating an Action.\n *\n * ```ts\n * class Action extends Subscription {\n * new (scheduler: Scheduler, work: (state?: T) => void);\n * schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription;\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @class Action\n */\nexport class Action extends Subscription {\n constructor(scheduler: Scheduler, work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super();\n }\n /**\n * Schedules this action on its parent {@link SchedulerLike} for execution. May be passed\n * some context object, `state`. May happen at some point in the future,\n * according to the `delay` parameter, if specified.\n * @param {T} [state] Some contextual data that the `work` function uses when\n * called by the Scheduler.\n * @param {number} [delay] Time to wait before executing the work, where the\n * time unit is implicit and defined by the Scheduler.\n * @return {void}\n */\n public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n return this;\n }\n}\n", "import type { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\ntype SetIntervalFunction = (handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args: any[]) => TimerHandle;\ntype ClearIntervalFunction = (handle: TimerHandle) => void;\n\ninterface IntervalProvider {\n setInterval: SetIntervalFunction;\n clearInterval: ClearIntervalFunction;\n delegate:\n | {\n setInterval: SetIntervalFunction;\n clearInterval: ClearIntervalFunction;\n }\n | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const intervalProvider: IntervalProvider = {\n // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n setInterval(handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args) {\n const { delegate } = intervalProvider;\n if (delegate?.setInterval) {\n return delegate.setInterval(handler, timeout, ...args);\n }\n return setInterval(handler, timeout, ...args);\n },\n clearInterval(handle) {\n const { delegate } = intervalProvider;\n return (delegate?.clearInterval || clearInterval)(handle as any);\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { Action } from './Action';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\nimport { intervalProvider } from './intervalProvider';\nimport { arrRemove } from '../util/arrRemove';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AsyncAction extends Action {\n public id: TimerHandle | undefined;\n public state?: T;\n // @ts-ignore: Property has no initializer and is not definitely assigned\n public delay: number;\n protected pending: boolean = false;\n\n constructor(protected scheduler: AsyncScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super(scheduler, work);\n }\n\n public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n if (this.closed) {\n return this;\n }\n\n // Always replace the current state with the new state.\n this.state = state;\n\n const id = this.id;\n const scheduler = this.scheduler;\n\n //\n // Important implementation note:\n //\n // Actions only execute once by default, unless rescheduled from within the\n // scheduled callback. This allows us to implement single and repeat\n // actions via the same code path, without adding API surface area, as well\n // as mimic traditional recursion but across asynchronous boundaries.\n //\n // However, JS runtimes and timers distinguish between intervals achieved by\n // serial `setTimeout` calls vs. a single `setInterval` call. An interval of\n // serial `setTimeout` calls can be individually delayed, which delays\n // scheduling the next `setTimeout`, and so on. `setInterval` attempts to\n // guarantee the interval callback will be invoked more precisely to the\n // interval period, regardless of load.\n //\n // Therefore, we use `setInterval` to schedule single and repeat actions.\n // If the action reschedules itself with the same delay, the interval is not\n // canceled. If the action doesn't reschedule, or reschedules with a\n // different delay, the interval will be canceled after scheduled callback\n // execution.\n //\n if (id != null) {\n this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n\n // Set the pending flag indicating that this action has been scheduled, or\n // has recursively rescheduled itself.\n this.pending = true;\n\n this.delay = delay;\n // If this action has already an async Id, don't request a new one.\n this.id = this.id ?? this.requestAsyncId(scheduler, this.id, delay);\n\n return this;\n }\n\n protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: AsyncScheduler, _id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n return intervalProvider.setInterval(scheduler.flush.bind(scheduler, this), delay);\n }\n\n protected recycleAsyncId(_scheduler: AsyncScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number | null = 0): TimerHandle | undefined {\n // If this action is rescheduled with the same delay time, don't clear the interval id.\n if (delay != null && this.delay === delay && this.pending === false) {\n return id;\n }\n // Otherwise, if the action's delay time is different from the current delay,\n // or the action has been rescheduled before it's executed, clear the interval id\n if (id != null) {\n intervalProvider.clearInterval(id);\n }\n\n return undefined;\n }\n\n /**\n * Immediately executes this action and the `work` it contains.\n * @return {any}\n */\n public execute(state: T, delay: number): any {\n if (this.closed) {\n return new Error('executing a cancelled action');\n }\n\n this.pending = false;\n const error = this._execute(state, delay);\n if (error) {\n return error;\n } else if (this.pending === false && this.id != null) {\n // Dequeue if the action didn't reschedule itself. Don't call\n // unsubscribe(), because the action could reschedule later.\n // For example:\n // ```\n // scheduler.schedule(function doWork(counter) {\n // /* ... I'm a busy worker bee ... */\n // var originalAction = this;\n // /* wait 100ms before rescheduling the action */\n // setTimeout(function () {\n // originalAction.schedule(counter + 1);\n // }, 100);\n // }, 1000);\n // ```\n this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(this.scheduler, this.id, null);\n }\n }\n\n protected _execute(state: T, _delay: number): any {\n let errored: boolean = false;\n let errorValue: any;\n try {\n this.work(state);\n } catch (e) {\n errored = true;\n // HACK: Since code elsewhere is relying on the \"truthiness\" of the\n // return here, we can't have it return \"\" or 0 or false.\n // TODO: Clean this up when we refactor schedulers mid-version-8 or so.\n errorValue = e ? e : new Error('Scheduled action threw falsy error');\n }\n if (errored) {\n this.unsubscribe();\n return errorValue;\n }\n }\n\n unsubscribe() {\n if (!this.closed) {\n const { id, scheduler } = this;\n const { actions } = scheduler;\n\n this.work = this.state = this.scheduler = null!;\n this.pending = false;\n\n arrRemove(actions, this);\n if (id != null) {\n this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, null);\n }\n\n this.delay = null!;\n super.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { Action } from './scheduler/Action';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerLike, SchedulerAction } from './types';\nimport { dateTimestampProvider } from './scheduler/dateTimestampProvider';\n\n/**\n * An execution context and a data structure to order tasks and schedule their\n * execution. Provides a notion of (potentially virtual) time, through the\n * `now()` getter method.\n *\n * Each unit of work in a Scheduler is called an `Action`.\n *\n * ```ts\n * class Scheduler {\n * now(): number;\n * schedule(work, delay?, state?): Subscription;\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @class Scheduler\n * @deprecated Scheduler is an internal implementation detail of RxJS, and\n * should not be used directly. Rather, create your own class and implement\n * {@link SchedulerLike}. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\nexport class Scheduler implements SchedulerLike {\n public static now: () => number = dateTimestampProvider.now;\n\n constructor(private schedulerActionCtor: typeof Action, now: () => number = Scheduler.now) {\n this.now = now;\n }\n\n /**\n * A getter method that returns a number representing the current time\n * (at the time this function was called) according to the scheduler's own\n * internal clock.\n * @return {number} A number that represents the current time. May or may not\n * have a relation to wall-clock time. May or may not refer to a time unit\n * (e.g. milliseconds).\n */\n public now: () => number;\n\n /**\n * Schedules a function, `work`, for execution. May happen at some point in\n * the future, according to the `delay` parameter, if specified. May be passed\n * some context object, `state`, which will be passed to the `work` function.\n *\n * The given arguments will be processed an stored as an Action object in a\n * queue of actions.\n *\n * @param {function(state: ?T): ?Subscription} work A function representing a\n * task, or some unit of work to be executed by the Scheduler.\n * @param {number} [delay] Time to wait before executing the work, where the\n * time unit is implicit and defined by the Scheduler itself.\n * @param {T} [state] Some contextual data that the `work` function uses when\n * called by the Scheduler.\n * @return {Subscription} A subscription in order to be able to unsubscribe\n * the scheduled work.\n */\n public schedule(work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void, delay: number = 0, state?: T): Subscription {\n return new this.schedulerActionCtor(this, work).schedule(state, delay);\n }\n}\n", "import { Scheduler } from '../Scheduler';\nimport { Action } from './Action';\nimport { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AsyncScheduler extends Scheduler {\n public actions: Array> = [];\n /**\n * A flag to indicate whether the Scheduler is currently executing a batch of\n * queued actions.\n * @type {boolean}\n * @internal\n */\n public _active: boolean = false;\n /**\n * An internal ID used to track the latest asynchronous task such as those\n * coming from `setTimeout`, `setInterval`, `requestAnimationFrame`, and\n * others.\n * @type {any}\n * @internal\n */\n public _scheduled: TimerHandle | undefined;\n\n constructor(SchedulerAction: typeof Action, now: () => number = Scheduler.now) {\n super(SchedulerAction, now);\n }\n\n public flush(action: AsyncAction): void {\n const { actions } = this;\n\n if (this._active) {\n actions.push(action);\n return;\n }\n\n let error: any;\n this._active = true;\n\n do {\n if ((error = action.execute(action.state, action.delay))) {\n break;\n }\n } while ((action = actions.shift()!)); // exhaust the scheduler queue\n\n this._active = false;\n\n if (error) {\n while ((action = actions.shift()!)) {\n action.unsubscribe();\n }\n throw error;\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Async Scheduler\n *\n * Schedule task as if you used setTimeout(task, duration)\n *\n * `async` scheduler schedules tasks asynchronously, by putting them on the JavaScript\n * event loop queue. It is best used to delay tasks in time or to schedule tasks repeating\n * in intervals.\n *\n * If you just want to \"defer\" task, that is to perform it right after currently\n * executing synchronous code ends (commonly achieved by `setTimeout(deferredTask, 0)`),\n * better choice will be the {@link asapScheduler} scheduler.\n *\n * ## Examples\n * Use async scheduler to delay task\n * ```ts\n * import { asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const task = () => console.log('it works!');\n *\n * asyncScheduler.schedule(task, 2000);\n *\n * // After 2 seconds logs:\n * // \"it works!\"\n * ```\n *\n * Use async scheduler to repeat task in intervals\n * ```ts\n * import { asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * function task(state) {\n * console.log(state);\n * this.schedule(state + 1, 1000); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n * // which we reschedule with new state and delay\n * }\n *\n * asyncScheduler.schedule(task, 3000, 0);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0 after 3s\n * // 1 after 4s\n * // 2 after 5s\n * // 3 after 6s\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const asyncScheduler = new AsyncScheduler(AsyncAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link asyncScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const async = asyncScheduler;\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { QueueScheduler } from './QueueScheduler';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class QueueAction extends AsyncAction {\n constructor(protected scheduler: QueueScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super(scheduler, work);\n }\n\n public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n if (delay > 0) {\n return super.schedule(state, delay);\n }\n this.delay = delay;\n this.state = state;\n this.scheduler.flush(this);\n return this;\n }\n\n public execute(state: T, delay: number): any {\n return delay > 0 || this.closed ? super.execute(state, delay) : this._execute(state, delay);\n }\n\n protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: QueueScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n // If delay exists and is greater than 0, or if the delay is null (the\n // action wasn't rescheduled) but was originally scheduled as an async\n // action, then recycle as an async action.\n\n if ((delay != null && delay > 0) || (delay == null && this.delay > 0)) {\n return super.requestAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n\n // Otherwise flush the scheduler starting with this action.\n scheduler.flush(this);\n\n // HACK: In the past, this was returning `void`. However, `void` isn't a valid\n // `TimerHandle`, and generally the return value here isn't really used. So the\n // compromise is to return `0` which is both \"falsy\" and a valid `TimerHandle`,\n // as opposed to refactoring every other instanceo of `requestAsyncId`.\n return 0;\n }\n}\n", "import { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\nexport class QueueScheduler extends AsyncScheduler {\n}\n", "import { QueueAction } from './QueueAction';\nimport { QueueScheduler } from './QueueScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Queue Scheduler\n *\n * Put every next task on a queue, instead of executing it immediately\n *\n * `queue` scheduler, when used with delay, behaves the same as {@link asyncScheduler} scheduler.\n *\n * When used without delay, it schedules given task synchronously - executes it right when\n * it is scheduled. However when called recursively, that is when inside the scheduled task,\n * another task is scheduled with queue scheduler, instead of executing immediately as well,\n * that task will be put on a queue and wait for current one to finish.\n *\n * This means that when you execute task with `queue` scheduler, you are sure it will end\n * before any other task scheduled with that scheduler will start.\n *\n * ## Examples\n * Schedule recursively first, then do something\n * ```ts\n * import { queueScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * queueScheduler.schedule(() => {\n * queueScheduler.schedule(() => console.log('second')); // will not happen now, but will be put on a queue\n *\n * console.log('first');\n * });\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // \"first\"\n * // \"second\"\n * ```\n *\n * Reschedule itself recursively\n * ```ts\n * import { queueScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * queueScheduler.schedule(function(state) {\n * if (state !== 0) {\n * console.log('before', state);\n * this.schedule(state - 1); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n * // which we reschedule with new state\n * console.log('after', state);\n * }\n * }, 0, 3);\n *\n * // In scheduler that runs recursively, you would expect:\n * // \"before\", 3\n * // \"before\", 2\n * // \"before\", 1\n * // \"after\", 1\n * // \"after\", 2\n * // \"after\", 3\n *\n * // But with queue it logs:\n * // \"before\", 3\n * // \"after\", 3\n * // \"before\", 2\n * // \"after\", 2\n * // \"before\", 1\n * // \"after\", 1\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const queueScheduler = new QueueScheduler(QueueAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link queueScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const queue = queueScheduler;\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AnimationFrameScheduler } from './AnimationFrameScheduler';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { animationFrameProvider } from './animationFrameProvider';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AnimationFrameAction extends AsyncAction {\n constructor(protected scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super(scheduler, work);\n }\n\n protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n // If delay is greater than 0, request as an async action.\n if (delay !== null && delay > 0) {\n return super.requestAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n // Push the action to the end of the scheduler queue.\n scheduler.actions.push(this);\n // If an animation frame has already been requested, don't request another\n // one. If an animation frame hasn't been requested yet, request one. Return\n // the current animation frame request id.\n return scheduler._scheduled || (scheduler._scheduled = animationFrameProvider.requestAnimationFrame(() => scheduler.flush(undefined)));\n }\n\n protected recycleAsyncId(scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle | undefined {\n // If delay exists and is greater than 0, or if the delay is null (the\n // action wasn't rescheduled) but was originally scheduled as an async\n // action, then recycle as an async action.\n if (delay != null ? delay > 0 : this.delay > 0) {\n return super.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n // If the scheduler queue has no remaining actions with the same async id,\n // cancel the requested animation frame and set the scheduled flag to\n // undefined so the next AnimationFrameAction will request its own.\n const { actions } = scheduler;\n if (id != null && actions[actions.length - 1]?.id !== id) {\n animationFrameProvider.cancelAnimationFrame(id as number);\n scheduler._scheduled = undefined;\n }\n // Return undefined so the action knows to request a new async id if it's rescheduled.\n return undefined;\n }\n}\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\nexport class AnimationFrameScheduler extends AsyncScheduler {\n public flush(action?: AsyncAction): void {\n this._active = true;\n // The async id that effects a call to flush is stored in _scheduled.\n // Before executing an action, it's necessary to check the action's async\n // id to determine whether it's supposed to be executed in the current\n // flush.\n // Previous implementations of this method used a count to determine this,\n // but that was unsound, as actions that are unsubscribed - i.e. cancelled -\n // are removed from the actions array and that can shift actions that are\n // scheduled to be executed in a subsequent flush into positions at which\n // they are executed within the current flush.\n const flushId = this._scheduled;\n this._scheduled = undefined;\n\n const { actions } = this;\n let error: any;\n action = action || actions.shift()!;\n\n do {\n if ((error = action.execute(action.state, action.delay))) {\n break;\n }\n } while ((action = actions[0]) && action.id === flushId && actions.shift());\n\n this._active = false;\n\n if (error) {\n while ((action = actions[0]) && action.id === flushId && actions.shift()) {\n action.unsubscribe();\n }\n throw error;\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { AnimationFrameAction } from './AnimationFrameAction';\nimport { AnimationFrameScheduler } from './AnimationFrameScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Animation Frame Scheduler\n *\n * Perform task when `window.requestAnimationFrame` would fire\n *\n * When `animationFrame` scheduler is used with delay, it will fall back to {@link asyncScheduler} scheduler\n * behaviour.\n *\n * Without delay, `animationFrame` scheduler can be used to create smooth browser animations.\n * It makes sure scheduled task will happen just before next browser content repaint,\n * thus performing animations as efficiently as possible.\n *\n * ## Example\n * Schedule div height animation\n * ```ts\n * // html:
\n * import { animationFrameScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const div = document.querySelector('div');\n *\n * animationFrameScheduler.schedule(function(height) {\n * div.style.height = height + \"px\";\n *\n * this.schedule(height + 1); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n * // which we reschedule with new state\n * }, 0, 0);\n *\n * // You will see a div element growing in height\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const animationFrameScheduler = new AnimationFrameScheduler(AnimationFrameAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link animationFrameScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const animationFrame = animationFrameScheduler;\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * A simple Observable that emits no items to the Observer and immediately\n * emits a complete notification.\n *\n * Just emits 'complete', and nothing else.\n *\n * ![](empty.png)\n *\n * A simple Observable that only emits the complete notification. It can be used\n * for composing with other Observables, such as in a {@link mergeMap}.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Log complete notification\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { EMPTY } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * EMPTY.subscribe({\n * next: () => console.log('Next'),\n * complete: () => console.log('Complete!')\n * });\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // Complete!\n * ```\n *\n * Emit the number 7, then complete\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { EMPTY, startWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const result = EMPTY.pipe(startWith(7));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // 7\n * ```\n *\n * Map and flatten only odd numbers to the sequence `'a'`, `'b'`, `'c'`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, mergeMap, of, EMPTY } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const interval$ = interval(1000);\n * const result = interval$.pipe(\n * mergeMap(x => x % 2 === 1 ? of('a', 'b', 'c') : EMPTY),\n * );\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following to the console:\n * // x is equal to the count on the interval, e.g. (0, 1, 2, 3, ...)\n * // x will occur every 1000ms\n * // if x % 2 is equal to 1, print a, b, c (each on its own)\n * // if x % 2 is not equal to 1, nothing will be output\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link Observable}\n * @see {@link NEVER}\n * @see {@link of}\n * @see {@link throwError}\n */\nexport const EMPTY = new Observable((subscriber) => subscriber.complete());\n\n/**\n * @param scheduler A {@link SchedulerLike} to use for scheduling\n * the emission of the complete notification.\n * @deprecated Replaced with the {@link EMPTY} constant or {@link scheduled} (e.g. `scheduled([], scheduler)`). Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport function empty(scheduler?: SchedulerLike) {\n return scheduler ? emptyScheduled(scheduler) : EMPTY;\n}\n\nfunction emptyScheduled(scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n return new Observable((subscriber) => scheduler.schedule(() => subscriber.complete()));\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport function isScheduler(value: any): value is SchedulerLike {\n return value && isFunction(value.schedule);\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\nimport { isScheduler } from './isScheduler';\n\nfunction last(arr: T[]): T | undefined {\n return arr[arr.length - 1];\n}\n\nexport function popResultSelector(args: any[]): ((...args: unknown[]) => unknown) | undefined {\n return isFunction(last(args)) ? args.pop() : undefined;\n}\n\nexport function popScheduler(args: any[]): SchedulerLike | undefined {\n return isScheduler(last(args)) ? args.pop() : undefined;\n}\n\nexport function popNumber(args: any[], defaultValue: number): number {\n return typeof last(args) === 'number' ? args.pop()! : defaultValue;\n}\n", "export const isArrayLike = ((x: any): x is ArrayLike => x && typeof x.length === 'number' && typeof x !== 'function');", "import { isFunction } from \"./isFunction\";\n\n/**\n * Tests to see if the object is \"thennable\".\n * @param value the object to test\n */\nexport function isPromise(value: any): value is PromiseLike {\n return isFunction(value?.then);\n}\n", "import { InteropObservable } from '../types';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from '../symbol/observable';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/** Identifies an input as being Observable (but not necessary an Rx Observable) */\nexport function isInteropObservable(input: any): input is InteropObservable {\n return isFunction(input[Symbol_observable]);\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport function isAsyncIterable(obj: any): obj is AsyncIterable {\n return Symbol.asyncIterator && isFunction(obj?.[Symbol.asyncIterator]);\n}\n", "/**\n * Creates the TypeError to throw if an invalid object is passed to `from` or `scheduled`.\n * @param input The object that was passed.\n */\nexport function createInvalidObservableTypeError(input: any) {\n // TODO: We should create error codes that can be looked up, so this can be less verbose.\n return new TypeError(\n `You provided ${\n input !== null && typeof input === 'object' ? 'an invalid object' : `'${input}'`\n } where a stream was expected. You can provide an Observable, Promise, ReadableStream, Array, AsyncIterable, or Iterable.`\n );\n}\n", "export function getSymbolIterator(): symbol {\n if (typeof Symbol !== 'function' || !Symbol.iterator) {\n return '@@iterator' as any;\n }\n\n return Symbol.iterator;\n}\n\nexport const iterator = getSymbolIterator();\n", "import { iterator as Symbol_iterator } from '../symbol/iterator';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/** Identifies an input as being an Iterable */\nexport function isIterable(input: any): input is Iterable {\n return isFunction(input?.[Symbol_iterator]);\n}\n", "import { ReadableStreamLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport async function* readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator(readableStream: ReadableStreamLike): AsyncGenerator {\n const reader = readableStream.getReader();\n try {\n while (true) {\n const { value, done } = await reader.read();\n if (done) {\n return;\n }\n yield value!;\n }\n } finally {\n reader.releaseLock();\n }\n}\n\nexport function isReadableStreamLike(obj: any): obj is ReadableStreamLike {\n // We don't want to use instanceof checks because they would return\n // false for instances from another Realm, like an + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Ejercicios del capítulo 2

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  1. Cuál es la función general de un cilindro; es decir, ¿cómo es la conversión de energía?
    2. +
  2. A qué se le llama carrera de avance y retroceso
    3. +
  3. Dibujar el cilindro de simple efecto e indicar sus partes
    4. +
  4. Mencione al menos 2 tipos de accionamiento de las válvulas
    5. +
  5. Cómo es la operación de una válvula check o antetirretorno
    6. +
  6. Describa la estructura de un sistema neumático
    7. +
  7. Explique cómo está operando el siguiente circuito detalladamente; es decir, qué está realizando cada elemento en cada momento +esquema
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  8. Indicar el nombre completo de los siguientes símbolos +simbolos
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Capítulo 2. Neumática

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Características del aire comprimido

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El aire, como todos los gases, es comprimible y comprensible; es decir, es elástico. Dentro de un recipiente con capacidad de 1 litro, es posible introducir varios litros de aire gracias a que se puede comprimir y al liberarlo, vuelve a su volumen normal.

+

Para comprimir el aire, se tiene que realizar un esfuerzo y será mayor cuanto mayor se quiera comprimir. Cuando el aire se libera a su estado normal, desarrolla una gran energía y es esta energía la que se utiliza para realizar los trabajos pesados.

+

El aire, como se sabe, es un gas casi perfectamente caracterizándose esencialmente por su fluidez, compresibilidad y elasticidad. La fluidez permite a sus partículas no ofrecer resistencia apenas al deslizamiento; la compresibilidad (Fig. 1.1) hace que una determinada cantidad de gas pueda reducir su volumen si este se encuentra en un recinto herméticamente cerrado; la elasticidad permite que al comprimirlo en ese mismo recinto, ejerza sobre sus paredes una determinada presión, normal a las superficies en contacto (Fig. 1.2).

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"propiedades del aire comprimido"

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Unidades empleadas y equivalencias

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\[1 atm = 14.7 psi =1,013 bar = 101.325kPa\]
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\[ 1N/m^2 = 9.869 \times 10^{-6} atm = 10^{-5} bar\]
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Sistema de compresión de aire

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Compresor

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Los compresores son máquinas que se utilizan para comprimir el aire. El más elemental es el compresor alternativo, pero para aplicaciones industriales se construyen máquinas autónomas que utilizan un motor eléctrico y que se denominan electrocompresores.

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Es el elemento de la instalación encargado de comprimir el aire que capta de la atmósfera elevando su presión.

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Se compone de un cilindro y su culata con las correspondientes válvulas, una de admisión y otra de expulsión; un pistón provisto de segmentos para asegurar la compresión; una biela manivela (conversión de un movimiento circular en rectilíneo alternativo) y un cigüeñal. Todo montado en un cárter que, a su vez, hace de depósito para el aceite lubricante.

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"compresor"

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Tipos de compresores

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Diagrama de compresores

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Dependiendo del tipo de compresor que utilicemos distinguimos varios tipos.

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  • Compresores Volumétricos.
    • +
  • Compresores Centrífugos.
    • +
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Compresores Volumétricos

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Dentro de este grupo destacan los compresores de pistón, que son los más difundidos. Se construyen de baja, media y alta presión, aunque en este caso deben disponer de varias etapas compresoras.

+

Compresor de pistón de una sola etapa

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La Figura 13.2 muestra un compresor de pistón clásico de una sola etapa. El aire aspirado por el pistón en su carrera des­cendente penetra en la cámara de compresión a través de la válvula de admisión y después es inmediatamente comprimido hasta la presión de trabajo, momento en el que se abre la válvula de escape. Durante el trabajo de compresión se genera calor -según previene la ley de Gay-Lussac- lo que obli­ga a una refrigeración del cilindro proporcional a la cantidad de calor producida. En los compresores pequeños bastan las aletas que lleva el cilindro por la parte exterior. En los mayo­res se instala además un ventilador y en los de alta presión es necesaria la refrigeración por agua.

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Compresor de pistón 1 etapa

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Compresor de pistón 1 etapa

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Compresor de pistón 1 etapa

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Compresor de pistón 2 etapas montaje en V

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En la Figura 13.3 aparece un compresor de pistón de dos etapas y montaje en V. El aire comprimido en el primer pistón, después de refrigerado, se introduce en un segundo cilindro de volumen inferior que lo vuelve a comprimir. Así se obtienen presiones de 1 a 20 bar y con tres etapas se puede llegar hasta 220 bar.

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Compresor de pistón de 2 etapas

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Compresor de pistón de 2 etapas

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Compresor de pistón de 2 etapas

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Compresores Centrífugos

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Se basan en aumentar la presión aprovechando la fuerza centrífuga. Para ello, lanzan el aire captado por el centro de una turbina hacia el exterior, donde lo recogen. +De este tipo son la mayoría de los extractores de aire que tienen las campanas extractoras de las cocinas.

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Compresor centrífugo

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El tanque o unidad de almacenamiento

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Es un depósito de reserva de aire comprimido cuya misión es mantener el consumo de la red y evitar pérdidas de carga bruscas en la misma, en caso de fallo o accidente. En este ele­mento se elimina parte del agua -que se condensa en su parte inferior- por medio de un orificio de purga.

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Cumple varias funciones en una instalación de aire comprimido:

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  • Amortiguar las pulsaciones del caudal de salida de los compresores alternativos.
    • +
  • Permitir que los motores de arrastre de los compresores no tengan que trabajar de manera continua, sino intermitente.
    • +
  • Hacer frente a las demandas punta de caudal sin que se provoquen caídas de presión en la red.
    • +
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Tanque Horizontal

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Tanque Vertical

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Presostato (Switch de presión)

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Si has observado los compresores no están funcionando continuamente. Esto es debido a que es posible acumular la energía neumática. El depósito se va a llenar hasta que alcance una determinada presión máxima, en ese momento el motor que acciona el compresor para. A medida que vamos consumiendo aire vamos extrayéndolo del depósito, con lo cual va bajando su presión. Al llegar a una presión mínima el compresor vuelve a arrancar para recuperar la presión perdida. +Vemos que el depósito varía entre un valor máximo y uno mínimo. El elemento que mide esas presiones y regula el funcionamiento del compresor es el presostato. Básicamente, es un interruptor regulado por presión.

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Presostato

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Presostato

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Presostato

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Válvula de Seguridad

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Si por alguna razón el presostato que regula el funcionamiento del compresor fallase, pueden ocurrir dos cosas. +Si falla el mecanismo que regula el arranque cuando baja la presión, el compresor no funcionaría, pero no pasaría nada más. +Si falla el mecanismo de paro cuando alcanza la presión de trabajo, el compresor continuaría aumentando la presión en el interior del depósito y este podría estallar al no aguantar a presión.

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valvula de seguridad

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valvula de seguridad

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valvula de seguridad

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Válvula de purga

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Debido a las presiones a las que es sometido el aire durante la compresión, parte del vapor de agua que contiene el aire puede licuar. Esta agua condensada se acumula en la parte inferior del depósito y periódicamente hay que purgarla para evitar que pase a la instalación.

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valvula de purga

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Unidad de Mantenimiento

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Hasta ahora lo que hemos hecho ha sido comprimir el aire y almacenarlo para poder utilizarlo. El almacenamiento se realiza, como hemos visto, entre dos presiones determinadas. Estas variaciones perturbarían el funcionamiento de la instalación, ya que funcionaría de manera distinta para cada presión. Es por ello que debemos realizar un acondicionamiento final que estabilice esa presión en un valor fijo. Este acondicionamiento es lo que hacemos en la unidad de mantenimiento.

+

Para la utilización del aire comprimido, se requiere de un proceso de purificación, regulación y engrase, que se logra mediante una unidad de mantenimiento, que debe ir montada en la entrada general de los circuitos neumáticos. Esta unidad tiene los siguientes objetivos:

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  • Eliminar el agua condensada arrastrada por el aire a lo largo de las tuberías hacia los elementos de trabajo y dispositivos de mando.
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  • Detener las partículas sólidas que contiene el aire comprimido en suspensión.
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  • Regular la presión de utilización del aire comprimido con el fin de lubricar los elementos neumáticos.
    • +
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Así que la unidad de mantenimiento representa una combinación de los siguientes elementos:

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  • Filtro de aire comprimido
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  • Regulador de presión
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  • Lubricador de aire comprimido
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unidad de mantenimiento

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unidad de mantenimiento

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unidad de mantenimiento

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unidad de mantenimiento

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Filtro

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Su misión es retener las impurezas que pudiera contener el aire procedente del depósito y que podrían deteriorar la instalación posterior. +Está formado por un elemento filtrante, que puede ser de papel, una chapa metálica taladrada o una malla de alambre, encargado de retener las impurezas. Aquí quedan retenidas las partículas de tamaño mayor que las de la malla. +El recipiente del filtro tiene también un diseño especial para que el aire en su recorrido realice un movimiento helicoidal que favorece que por efecto de las fuerzas centrífugas las gotas de agua y las partículas más grandes salgan proyectadas contra las paredes del filtro y sean recogidas en la parte inferior del filtro. Esta parte inferior del filtro es desmontable y periódicamente es necesario limpiarla.

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filtro

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Regulador de presión

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Mantiene la presión en su salida constante independientemente de las variaciones de presión que haya en la entrada. La presión de salida tiene que ser siempre inferior a la presión mínima del depósito. +Como vemos en la imagen el aire pasa a través de un orificio y mediante una membrana vence la fuerza de un muelle, dependiendo de la presión la fuerza es mayor o menor mientras que la del muelle es constante. Esto provoca la mayor o menor apertura del orificio de paso, haciendo que la presión se mantenga constante aguas abajo.

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Regulador de presión

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Lubricador

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Es el elemento que proporciona aceite para la lubricación de la instalación. Debido al efecto Venturi absorbe aceite de un depósito y lo pulveriza en el aire de trabajo. El aceite lo añadimos para reducir rozamientos en los elementos móviles de la instalación y proteger toda ella de la oxidación. +En este punto tendremos una caudal de aire a presión en condiciones de abastecer nuestra instalación a presión constante.

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lubricador

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Manómetro

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Los manómetros son aparatos de control que sirven para medir la presión existente en un circuito en un momento dado. +La presión P del circuito tiende a rectificar el muelle tubular (2), el cual mueve el sector (4) que hace girar el piñón (5) unido a la aguja indicadora (6). En la escala (7) puede leerse entonces la presión registrada. La caña (10) del aparato lleva un estrangulador (8) que amortigua el impacto de la presión sobre la aguja.

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Manométro

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Manométro

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Ejercicios del Capítulo 2

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Mini test del capítulo 2

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Capítulo 3. Elementos neumáticos

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Para un funcionamiento óptimo, la presión de funcionamiento del sistema de control deberá ser de máximo P=500kPa = 5 bar con aire sin lubricar.

+

Cilindros

+

Los cilindros neumáticos son, por regla general, los elementos que realizan el trabajo. Su función es la de transformar la energía neumática en trabajo mecánico de movimiento rectilíneo, que consta de carrera de avance y carrera de retroceso.

+

De acuerdo a esta teoría física, si dentro del sistema se presenta una diferencia de áreas y la fuerza es igual en cualquier punto, entonces se tendrá una diferencia de presiones. Este principio se aplica en un dispositivo hidráulico denominado cilindro.

+

Cilindro

+
    +
  • Tubo de sección circular constante, cerrado por sus extremos
    • +
  • En su interior se desliza un émbolo solidario con un vástago
    • +
  • El émbolo divide al cilindro en dos volúmenes llamados cámaras
    • +
  • Hay una abertura en cada cámara para que entre y salga el aire.
    • +
+

Capacidad de trabajo:

+
    +
  • Carrera: Desplazamiento que efectúa el émbolo en el interior del cilindro. De ella depende la Longitud (L) de desplazamiento del vástago.
    • +
  • En los cilindros se obtiene el máximo esfuerzo cuando la presión se ejerce sobre la cara del émbolo opuesta al vástago, ya que su superficie es mayor. En este caso el émbolo y el vástago realizan una CARRERA DE AVANCE.
    • +
  • +

    Si la presión se ejerce sobre la cara del émbolo solidaria con el vástago, se origina una CARRERA DE RETROCESO.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Diámetro (D): Determina la superficie del émbolo. Dada una determinada presión del aire, cuanto mayor sea la +superficie del émbolo, mayor será la fuerza que ejerce el vástago, ya que:

    +
    • +
+

cilindro parts

+

Cilindro de simple efecto

+

Estos cilindros tienen una sola conexión de aire. No pueden realizar trabajos más que en un sentido. Entonces para que el vástago (o pistón) salga se aplica el aire y para que el vástago retorne se dispone de un muelle incorporado o de una fuerza externa. +El muelle incorporado se calcula de modo que haga regresar el émbolo a su posición inicial a una velocidad suficientemente grande. +En los cilindros de simple efecto con muelle incorporado, su longitud limita la carrera (el desplazamiento efectivo del vástago). Por eso, estos cilindros no sobrepasan una carrera de unos 100mm. +Se utilizan principalmente para sujetar, expulsar, apretar, levantar, alimentar, etc. +En la figura 8.1 se ilustra un esquema de la estructura interna, indicando las partes que lo componen. Como se observa en la figura, el fluido (aire o aceite) entra por la cámara izquierda y empuja al émbolo venciendo la resistencia del muelle haciendo que el vástago salga.

+

Cilindro de simple efecto

+

La figura 8.3 muestra el símbolo del cilindro de simple efecto. En la figura se tiene:

+
    +
  • (A) Cilindro de simple efecto con retorno por acción de fuerza externa
    • +
  • (B) Cilindro de simple efecto con retorno por muelle
    • +
  • (C) Inyecta fluido en la cámara izquierda del cilindro; las flechas indican que por efecto del fluido se ejerce una fuerza sobre el émbolo empujando el sistema hacia la derecha.
    • +
+

Cilindros de simple efecto

+

Cilindro de doble efecto

+

Son los más empleados y el fluido actúa en ambas cámaras

+

La fuerza ejercida por el fluido en cilindros de doble efecto, permite que el vástago pueda realizar un movimiento de traslación en los dos sentidos. Se dispone de una fuerza útil tanto en la ida como en el retorno. La figura 8.4 muestra un esquema interno del cilindro. Para que el vástago se desplace en ambas direcciones es necesario que una de las cámaras esté alimentada y la otra esté en estado de escape (para el aire) o tanque (para el aceite)

+

cilindro de doble efecto

+

Los cilindros de doble efecto comparados con los de simple efecto presentan algunas ventajas:

+
    +
  1. Pueden realizar esfuerzos en ambas cámaras.
    2. +
  2. Las carreras son mayores, pues se aprovecha prácticamente toda la longitud del cuerpo del cilindro.
    3. +
  3. No necesita de esfuerzo para comprimir un muelle por no tenerlo.
    4. +
  4. El retroceso del vástago no depende de las cargas o elementos mecánicos.
    5. +
  5. El funcionamiento y su posicionamiento se pueden ajustar con mayor precisión.
    6. +
+

Válvulas distribuidoras

+

Son muy similares para los circuitos neumáticos e hidráulicos. Están compuestos por válvulas distribuidoras encargadas de enviar el aire a presión a un lugar u otro por los diferentes conductos, o impedir su paso. +Todas las válvulas distribuidoras tienen un determinado número de conexiones que llamamos vías. A estas conexiones se conectan las tuberías de la red. +Cada válvula distribuidora tiene varias posiciones de funcionamiento, en función de las vías que conecte internamente. +Cada válvula viene caracterizada por esos dos números, y de esa forma la nombraremos: +No vías/no posiciones +Así una válvula 3/2, será una distribuidora con 3 vías y 2 posiciones. +Para representarla se hace en la posición de reposo por medio de un rectángulo dividido en tantos cuadrados como posiciones tenga la válvula, exteriormente se dibujan la vías en una de las posiciones y en cada cuadrado las conexiones entre vías.

+

valvula

+

Accionamiento de las válvulas

+

Accionamiento de válvulas

+

Válvulas distribuidoras

+

Conceptos de vías y posiciones

+

Las válvulas de vías se designan en los catálogos de los fabricantes por el número de las vías controladas y de las posiciones de maniobra estable. Así, una válvula 3/2 vías quiere decir que posee tres vías y dos posiciones de maniobra. Hay que observar que la primera cifra es simplemente indicativa de número de vías, indicando la segunda el número de posiciones.

+

Para evitar errores durante el montaje y además para identificarlos, se indican con letras mayúsculas o números.

+

Según DIN 24300, se indica así:

+

P = Alimentación de aire comprimido. +A,B,C = Salida de trabajo. +R,S,T = Escape de aire. +X,Y,Z = Conexiones de mando.

+

Según normas CETOP, es:

+

1 = Alimentación de aire comprimido +2 y 4 = Salidas de trabajo +3 y 5 = Escape de aire +12 y 14 = Conexiones de mando

+

ejemplo de nomenclatura

+

En esta descripción se distingue:

+
    +
  • Las vías: es el número de orificios exteriores y que son conexiones a los puntos de trabajo.
    • +
  • Las posiciones: son las que puede adoptar el distribuidor para dirigir el fluido a las distintas vías.
    • +
+

Las posiciones de las válvulas distribuidoras se representan por medio de cuadrados (figura 8.7(A)). La cantidad de cuadrados (figura 8.7(B) y (H)) indica la cantidad de posiciones de la válvula distribuidora. El funcionamiento se representa esquemáticamente en el interior de las casillas (figura 8.7 (C), (G), (I), (J)). Las líneas representan tuberías o conductos. Las flechas, el sentido de circulación del fluido (figura 8.7(C), (D), (F), (I), (J)).

+

Las posiciones de cierre dentro de las casillas se representan mediante líneas transversales (figura 8.7(D), (F), (G), (I), (J)).

+

La unión de conductos o tuberías se representa mediante un punto (Figura 8.7(D)).

+

Las conexiones (entradas y salidas) se representan por medio de trazos unidos a la casilla que esquematiza la posición de reposo o inicial (figura 8.7(E), (I), (J)). La otra posición se obtiene desplazando lateralmente los cuadrados, hasta que las conexiones coincidan.

+

Las posiciones pueden distinguirse por medio de letras minúsculas a, b, c... y 0 (figura 8.7(G), (H))

+

Válvula de 3 posiciones: Posición intermedia = Posición de reposo (figura 8.7(H)).

+

valvulas general

+

Válvula 2/2

+

Las válvulas 2/2 sirven para gobernar el paso del fluido. La denominación 2/2 significa que este elemento adopta dos posiciones -paso y cierre- y tiene dos vías, P y A. +La Figura 15.12, A) representa una de estas válvulas en reposo. En esta posición el paso de P hacia A está cerrado. +Cuando se acciona el pulsador, el distribuidor pone en comu­nicación la entrada P con la utilización A (Figura 15.12, B); entonces se dice que la válvula está abierta.

+

valvula 2/2

+

Válvula 3/2

+

Estas válvulas permiten la circulación de aceite en una dirección y, al mismo tiempo, cortan el paso en la otra direc­ción.

+

Se emplean para gobernar cilindros de simple efecto.

+

valvula 3/2

+

Válvula 4/2

+

La válvula 4/2 es de acciona­miento neumático. La alimentación principal se efectúa por (1), las vías de utilización son la (2) y la (4), el escape es (3) y las vías de pilotaje son la (12) y la (14). Cuando existe señal en (12) la corredera y el cursor se desplazan hacia la izquier­da con lo cual la vía (2) está en escape y la vía (4) alimenta­ da. Al invertir la señal de pilotaje [presión en (14)], la corre­dera se mueve hacia la derecha y comunica la vía (2) con la alimentación (1) y la vía (4) con el escape (3). Este tipo de válvula es apta para mandar un cilindro de doble efecto.

+

valvula 4/2

+

valvula 4/2

+

valvula 4/2

+

Válvula 5/2

+

La alimentación de presión (1) está conectada con la vía (4) y la (2 con la atmósfera, a través del escape (3), cuando se manda señal de pilotaje por (14). Cuando la corredera recibe el impulso opuesto por (12), se alimenta la vía (2) y se pone la (4) a escape (5).

+

válvula 5/2

+

válvula 5/2

+

válvula 5/2

+

Válvula 4/3

+

En la primera posición la alimentación de presión (1) está comunicada con la utilización (4) y la utilización (2) con esca­pe a la atmósfera a través de (3). En la posición opuesta (1) se comunica con (2) y (4) con (3). En la tercera posición que aquí aparece como posición central (1), (2), (4) y (3) están cerrados, provocando un bloqueo del aire comprimido en el interior del sistema o elemento colocado posteriormente; de ahí la denominación que tiene dicha válvula.

+

válvula 4/3

+

Aplicación de las válvulas distribuidoras

+

El número de posiciones y de vías condi­ciona las posibilidades de empleo de cada tipo de válvula. +Así, las aplicaciones más frecuentes de las válvulas son:

+
    +
  • Válvula 2/2, normalmente cerrada. Sirve como válvula de paso y para el mando negativo ya citado.
    • +
  • Válvula 3/2, normalmente cerrada. Se emplea para emi­tir señales de pilotaje sobre otras válvulas y para man­dar cilindros de simple efecto.
    • +
  • Válvula 3/2, normalmente abierta. Se puede aplicar en el gobierno de cilindros de simple efecto de largo tiem­po de acción.
    • +
  • Válvula 4/2. Se utiliza para gobernar cilindros de doble efecto.
    • +
  • Válvula 5/2. Tiene el mismo empleo que la anterior.
    • +
  • Válvula 4/3, posición central de bloqueo. Se emplea cuando un cilindro de doble efecto debe quedar blo­queado en un punto intermedio de su recorrido.
    • +
  • Válvula 4/3, posición central de desbloqueo. Se emplea cuando un cilindro de doble efecto debe quedar desblo­queado en un momento de su actuación.
    • +
+

Válvula antirretorno o válvula Check

+

Permite el paso del fluido en un sentido, impidiendo su circulación en el opuesto. +Está constituida por un cierre presionado por un muelle. Solo cuando la presión del aire es capaz de generar una fuerza que venza la ejercida por el muelle el fluido puede pasar.

+

válvula check

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Válvula reguladora de caudal bidireccional o válvula de estrangulamiento

+

Mediante un estrechamiento en la red regulamos el caudal de fluido que pasa. Si el estrechamiento es regulable mediante un tornillo la regulación del caudal será variable.

+

válvula de estrangulamiento

+

Válvula reguladora de caudal unidireccional o Válvula de estrangulamiento y antirretorno

+

La válvula de estrangulamiento y antirretorno reduce el caudal de aire solamente en un sentido. La válvula de antirretorno cierra el paso del aire en un sentido y el aire solo puede pasar a través de la sección regulada. El aire puede pasar libremente en la dirección contraria a través de la válvula de antirretorno abierta. Estas válvulas son utilizadas para regular la velocidad de cilindros neumáticos.

+

válvula de estrangulamiento

+

Válvula selectora o válvula “OR” o válvula O

+

Tiene dos vías de entrada y una de salida. +Tenemos presión de salida si tenemos presión en una de las entradas o en la otra

+

válvula OR

+

Válvula simultaneidad o válvula “AND” o válvula Y

+

Tiene dos vías de entrada y una de salida. +Tenemos presión de salida si tenemos presión en una de las entradas y en la otra simultáneamente.

+

valvula AND

+

Válvula reguladora de presión

+

Las válvulas reguladoras de presión se encargan en un circuito de controlar la presión del fluido, desde un valor cero hasta el máximo que proporcione la red de distribución.

+

valvula reguladora de presión simbolo

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valvula reguladora

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Ejercicios de Circuitos neumáticos

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  1. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con válvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada de forma manual.
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  2. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con válvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada de forma manual, el vástago debe salir de forma suave.
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  3. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con válvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, el vástago debe salir de forma suave. Controlada por botón.
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  4. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con válvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, el vástago debe salir de forma suave. Controlada por interruptor.
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  5. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con válvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, el vástago debe salir de forma suave. Controlada por botón de enclavamiento con luces indicativas.
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  6. Control de un cilindro de doble efecto por medio de una válvula 5/2 con palanca de enclavamiento con retorno, con válvula de estrangulamiento con antirretorno para que salga y entre el vástago de forma suave.
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  7. Control de un cilindro de doble efecto por medio de una válvula 5/2 biestable accionada por solenoide, con botoneras, cuando se active el botón 1 el cilindro expulsará el vástago, cuando sea presionado el botón 2 el vástago entrará. Cuando sea presionado cada botón se debe encender una luz indicativa.
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  8. Control de un cilindro de doble efecto por medio de una válvula 5/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, cuando el botón (NA) de arranque se presione se activará la solenoide y expulsará el vastago, el botón se debe enclavar; cuando sea presionado el segundo botón (NC), desenergizará la solenoide y el vástago regresará. Debe contar con sus luces indicativas
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  9. Controlar un cilindro de doble efecto, activado por una valvular accionada por botón con retorno por muelle, al ser accionado debe expulsar el vástago; contará con un final de carrera que al tocar el vástago hará que se retraiga y regrese a su posicón inicial.
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  10. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto por medio de una válvula OR, por medio de dos válvulas manuales.
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  11. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto por medio de una válvula AND, por medio de dos válvulas manuales.
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Capítulo 4. Circuitos neumáticos

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Para efectuar el montaje de los sistemas control, debe disponerse de un puesto de trabajo fijo. La alimentación de aire comprimido puede estar a cargo de un compresor móvil con silenciados (máximo 800kPa = 8 bar).

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La presión de funcionamiento deberá ser, como máximo, de \(P = 600kPa = 6 bar\)

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Para un funcionamiento óptimo, la presión de funcionamiento del sistema de control deberá ser máximo \(P=500kPa = 5\) bar con aire sin lubricar.

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Estructura de un sistema neumático

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estructura de un sistema neumático

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Esquema de conexiones del sistema

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Código de señalización de los componentes

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  • Número del equipo empezando con 1; sólo se utiliza cuando el circuito de mando completo consta de más de un equipo.
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  • Número del circuito de mando comenzando con 1; todos los accesorios con 0.
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  • Señalización de los componentes por medio de letras
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  • Número de los componentes comenzando con 1
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Esquema de conexiones

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DescripciónNomenclatura
De arriba hacia abajo
Elemento de trabajo1A
Elemento de mando1V2
Elemento de procesamiento1V1
Elemento de entrada1S1,1S2,1S3
Elemento de alimentación0Z,0S
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esquema de conexiones

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Nomenclatura

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En el siguiente documento se detalla las diferentes nomenclaturas para el nombramiento de los elementos en un circuito neumático.

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Armando circuitos neumáticos

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Armar los siguientes circuitos neumáticos para irse familiarizando con el software de simulación FluidSIM, conocer la ubicación de los elementos neumáticos y eléctricos. Configuración de válvulas y más elementos.

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Válvulas de control

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esquema

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esquema

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esquema

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esquema

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esquema

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Válvulas combinacionales

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Mini test del capítulo 4

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Video clases del capitlo 4

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@@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ejercicios FluidSim - Neumática e Hidráulica + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Prácticas de clase - Circuitos Neumáticos

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Ejercicios Construyendo circuitos básicos

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Construir el siguiente circuito neumático.

+

Accionar un cilindro de simple efecto con retorno de muelle, con una válvula 3/2 de accionamiento manual con retorno de muelle.

+

basico

+

basico

+
+

Accionamiento directo vs indirecto

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accionamientos

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Control indirecto

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control indirecto

+

!!! note + El accionamiento correcto es el control indirecto, dado que es el más seguro para el usuario ante cualquier falla o contingencia.

+
+

Ejercicios

+

1. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto con retorno de muelle, gobernado por una válvula de presión con retorno de muelle; las válvulas de control restantes son a elección propia del ingeniero (Es con control indirecto).

+

Solución:

+
+ circuito +
+ +
+

2. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto con retorno de muelle, gobernado por una válvula de presión biestable, las válvulas de control restantes son a elección propia del ingeniero.

+
+circuito +
+ +
+

Estructura

+

Estructura de circuitos neumáticos

+ + +

Nomenclatura de circuitos neumáticos

+
+

3. Reproducir el siguiente diagrama y describir su funcionamiento

+

doble or

+
+

Accionamiento por rodillo

+

Presentación y configuración del rodillo:

+

rodillo1

+

Configuración de la válvula por rodillo y cilindro

+

Primero damos doble click sobre el rodillo o el cilindro

+

paso 1

+

Si damos doble click sobre el rodillo, nos saldrá esta ventana donde colocamos la referencia que nos servirá para identificarlo. Por convención, se usa A, B, C,...

+

paso 2

+

Damos Aceptar, y nos quedara la referencia del rodillo.

+

paso 3

+

Ahora, si damos doble click sobre el cilindro, nos saldrá la siguiente ventana y nos vamos a la pestaña "Etiquetas de accionamiento".

+

paso 2.9

+

En esta sección debemos agregar la marca que se vinculara con el rodillo o sensor

+

paso 4

+

Se coloca la marca "A" y en la posición que queremos que exista el sensor o que se accione, en este caso solo queremos que este unicamente al final del cilindro.

+

paso 5

+

Aceptamos, y nos quedara la marca sobre el cilindro, dependiendo de donde lo hayamos configurado.

+

paso 6

+
+ circuito + +
+ +
+

Ejercicios

+

1. Se debe controlar un cilindro de doble efecto, por medio de un botón, Y al mismo tiempo debe estar presionado una válvula por rodillo. Para que regrese el vástago del cilindro debe ser presionado otro botón

+

Solución:

+
+ circuito +
+ circuito +
+ circuito + +
+ +
+

Circuito A+ B+ A- B-

+

2. Se debe accionar una válvula de manera manual para hacer salir el vástago del cilindro de doble efecto 1, cuando éste al 100% deber hacer salir el vástago del cilindro de doble efecto 2, cuando éste vástago este al 100% debe hacer regresar al vástago del cilindro de doble efecto 1 y el cilindro de doble efecto 2

+
+ circuito + circuito +
+ +

Circuito A+ B+ B- A- (Descapotable)

+

Limites 95 y 5

+
+ circuito +
+ +
+

Control de salida del vástago

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+
+

Aplicaciones

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Control de puerta de un autobús

+

El control de apertura y cierre de la puerta de un autobús es llevada a cabo por el chofer que acciona un botón para abrirla y otro botón para cerrarla. Pero para que este sistema funcione el autobus debe estar detenido, es decir, se debe estar presionando el freno (accionamiento por rodillo). Ademas, por fuera, debe existir un botón de enclavamiento (accionamiento por bloqueo con retorno de muelle), el cual debe abrir la puerta del autobus. +La entrada y salida del vástago es lenta, a un 50% en su cierre y a un 30% su apertura.

+

Elevador Simple

+

Tenemos un elevador, el cual se controla por medio de dos pulsadores, con uno podemos subir la plataforma (PS), y con el otro podemos bajar la plataforma (PB). Realiza un circuito neumático para el control, estos pulsadores esta en la parte inferior donde el operador realiza el control.

+

+
+ circuito + + +
+ +
+

Elevador (completo)

+

Ahora el elevador tiene doble control, es decir, cuenta con 4 botones para hacerlo funcionar. Tenemos 2 botones dentro del cajon que sube y en la parte inferior de la plataforma. +2 botones para subir, uno arriba y otro abajo, otros 2 para subir, arriba y abajo.

+

elevador

+
+ circuito +
+ circuito +
+ circuito + +
+ +
+

Martillo neumático

+
+

Papas a la francesa

+

Se debe realizar un circuito neumático para el control del cortador de papas. Para que este funcione se deben cumplir 2 condiciones, con el pie el usuario lo debe activar, en la parte superior debe haber otra aplacan, cuando ambos estén accionados, la maquina comienza a operar automáticamente, es decir, saliendo y entrando el vástago del cilindro. Cuando se desactive por medio de la aplacan o el pedal, se debe detener. +De protección, se debe colocar una válvula principal para detener el flujo de aire del sistema.

+

papas a la francesa

+
+

Electroneumática

+

Armar el siguiente circuito Electroneumático.

+

electroneumtico basico

+
+

Realizar un circuito electroneumático, el cual al presionar un botón salga el vástago, se suelta el botón y el vástago se mantiene, con otro botón se regresa el vástago, se debe usar una válvula biestable con solenoide.

+
+ circuito +
+
+ +
+

Enclavamiento (Interlock)

+

Sistema de enclavamiento (interlock)

+

Realizar el circuito de control eléctrico para cualquiera de estos dos circuitos. Al presionar un botón (S1) se debe salir el vástago, se suelta el botón (S1) y el vástago continua afuera, se presiona otro botón (S2) y el vástago regresa a su posición original.

+

ejercicio enclavamiento

+
+ circuito +
+ circuito simple efecto +
+ circuito doble efecto +
+ +
+

Aplicaciones

+

Prensa de placas

+

En una estación se colocan a presión placas de características sobre cuerpos de válvulas. +En un primer lugar, se colocan las placas de características en los rebajes que poseen los cuerpos de las válvulas para tal fin. +Un cilindro aplica presión sobre ellas, para que queden embutidas. La operación de prensado del cuerpo de la válvula se activa mediante un pulsador. +Una vez sujeto el cuerpo de la válvula, se inicia la operación de prensado. Cuando el cilindro de prensado alcanza su posición delantera de final de carrera, ambos cilindros deben retroceder.

+

prensa

+
+

Sistema transportador

+

Los paquetes que llegan por transportador son elevados por un cilindro neumático A (1.0) y desplazados a otro transportador, mediante un segundo cilindro B (2.0), el regreso del actuador A será en el momento que el actuador B desplace la caja, el actuador B regresará a su posición de inicio cuando A alcance su posición de reposo.

+

+
+

Sistema de taladrado

+

Unas piezas cúbicas de acero son alimentadas desde un almacén de carga por gravedad a una máquina de mecanizado, fijadas, mecanizadas y expulsadas. Un cilindro de doble efecto dispuesto horizontalmente, con el aire de escape estrangulado (1.0) empuja las piezas fuera del almacén bajo el husillo de la taladradora y las mantiene sujetas contra un tope fijo. El husillo de taladrado (2.0) avanza empujado por un cilindro, haciendo descender la broca. Una vez se ha alcanzado la profundidad deseada, fijada por una válvula de accionamiento por rodillo, empieza la carrera de retroceso sin restricción. Al finalizar la carrera de retroceso, la pieza es expulsada por un cilindro de simple efecto (3.0). Después de un período t = 0,6 segundos, empieza la carrera de retroceso rápida. Cuando el cilindro expulsor haya alcanzado la posición final retraída se acciona una cuarta válvula de rodillo, cuya señal puede utilizarse para permitir el inicio de un nuevo ciclo.

+

+
+

Cargador para alimentación de ejes

+

En numerosas máquinas de montaje o mecanizado es necesario alimentar ejes, tubos y similares. Esta operación suele ser automática. En la gráfica se aprecia un cargador de barras apiladas del que salen las piezas una a una. El tamaño del cargador puede adaptarse a la longitud de las piezas. En la salida del cargador hay una palanca basculante (vibratoria) para evitar atascos (ocasionados por la fricción y el peso de las piezas). Este sistema podría ser utilizado, por ejemplo, para alimentar piezas a una máquina lijadora. En el dibujo "b" se muestra una alternativa frente al cargador de piezas apiladas con salida mediante palanca basculante. En este caso se trata de un cargador con salida mediante un segmento que recoge las piezas una a una.

+

+
+

Prensa Latas

+

Diseñar el sistema de control electroneumático de una prensadora de latas, para esto deberá utilizar electroválvulas monoestables, la secuencia deberá ejecutarse de manera manual. Es decir, al presionar el pulsador que comience la secuencia, que realice todos los pasos y para volver a iniciar, se debe presionar de nuevo el botón

+

+
+

Selector de cajas

+

Observar la siguiente animación, la cual consiste en controlar 2 cilindros, los cuales están montados sobre una banda transportadora. +El sistema debe detectar 3 tamaños de cajas, y con base a su altura se deben desplazar hacia otro sitio. Como se muestra en la animación.

+

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Libro de Neumática e Hidráulica

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+

Capítulo 1. Introducción a Neumática e Hidráulica

+

Ejercicios del capítulo 1

+

Mini test capítulo 1

+
+

Capítulo 2. Neumática

+

Ejercicios del capítulo 2

+

Videos - Capítulo 2

+

Mini test capítulo 2

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Capítulo 3. Elementos neumáticos

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Videos - Capítulo 3

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+

Capítulo 4. Circuitos neumáticos y electroneumáticos

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Ejercicios del capítulo 4

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Videos - Capítulo 4

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Mini test capítulo 4

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Bibliografía

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Ejemplos de videos y más en Facebook de Mecatrónica 85

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  • Tippens, Paul E., F\u00edsica, conceptos y aplicaciones. S\u00e9ptima edici\u00f3n. McGraw Hill.

  • Salvador, Antonio Guill\u00e9n.Introducci\u00f3n a la neum\u00e1tica. Productiva. Marcombo. 1993. Barcelona, Espa\u00f1a.

  • Creus, Antonio. Neum\u00e1tica e Hidr\u00e1ulica. Alfaomega - Marcombo. 2007. Espa\u00f1a.

  • FESTO. Fundamentos de neum\u00e1tica, Conjunto de transparencias. 09 5003 E.

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La palabra neuma\u0301tica se refiere al estudio del movimiento del aire.

Los sistemas de aire comprimido proporcionan un movimiento controlado con el empleo de cilindros y motores neuma\u0301ticos y se aplican en herramientas, va\u0301lvulas de control y posicionadores, martillos neuma\u0301ticos, pistolas para pintar, motores neuma\u0301ticos, sistemas de empaquetado, elevadores, herramientas de impacto, prensas neuma\u0301ticas, robots industriales, vibradores, frenos neuma\u0301ticos, etc.

Las ventajas que presenta el uso de la neuma\u0301tica son el bajo coste de sus componentes, su facilidad de disen\u0303o e implementacio\u0301n y el bajo par o la fuerza escasa que puede desarrollar a las bajas presiones con que trabaja (ti\u0301pico 6 bar) lo que constituye un factor de seguridad. Otras caracteri\u0301sticas favorables son el riesgo nulo de explosio\u0301n, su conversio\u0301n fa\u0301cil al movimiento giratorio asi\u0301 como al lineal, la posibilidad de transmitir energi\u0301a a grandes distancias, una construccio\u0301n y mantenimiento fa\u0301ciles y la economi\u0301a en las aplicaciones.

Entre las desventajas figura la imposibilidad de obtener velocidades estables debido a la compresibilidad del aire, los altos costes de la energi\u0301a neuma\u0301tica y las posibles fugas que reducen el rendimiento.

La neuma\u0301tica precisa de una estacio\u0301n de generacio\u0301n y preparacio\u0301n del aire comprimido formada por un compresor de aire, un depo\u0301sito, un sistema de preparacio\u0301n del aire (filtro, lubricador y regulador de presio\u0301n), una red de tuberi\u0301as para llegar al utilizador y un conjunto de preparacio\u0301n del aire para cada dispositivo neuma\u0301tico individual (figura 1.1).

Los sistemas neuma\u0301ticos se complementan con los ele\u0301ctricos y electro\u0301nicos lo que les permite obtener un alto grado de sofisticacio\u0301n y flexibilidad. Utilizan va\u0301lvulas solenoide, sen\u0303ales de realimentacio\u0301n de interruptores magne\u0301ticos, sensores e interruptores ele\u0301ctricos de final de carrera. El PLC (programmable logic controller) les permite programar la lo\u0301gica de funcionamiento de un cilindro o de un conjunto de cilindros realizando una tarea especi\u0301fica.

En determinadas aplicaciones, tales como en movimientos de aproximacio\u0301n ra\u0301pida y avance lento, ti\u0301picos de las fresadoras y rectificadoras, en la sujecio\u0301n de piezas utilizada en los cortes a alta velocidad sobre materiales duros y en la automatizacio\u0301n de procesos de produccio\u0301n, se combinan la neuma\u0301tica y la hidra\u0301ulica en un circuito oleoneuma\u0301tico, utilizando la parte neuma\u0301tica para el accionamiento y control y la parte hidra\u0301ulica para el actuador.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#hidraulica","title":"Hidr\u00e1ulica","text":"

La hidra\u0301ulica utiliza ba\u0301sicamente los fluidos hidra\u0301ulicos como medios de presio\u0301n para mover los pistones de los cilindros. En la figura 1.2 se representa el movimiento ti\u0301pico de un pisto\u0301n dentro del cilindro gracias a la energi\u0301a proporcionada por un sistema hidra\u0301ulico formado por una bomba, un depo\u0301sito y un conjunto de tuberi\u0301as que llevan el fluido a presio\u0301n hasta los puntos de utilizacio\u0301n.

Dentro de estos sistemas se encuentran los motores hidra\u0301ulicos con velocidades que abarcan desde 0,5 rpm hasta 10.000 rpm y el par que proporcionan va desde 1 N/m (baja velocidad) hasta 20.000 N/m (alta velocidad).

Los sistemas hidra\u0301ulicos se aplican ti\u0301picamente en dispositivos mo\u0301viles tales como maquinaria de construccio\u0301n, excavadoras, plataformas elevadoras, aparatos de elevacio\u0301n y transporte, maquinaria para agricultura y simuladores de vuelo.

Sus aplicaciones en dispositivos fijos abarcan la fabricacio\u0301n y montaje de ma\u0301quinas de todo tipo, li\u0301neas transfer, aparatos de elevacio\u0301n y transporte, prensas, ma\u0301quinas de inyeccio\u0301n y moldeo, ma\u0301quinas de laminacio\u0301n, ascensores y montacargas.

Tienen las siguientes ventajas:

Gran potencia transmitida con pequen\u0303os componentes, posicionamiento preciso, arranque con cargas pesadas, movimientos lineales independientes de la carga, ya que los li\u0301quidos son casi incompresibles y pueden emplearse va\u0301lvulas de control, operacio\u0301n suave e inversa, buen control y regulacio\u0301n y disipacio\u0301n favorable de calor.

Y entre sus desventajas figuran:

Polucio\u0301n del ambiente con riesgo de incendio y accidentes en el caso de fuga de aceite, sensibilidad a la suciedad, peligro presente debido a las excesivas presiones, dependencia de la temperatura por cambios en la viscosidad.

Ana\u0301logamente, a los sistemas neuma\u0301ticos, los sistemas hidra\u0301ulicos se complementan con los ele\u0301ctricos y electro\u0301nicos mediante dispositivos tales como va\u0301lvulas solenoide, sen\u0303ales de realimentacio\u0301n de interruptores magne\u0301ticos, sensores e interruptores ele\u0301ctricos de final de carrera. Es fa\u0301cil, en particular en sistemas complejos, acoplarles un PLC (programmable logic controller) que les permite programar la lo\u0301gica de funcionamiento de varios cilindros.

En determinadas aplicaciones, tales como en movimientos de aproximacio\u0301n ra\u0301pida y avance lento, ti\u0301picos de las fresadoras y rectificadoras, en la sujecio\u0301n de piezas utilizada en los cortes a alta velocidad sobre materiales duros y en la automatizacio\u0301n de procesos de produccio\u0301n, se combinan los sistemas neuma\u0301tico, hidra\u0301ulico y ele\u0301ctrico en la forma siguiente:

  • Circuito electroneuma\u0301tico \u2013 Accionamiento ele\u0301ctrico - Actuador neuma\u0301tico.
  • Circuito oleoneuma\u0301tico \u2013 Accionamiento neuma\u0301tico \u2013 Actuador hidra\u0301ulico.
  • Circuito electrohidra\u0301ulico \u2013 Accionamiento ele\u0301ctrico \u2013 Actuador hidra\u0301ulico.
"},{"location":"capitulo1/#presion","title":"Presi\u00f3n","text":"

La fuerza normal aplicada por unidad de \u00e1rea.

La presi\u00f3n ejercida de un fluido sobre una superficie - y viserversa - el cociente entre la fuerza y la superficie que recibe su acci\u00f3n. Es decir,

\\[ \\]

En donde:

  • \\(P = Presi\u00f3n \\text{ } (N/m^2)\\)
  • \\(F = Fuerza \\text{ } (N)\\)
  • \\(A = \u00c1rea \\text{ } (m^2)\\)

Visto la definicio\u0301n deducimos que para aumentar la fuerza que ejerce un fluido tenemos dos opciones.

  • Aumentar la presio\u0301n del fluido.
  • Aumentar la superficie sobre la que actu\u0301a el fluido.
"},{"location":"capitulo1/#equivalencias","title":"Equivalencias","text":""},{"location":"capitulo1/#fuerza","title":"Fuerza","text":"\\[1\\text{ }N = 1 \\text{ }kgm/s^2\\] \\[1\\text{ }kgf = 1 \\text{ }kp = 9.81N\\]

\\(kgf = \\text{kilogramo-fuerza}\\) \\(kp = \\text{kilopondio}\\)

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#presion_1","title":"Presi\u00f3n","text":"\\[1 \\text{ pascal (Pa)} = 1 \\text{ Newton por metro cuadrado} (N/m^2)\\] \\[1kPa = 1,000 N/m^2\\] \\[1bar = 1MPa=0,9869 atm=1,01972 kgf/cm^2\\]"},{"location":"capitulo1/#tipos-de-presion","title":"Tipos de presi\u00f3n","text":""},{"location":"capitulo1/#presion-atmosferica","title":"Presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica","text":"
  • Peso de la atm\u00f3sfera sobre la superficie de la tierra.
  • Se origina debido al peso del aire que act\u00faa sobre todo cuerpo ubicado en la superficie terrestre.
  • Se manifiesta con la misma intensidad en todas las direcciones.
  • El instrumento que mide la presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica se llama bar\u00f3metro debido a lo cual se le denomina presi\u00f3n barom\u00e9trica.
\\[\\text{Presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica} = \\text{presi\u00f3n barom\u00e9trica}\\]

La presio\u0301n atmosfe\u0301rica al nivel del mar es \\(101.325 kPa\\), o \\(14.7 lb/in^2\\). Debido a que la presio\u0301n atmosfe\u0301rica participa en gran nu\u0301mero de ca\u0301lculos, con frecuencia se usa una unidad de pre\u00adsio\u0301n de 1 atmo\u0301sfera (atm), definida como la presio\u0301n media que la atmo\u0301sfera ejerce al nivel del mar, es decir, \\(101.3 kPa\\).

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#equivalencias_1","title":"Equivalencias","text":"\\[1 atm = 14.7 psi =1,013 bar = 101.325kPa\\] \\[ 1N/m^2 = 9.869 \\times 10^{-6} atm = 10^{-5} bar\\]"},{"location":"capitulo1/#presion-manometrica-o-presion-relativa","title":"Presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica o Presi\u00f3n relativa","text":"

Medida de presi\u00f3n por encima de la presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#manometro","title":"Manom\u00e9tro","text":"

Es un instrumento de medici\u00f3n para la presi\u00f3n de fluidos contenidos en recipientes cerrados. Se distinguen dos tipos de man\u00f3metros, seg\u00fan se empleen para medir la presi\u00f3n de l\u00edquidos o de gases.

En la siguiente figura tenemos un manom\u00e9tro convencional, graduado en bar y psi

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#presion-absoluta","title":"Presi\u00f3n absoluta","text":"

Toma como base el 0 absoluto. Se utiliza para realizar c\u00e1lculos te\u00f3ricos.

\\[\\text{Presi\u00f3n absoluta} = \\text{presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica} + \\text{presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica}\\]"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ejemplos-de-presion","title":"Ejemplos de presi\u00f3n","text":"
  1. Un tubo contiene agua bajo una presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica de 400 kPa. Si se cubre un orificio de 4 mm de di\u00e1metro en el tubo, con un trozo de cinta adhesiva, \u00bfQu\u00e9 fuerza tendr\u00e1 que ser capaz de resistir la cinta?

Datos:

  • \\(Presi\u00f3n=400kPa\\)
  • \\(Diametro=4mm \\rightarrow radio = 2mm\\)

Tenemos las medidas en mil\u00edmetros, entonces debemos convertirlo a metros para poder obtener el \u00e1rea.

\\[ 1m * \\frac{2mm}{1000mm} = 0.002m \\]

Primero debemos obtener el \u00e1rea para poder calcular la fuerza que debe soportar la cinta. Por lo tanto,

\\(\u00c1rea = \\pi r^2 \\rightarrow (0.002m)^2(\\pi)= 0.0000125664m^2\\)

Despejando Fuerza en la f\u00f3rmula de presi\u00f3n nos queda:

\\[F = P*A \\rightarrow (400kPa)(0.0000125664m^2)=5.02656N\\]

Nos da una fuerza resultande de \\(5.02656N\\)

  1. Un pist\u00f3n de 20kg descansa sobre una muestra de gas en un cilindro de 8 cm de di\u00e1metro. \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica sobre el gas?

Datos:

  • \\(Masa=20kg\\)
  • \\(Di\u00e1metro=8cm \\rightarrow radio = 4cm\\)

Para obtener la presi\u00f3n necesitamos el \u00e1rea en donde la fuerza est\u00e1 aplicada, por lo tanto, debemos calcularla, pero primero debemos hacer la conversi\u00f3n de cent\u00edmetros a metros:

\\[1m *\\frac{4cm}{100cm}=0.04m\\]

Una vez tenemos el di\u00e1metro en metros, sustituimos para obtener el \u00e1rea donde est\u00e1 aplicada la presi\u00f3n:

\\[\u00c1rea=\\pi r^2 \\rightarrow (\\pi)(0.04m)^2= 0.00502656m^2\\]

Ahora necesitamos calcular la fuerza que genera el pist\u00f3n que est\u00e1 en reposo; como sabemos que est\u00e1 en reposo, sabemos que le aceleraci\u00f3n que se est\u00e1 aplicando es la gravedad; por ende,

\\(Fuerza = masa * aceleraci\u00f3n \\rightarrow (20kg)(9.81m/s^2)=196.2N\\)

Una vez contando con ambas variables, vamos a sustituir en la f\u00f3rmula de presi\u00f3n:

\\[P = \\frac{196.2N}{0.00502656m^2}=39,032.65Pa\\]

Por lo tanto, nos da una presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica de \\(39.032kPa\\), sobre el gas.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#caudal","title":"Caudal","text":"

Es la cantidad de fluido en peso o volumen, que atraviesa una superficie en la unidad de tiempo. En neuma\u0301tica se usa habitualmente el volumen por unidad de tiempo.

Representa el volumen de un fluido V que pasa por una seccio\u0301n A, transversal a la corriente, en una unidad de tiempo t.

\\[Q = \\frac{V}{t}(m^3/s)\\]

Como \\(V=A*l\\), siendo:

  • \\(A= \\text{Secci\u00f3n transversal}\\)
  • \\(l= \\text{Espacio recorrido por el fluido}\\)
\\[Q= \\frac{A \\times l}{t} \\rightarrow Q=v \\times A\\]

Donde \\(v\\) es la velocidad del fluido.

El caudal viene expresado en \\(m^3/h\\) o \\(l/s\\), dependiendo de la magnitud de la que estemos hablando.

Instrumento para medir caudal es el Caudal\u00edmetro, el cual puede censar agua, gas, o cualquier otro tipo de fluido.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ley-de-continuidad","title":"Ley de continuidad","text":"

En una instalacio\u0301n neuma\u0301tica el caudal es constante, por eso si reducimos la seccio\u0301n en un punto la velocidad tiene que aumentar en ese punto de forma que el caudal se conserve.

La masa de un fluido en movimiento no cambia al fluir. Esto conduce a una relacio\u0301n cuantitativa importante llamada ecuacio\u0301n de continuidad.

\\[V_1 \\times A_1 = V_2 \\times A_2\\]

\\(V= \\text{Rapidez del fluido}\\) \\(A= \\text{\u00c1rea transversal}\\)

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#presion-de-un-fluido","title":"Presi\u00f3n de un fluido","text":"

La fuerza que ejerce un fluido sobre las paredes de un recipiente que lo contiene siempre act\u00faa en forma perpendicular a esas paredes.

Los fluidos ejercen presi\u00f3n en todas las direcciones.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ley-de-pascal","title":"Ley de Pascal","text":"

Cualquier li\u0301quido en un recipiente abierto, por ejemplo, esta\u0301 sujeto a la presio\u0301n atmos\u00adfe\u0301rica adema\u0301s de la presio\u0301n debida a su propio peso. Puesto que el li\u0301quido es relativamente incompresible, la presio\u0301n externa de la atmo\u0301sfera se trasmite por igual a todo el volumen del li\u0301quido. Se conoce como ley de Pascal. En general, se enuncia como sigue:

Una presi\u00f3n externa aplicada a un fluido confinado se transmite uniformemente a trav\u00e9s del volumen de un l\u00edquido.

La figura 1-3 muestra la seccio\u0301n transversal de un recipiente de forma irregular, que tiene paredes ri\u0301gidas El fluido confinado en el ejerce la misma presio\u0301n en todas las direcciones, tal como lo indican las flechas. Si las paredes fueran flexibles, la seccio\u0301n asumiri\u0301a forma circular. Es entonces la Ley de Pascal que hace que una manguera contra incendios asuma forma cili\u0301ndrica cuando es conectada al suministro. Es importante la diferencia entre co\u0301mo actu\u0301a la fuerza sobre un fluido y co\u0301mo lo hace sobre un so\u0301lido. Puesto que el so\u0301lido es un cuerpo ri\u0301gido, puede soportar que se le aplique una fuerza sin que cambie apreciablemente su forma. Por otra parte, un li\u0301quido puede soportar una fuerza u\u0301nicamente en una superficie o frontera cerrada.

Este feno\u0301meno nos permite amplificar/reducir fuerzas teniendo como contraprestacio\u0301n una reduccio\u0301n/amplificacio\u0301n de los desplazamientos.

Igualando las presiones tenemos

\\(P_1 =F_1 /A_1\\) \\(P_2= F_2 / A_2\\)

\\[F_1 /A_1 = F_2 / A_2\\]

Como el volumen desplazado es el mismo \\(V_1 = V_2\\), Luego:

\\[l1 \\times A1=l2 \\times A2\\]

\\(A= \\text{\u00c1rea de la secci\u00f3n del recipiente}\\) \\(l = Altura\\)

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ley-de-boyle-mariotte","title":"Ley de Boyle-Mariotte","text":"

Esta ley aplciada a gases perfectos dice que a tempratura constante, la presi\u00f3n absoluta es inversamente porpocional al volumen, O sea:

Siempre que la masa y la temperatura de una mues\u00adtra de gas se mantengan constantes, el volumen de dicho gas es inversamente proporcional a su presio\u0301n absoluta.

La presio\u0301n absoluta de un gas confinado en un recipiente varia en forma inversa a su volumen, cuando la temperatura permanece constante.

\\[P_1V_1 = P_2V_2=P_3V_3 = cte \\text{ m y T constantes}\\]

Siendo \\(P_1,P_2,P_3\\) presiones absolutas y \\(V_1,V_2,V_3\\) vol\u00famnes a esas presiones.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ejemplos","title":"Ejemplos:","text":"
  1. El aire expuesto a la presi\u00f3n atmosferica es comprimido a la s\u00e9ptima para de su volumen. \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la presi\u00f3n si la temperatura se mantiene constante?

\\(P_1V_1 = P_2V_2\\)

Despejando \\(P_2\\)

\\[P_2= P_1 \\frac{V_1}{V_2}\\]

Recordamos que se va a comprimir a la s\u00e9ptima parte, por lo tanto;

\\(V_2 = 1/7\\)

Para la presi\u00f3n 1, tnemos que es la presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica

\\(P_1= 100kPa = 1 bar\\) \\(P_2= 1 *7 = 700kPa = 7\\text{ bar absoluto}\\)

  1. Partiendo con \\(40 cm^3\\) de gas confinado a una presio\u0301n manome\u0301trica de \\(3 kg/cm^2\\), fig. 1-5 A, \u00bfCu\u00e1l sera\u0301 el volumen final despue\u0301s de que el gas haya sido comprimido cuatro veces menor?

\\(P_1V_1 = P_2V_2\\)

Sabemos que la presi\u00f3n inicial es de \\(3kg/cm^2\\) y \u00e9sta incrementa 4 veces; por ende, nos queda:

\\(P_2= (3kg/cm^2)(4)= 12kg/cm^2\\)

Despejando \\(V_2\\) de la ecuaci\u00f3n inicial:

\\[ V_2 = \\frac{P_1V_1}{P_2} = \\frac{(3kg/cm^2)(40cm^3)}{12kg/cm^2} = 10cm^3 \\]

Tenemos que el volumen final es de \\(10cm^3\\)

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ley-de-charles-gay-lussac","title":"Ley de Charles-Gay Lussac","text":"

La relaci\u00f3n entre el volumen de un gas y su temperatura, al pasar de un estado a otro a presi\u00f3n constante.

"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ley-de-charles","title":"Ley de Charles","text":"

Mientras la masa y la presio\u0301n de un gas se mantengan cons\u00ad tantes, el volumen de dicho gas es directamente proporcional a su tempera\u00ad tura absoluta.

A presi\u00f3n constante, la raz\u00f3n entre el volumen y la temperatura absoluta de un gas se mantiene constante. O lo que es lo mismo, el volumen es directamente proporcional a la temperatura absoluta.

Si la temperatura de un gas se incrementa su volumen se incrementa en la misma proporcio\u0301n, permaneciendo su presio\u0301n constante, o si la temperatura del gas se incrementa, se incrementa tambie\u0301n su presio\u0301n en la misma proporcio\u0301n, cuando permanece el volumen constante.

\\[ \\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \\frac{V_2}{T_2} =\\frac{V_3}{T_3} = etc \\text{ m y P constantes} \\]
  • \\(m = masa\\)
  • \\(P= presi\u00f3n\\)
"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ley-de-gay-lussac","title":"Ley de Gay-Lussac","text":"

Si el volumen de una muestra de gas permanece constan\u00adte, la presio\u0301n absoluta de dicho gas es directamente proporcional a su tempe\u00ad ratura absoluta.

\\[ \\frac{P_1}{T1} = \\frac{P_2}{T2} =\\frac{P_3}{T3} = etc \\text{ m y V constantes} \\]
  • \\(m = masa\\)
  • \\(V= volumen\\)
"},{"location":"capitulo1/#ejercicios-del-capitulo-1","title":"Ejercicios del cap\u00edtulo 1","text":"
  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo1/ejercicios1/","title":"Ejercicios","text":""},{"location":"capitulo1/ejercicios1/#presion","title":"Presi\u00f3n","text":"
  1. Tenemos una tuber\u00eda de PVC en la cual est\u00e1 corriendo un fluido con presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica de 100kPa. Si dicha tuber\u00eda tiene una perforaci\u00f3n rectangular de 1cm de alto y 2 cm de ancho, y queremos tapar dicha \u00e1rea. \u00bfC\u00f3mo m\u00ednimo cuanta presi\u00f3n debe ser capaz de resistir?
  2. \u00bfCu\u00e1l ser\u00e1 la fuerza te\u00f3rica que desarrolla un cilindro de 50mm de di\u00e1metro a una presi\u00f3n de 6 bar?
  3. Un pist\u00f3n de 12kg de aluminio descansa sobre una muestra de aire en un cilindro de 5cm de di\u00e1metro. \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la presi\u00f3n manom\u00e9trica sobre el gas?
  4. Un cilindro meta\u0301lico de 80 kg, 2m de longitud y un a\u0301rea de \\(25cm^2\\) en cada base. Si una de sus bases esta\u0301 en contacto con el piso, \u00bfque\u0301 presio\u0301n ejerce el cilindro sobre el suelo?
  5. La presio\u0301n atmosfe\u0301rica tiene un valor aproximado de \\(1.0 \\times 10^5\\) Pa. \u00bfQue\u0301 fuerza ejerce el aire confinado en una habitacio\u0301n sobre una ventana de 40 cm \\(\\times\\) \\(80 cm\\)?
"},{"location":"capitulo1/ejercicios1/#ley-de-boyle-mariotte","title":"Ley de Boyle-Mariotte","text":"
  1. Un pisto\u0301n de una bomba herme\u0301tica se retira de modo que el volumen de la ca\u0301mara de aire aumenta tres veces. Tomando en cuenta que la presi\u00f3n inicial es de 100kPa \u00bfCua\u0301l es el cambio de presio\u0301n?
  2. Un gas ideal ocupa un volumen de \\(4m^3\\) a una presio\u0301n absoluta de 200 kPa. \u00bfCua\u0301l sera\u0301 la nueva presio\u0301n si el gas es comprimido lentamente hasta \\(2m^3\\) a temperatura constante?
  3. La presio\u0301n absoluta de una muestra de un gas ideal es de 300 kPa a un volumen de \\(2.6 m^3\\). Si la presio\u0301n disminuyera a 101 kPa a temperatura constante, \u00bfcua\u0301l seri\u0301a el nuevo volumen?
  4. Un recipiente herm\u00e9ticamente cerrado contiene aire a una presi\u00f3n relativa de 2 bar. El volumen de dicho recipiente es de 5 litros. Si el volumen se reduce hasta 1.5listro. \u00bfCu\u00e1l ser\u00e1 la presi\u00f3n absoluta y relativa del gas para la misma temperatura?
"},{"location":"capitulo1/ejercicios1/#cuestionario","title":"Cuestionario","text":"
  1. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es neum\u00e1tica?
  2. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es hidr\u00e1ulica?
  3. Ejemplos de herramientas neum\u00e1ticas
  4. Aplicaciones de la neum\u00e1tica
  5. Funci\u00f3n de una v\u00e1lvula
  6. Verifica la siguiente aseveraci\u00f3n, El elemento que usa la hidr\u00e1ulica es el aire
  7. Verifica la siguiente aseveraci\u00f3n, El elemento que usa la neum\u00e1tica es un liquido
  8. Ventajas del uso de neum\u00e1tica
  9. Desventajas de la neum\u00e1tica
  10. Ventajas del uso de hidr\u00e1ulica
  11. Desventajas de la hidr\u00e1ulica
  12. Qu\u00e9 es presi\u00f3n
  13. Cu\u00e1l es la presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica
  14. Verifica la siguiente aseveraci\u00f3n, La presi\u00f3n absoluta es igual a la suma de presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica m\u00e1s la presi\u00f3n relativa
  15. Verifica la siguiente aseveraci\u00f3n, La presi\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica es lo mismo que presi\u00f3n barom\u00e9trica
  16. Qu\u00e9 es un man\u00f3metro
  17. Qu\u00e9 es caudal
  18. Cu\u00e1l es la ley de continuidad
  19. Cu\u00e1l es la ley de Boyle-Mariotte
  20. Cu\u00e1l es la ley de Gay-Lussac
  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo1/mini-test/","title":"Mini test del cap\u00edtulo 1","text":"Cargando\u2026"},{"location":"capitulo2/","title":"Cap\u00edtulo 2. Neum\u00e1tica","text":""},{"location":"capitulo2/#caracteristicas-del-aire-comprimido","title":"Caracter\u00edsticas del aire comprimido","text":"

El aire, como todos los gases, es comprimible y comprensible; es decir, es el\u00e1stico. Dentro de un recipiente con capacidad de 1 litro, es posible introducir varios litros de aire gracias a que se puede comprimir y al liberarlo, vuelve a su volumen normal.

Para comprimir el aire, se tiene que realizar un esfuerzo y sera\u0301 mayor cuanto mayor se quiera comprimir. Cuando el aire se libera a su estado normal, desarrolla una gran energi\u0301a y es esta energi\u0301a la que se utiliza para realizar los trabajos pesados.

El aire, como se sabe, es un gas casi perfectamente caracteriz\u00e1ndose esencialmente por su fluidez, compresibilidad y elasticidad. La fluidez permite a sus part\u00edculas no ofrecer resistencia apenas al deslizamiento; la compresibilidad (Fig. 1.1) hace que una determinada cantidad de gas pueda reducir su volumen si este se encuentra en un recinto herm\u00e9ticamente cerrado; la elasticidad permite que al comprimirlo en ese mismo recinto, ejerza sobre sus paredes una determinada presi\u00f3n, normal a las superficies en contacto (Fig. 1.2).

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#unidades-empleadas-y-equivalencias","title":"Unidades empleadas y equivalencias","text":"\\[1 atm = 14.7 psi =1,013 bar = 101.325kPa\\] \\[ 1N/m^2 = 9.869 \\times 10^{-6} atm = 10^{-5} bar\\]"},{"location":"capitulo2/#sistema-de-compresion-de-aire","title":"Sistema de compresi\u00f3n de aire","text":""},{"location":"capitulo2/#compresor","title":"Compresor","text":"

Los compresores son ma\u0301quinas que se utilizan para comprimir el aire. El ma\u0301s elemental es el compresor alternativo, pero para aplicaciones industriales se construyen ma\u0301quinas auto\u0301nomas que utilizan un motor ele\u0301ctrico y que se denominan electrocompresores.

Es el elemento de la instalacio\u0301n encargado de comprimir el aire que capta de la atmo\u0301sfera elevando su presio\u0301n.

Se compone de un cilindro y su culata con las correspondientes va\u0301lvulas, una de admisio\u0301n y otra de expulsio\u0301n; un pisto\u0301n provisto de segmentos para asegurar la compresio\u0301n; una biela manivela (conversio\u0301n de un movimiento circular en rectili\u0301neo alternativo) y un cigu\u0308en\u0303al. Todo montado en un ca\u0301rter que, a su vez, hace de depo\u0301sito para el aceite lubricante.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#tipos-de-compresores","title":"Tipos de compresores","text":"

Dependiendo del tipo de compresor que utilicemos distinguimos varios tipos.

  • Compresores Volume\u0301tricos.
  • Compresores Centri\u0301fugos.
"},{"location":"capitulo2/#compresores-volumetricos","title":"Compresores Volum\u00e9tricos","text":"

Dentro de este grupo destacan los compresores de pisto\u0301n, que son los ma\u0301s difundidos. Se construyen de baja, media y alta presio\u0301n, aunque en este caso deben disponer de varias etapas compresoras.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#compresor-de-piston-de-una-sola-etapa","title":"Compresor de pist\u00f3n de una sola etapa","text":"

La Figura 13.2 muestra un compresor de pisto\u0301n cla\u0301sico de una sola etapa. El aire aspirado por el pisto\u0301n en su carrera des\u00adcendente penetra en la ca\u0301mara de compresio\u0301n a trave\u0301s de la va\u0301lvula de admisio\u0301n y despue\u0301s es inmediatamente comprimido hasta la presio\u0301n de trabajo, momento en el que se abre la va\u0301lvula de escape. Durante el trabajo de compresio\u0301n se genera calor -segu\u0301n previene la ley de Gay-Lussac- lo que obli\u00adga a una refrigeracio\u0301n del cilindro proporcional a la cantidad de calor producida. En los compresores pequen\u0303os bastan las aletas que lleva el cilindro por la parte exterior. En los mayo\u00adres se instala adema\u0301s un ventilador y en los de alta presio\u0301n es necesaria la refrigeracio\u0301n por agua.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#compresor-de-piston-2-etapas-montaje-en-v","title":"Compresor de pist\u00f3n 2 etapas montaje en V","text":"

En la Figura 13.3 aparece un compresor de pisto\u0301n de dos etapas y montaje en V. El aire comprimido en el primer pisto\u0301n, despue\u0301s de refrigerado, se introduce en un segundo cilindro de volumen inferior que lo vuelve a comprimir. Asi\u0301 se obtienen presiones de 1 a 20 bar y con tres etapas se puede llegar hasta 220 bar.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#compresores-centrifugos","title":"Compresores Centri\u0301fugos","text":"

Se basan en aumentar la presio\u0301n aprovechando la fuerza centri\u0301fuga. Para ello, lanzan el aire captado por el centro de una turbina hacia el exterior, donde lo recogen. De este tipo son la mayori\u0301a de los extractores de aire que tienen las campanas extractoras de las cocinas.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#el-tanque-o-unidad-de-almacenamiento","title":"El tanque o unidad de almacenamiento","text":"

Es un depo\u0301sito de reserva de aire comprimido cuya misio\u0301n es mantener el consumo de la red y evitar pe\u0301rdidas de carga bruscas en la misma, en caso de fallo o accidente. En este ele\u00admento se elimina parte del agua -que se condensa en su parte inferior- por medio de un orificio de purga.

Cumple varias funciones en una instalaci\u00f3n de aire comprimido:

  • Amortiguar las pulsaciones del caudal de salida de los compresores alternativos.
  • Permitir que los motores de arrastre de los compresores no tengan que trabajar de manera continua, sino intermitente.
  • Hacer frente a las demandas punta de caudal sin que se provoquen ca\u00eddas de presi\u00f3n en la red.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#presostato-switch-de-presion","title":"Presostato (Switch de presi\u00f3n)","text":"

Si has observado los compresores no esta\u0301n funcionando continuamente. Esto es debido a que es posible acumular la energi\u0301a neuma\u0301tica. El depo\u0301sito se va a llenar hasta que alcance una determinada presio\u0301n ma\u0301xima, en ese momento el motor que acciona el compresor para. A medida que vamos consumiendo aire vamos extraye\u0301ndolo del depo\u0301sito, con lo cual va bajando su presio\u0301n. Al llegar a una presio\u0301n mi\u0301nima el compresor vuelve a arrancar para recuperar la presio\u0301n perdida. Vemos que el depo\u0301sito vari\u0301a entre un valor ma\u0301ximo y uno mi\u0301nimo. El elemento que mide esas presiones y regula el funcionamiento del compresor es el presostato. B\u00e1sicamente, es un interruptor regulado por presio\u0301n.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#valvula-de-seguridad","title":"Va\u0301lvula de Seguridad","text":"

Si por alguna razo\u0301n el presostato que regula el funcionamiento del compresor fallase, pueden ocurrir dos cosas. Si falla el mecanismo que regula el arranque cuando baja la presio\u0301n, el compresor no funcionari\u0301a, pero no pasari\u0301a nada ma\u0301s. Si falla el mecanismo de paro cuando alcanza la presio\u0301n de trabajo, el compresor continuari\u0301a aumentando la presio\u0301n en el interior del depo\u0301sito y este podri\u0301a estallar al no aguantar a presio\u0301n.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#valvula-de-purga","title":"Va\u0301lvula de purga","text":"

Debido a las presiones a las que es sometido el aire durante la compresio\u0301n, parte del vapor de agua que contiene el aire puede licuar. Esta agua condensada se acumula en la parte inferior del depo\u0301sito y perio\u0301dicamente hay que purgarla para evitar que pase a la instalacio\u0301n.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#unidad-de-mantenimiento","title":"Unidad de Mantenimiento","text":"

Hasta ahora lo que hemos hecho ha sido comprimir el aire y almacenarlo para poder utilizarlo. El almacenamiento se realiza, como hemos visto, entre dos presiones determinadas. Estas variaciones perturbari\u0301an el funcionamiento de la instalaci\u00f3n, ya que funcionari\u0301a de manera distinta para cada presio\u0301n. Es por ello que debemos realizar un acondicionamiento final que estabilice esa presio\u0301n en un valor fijo. Este acondicionamiento es lo que hacemos en la unidad de mantenimiento.

Para la utilizacio\u0301n del aire comprimido, se requiere de un proceso de purificacio\u0301n, regulacio\u0301n y engrase, que se logra mediante una unidad de mantenimiento, que debe ir montada en la entrada general de los circuitos neuma\u0301ticos. Esta unidad tiene los siguientes objetivos:

  • Eliminar el agua condensada arrastrada por el aire a lo largo de las tuberi\u0301as hacia los elementos de trabajo y dispositivos de mando.
  • Detener las parti\u0301culas so\u0301lidas que contiene el aire comprimido en suspensio\u0301n.
  • Regular la presio\u0301n de utilizacio\u0301n del aire comprimido con el fin de lubricar los elementos neuma\u0301ticos.

Asi\u0301 que la unidad de mantenimiento representa una combinacio\u0301n de los siguientes elementos:

  • Filtro de aire comprimido
  • Regulador de presio\u0301n
  • Lubricador de aire comprimido

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#filtro","title":"Filtro","text":"

Su misio\u0301n es retener las impurezas que pudiera contener el aire procedente del depo\u0301sito y que podri\u0301an deteriorar la instalacio\u0301n posterior. Esta\u0301 formado por un elemento filtrante, que puede ser de papel, una chapa meta\u0301lica taladrada o una malla de alambre, encargado de retener las impurezas. Aqui\u0301 quedan retenidas las parti\u0301culas de taman\u0303o mayor que las de la malla. El recipiente del filtro tiene tambie\u0301n un disen\u0303o especial para que el aire en su recorrido realice un movimiento helicoidal que favorece que por efecto de las fuerzas centri\u0301fugas las gotas de agua y las parti\u0301culas ma\u0301s grandes salgan proyectadas contra las paredes del filtro y sean recogidas en la parte inferior del filtro. Esta parte inferior del filtro es desmontable y perio\u0301dicamente es necesario limpiarla.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#regulador-de-presion","title":"Regulador de presi\u00f3n","text":"

Mantiene la presio\u0301n en su salida constante independientemente de las variaciones de presio\u0301n que haya en la entrada. La presio\u0301n de salida tiene que ser siempre inferior a la presio\u0301n mi\u0301nima del depo\u0301sito. Como vemos en la imagen el aire pasa a trave\u0301s de un orificio y mediante una membrana vence la fuerza de un muelle, dependiendo de la presio\u0301n la fuerza es mayor o menor mientras que la del muelle es constante. Esto provoca la mayor o menor apertura del orificio de paso, haciendo que la presio\u0301n se mantenga constante aguas abajo.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#lubricador","title":"Lubricador","text":"

Es el elemento que proporciona aceite para la lubricacio\u0301n de la instalacio\u0301n. Debido al efecto Venturi absorbe aceite de un depo\u0301sito y lo pulveriza en el aire de trabajo. El aceite lo an\u0303adimos para reducir rozamientos en los elementos mo\u0301viles de la instalacio\u0301n y proteger toda ella de la oxidacio\u0301n. En este punto tendremos una caudal de aire a presio\u0301n en condiciones de abastecer nuestra instalacio\u0301n a presio\u0301n constante.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#manometro","title":"Mano\u0301metro","text":"

Los mano\u0301metros son aparatos de control que sirven para medir la presio\u0301n existente en un circuito en un momento dado. La presio\u0301n P del circuito tiende a rectificar el muelle tubular (2), el cual mueve el sector (4) que hace girar el pin\u0303o\u0301n (5) unido a la aguja indicadora (6). En la escala (7) puede leerse entonces la presio\u0301n registrada. La can\u0303a (10) del aparato lleva un estrangulador (8) que amortigua el impacto de la presio\u0301n sobre la aguja.

"},{"location":"capitulo2/#ejercicios-del-capitulo-2","title":"Ejercicios del Cap\u00edtulo 2","text":"
  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo2/ejercicios2/","title":"Ejercicios del cap\u00edtulo 2","text":"
  1. Cu\u00e1l es la funci\u00f3n general de un cilindro; es decir, \u00bfc\u00f3mo es la conversi\u00f3n de energ\u00eda?
  2. A qu\u00e9 se le llama carrera de avance y retroceso
  3. Dibujar el cilindro de simple efecto e indicar sus partes
  4. Mencione al menos 2 tipos de accionamiento de las v\u00e1lvulas
  5. C\u00f3mo es la operaci\u00f3n de una v\u00e1lvula check o antetirretorno
  6. Describa la estructura de un sistema neum\u00e1tico
  7. Explique c\u00f3mo est\u00e1 operando el siguiente circuito detalladamente; es decir, qu\u00e9 est\u00e1 realizando cada elemento en cada momento
  8. Indicar el nombre completo de los siguientes s\u00edmbolos
  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo2/mini-test/","title":"Mini test del cap\u00edtulo 2","text":"Cargando\u2026"},{"location":"capitulo2/video/","title":"Video clases del capitulo 2","text":""},{"location":"capitulo3/","title":"Cap\u00edtulo 3. Elementos neum\u00e1ticos","text":"

Para un funcionamiento \u00f3ptimo, la presi\u00f3n de funcionamiento del sistema de control deber\u00e1 ser de m\u00e1ximo P=500kPa = 5 bar con aire sin lubricar.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#cilindros","title":"Cilindros","text":"

Los cilindros neum\u00e1ticos son, por regla general, los elementos que realizan el trabajo. Su funci\u00f3n es la de transformar la energ\u00eda neum\u00e1tica en trabajo mec\u00e1nico de movimiento rectil\u00edneo, que consta de carrera de avance y carrera de retroceso.

De acuerdo a esta teori\u0301a fi\u0301sica, si dentro del sistema se presenta una diferencia de a\u0301reas y la fuerza es igual en cualquier punto, entonces se tendra\u0301 una diferencia de presiones. Este principio se aplica en un dispositivo hidra\u0301ulico denominado cilindro.

  • Tubo de secci\u00f3n circular constante, cerrado por sus extremos
  • En su interior se desliza un \u00e9mbolo solidario con un v\u00e1stago
  • El \u00e9mbolo divide al cilindro en dos vol\u00famenes llamados c\u00e1maras
  • Hay una abertura en cada c\u00e1mara para que entre y salga el aire.

Capacidad de trabajo:

  • Carrera: Desplazamiento que efect\u00faa el \u00e9mbolo en el interior del cilindro. De ella depende la Longitud (L) de desplazamiento del v\u00e1stago.
  • En los cilindros se obtiene el m\u00e1ximo esfuerzo cuando la presi\u00f3n se ejerce sobre la cara del \u00e9mbolo opuesta al v\u00e1stago, ya que su superficie es mayor. En este caso el \u00e9mbolo y el v\u00e1stago realizan una CARRERA DE AVANCE.

  • Si la presi\u00f3n se ejerce sobre la cara del \u00e9mbolo solidaria con el v\u00e1stago, se origina una CARRERA DE RETROCESO.

  • Di\u00e1metro (D): Determina la superficie del \u00e9mbolo. Dada una determinada presi\u00f3n del aire, cuanto mayor sea la superficie del \u00e9mbolo, mayor ser\u00e1 la fuerza que ejerce el v\u00e1stago, ya que:

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#cilindro-de-simple-efecto","title":"Cilindro de simple efecto","text":"

Estos cilindros tienen una sola conexio\u0301n de aire. No pueden realizar trabajos ma\u0301s que en un sentido. Entonces para que el va\u0301stago (o pisto\u0301n) salga se aplica el aire y para que el va\u0301stago retorne se dispone de un muelle incorporado o de una fuerza externa. El muelle incorporado se calcula de modo que haga regresar el e\u0301mbolo a su posicio\u0301n inicial a una velocidad suficientemente grande. En los cilindros de simple efecto con muelle incorporado, su longitud limita la carrera (el desplazamiento efectivo del va\u0301stago). Por eso, estos cilindros no sobrepasan una carrera de unos 100mm. Se utilizan principalmente para sujetar, expulsar, apretar, levantar, alimentar, etc. En la figura 8.1 se ilustra un esquema de la estructura interna, indicando las partes que lo componen. Como se observa en la figura, el fluido (aire o aceite) entra por la ca\u0301mara izquierda y empuja al e\u0301mbolo venciendo la resistencia del muelle haciendo que el va\u0301stago salga.

La figura 8.3 muestra el si\u0301mbolo del cilindro de simple efecto. En la figura se tiene:

  • (A) Cilindro de simple efecto con retorno por accio\u0301n de fuerza externa
  • (B) Cilindro de simple efecto con retorno por muelle
  • (C) Inyecta fluido en la ca\u0301mara izquierda del cilindro; las flechas indican que por efecto del fluido se ejerce una fuerza sobre el e\u0301mbolo empujando el sistema hacia la derecha.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#cilindro-de-doble-efecto","title":"Cilindro de doble efecto","text":"

Son los ma\u0301s empleados y el fluido actu\u0301a en ambas ca\u0301maras

La fuerza ejercida por el fluido en cilindros de doble efecto, permite que el va\u0301stago pueda realizar un movimiento de traslacio\u0301n en los dos sentidos. Se dispone de una fuerza u\u0301til tanto en la ida como en el retorno. La figura 8.4 muestra un esquema interno del cilindro. Para que el va\u0301stago se desplace en ambas direcciones es necesario que una de las ca\u0301maras este\u0301 alimentada y la otra este\u0301 en estado de escape (para el aire) o tanque (para el aceite)

Los cilindros de doble efecto comparados con los de simple efecto presentan algunas ventajas:

  1. Pueden realizar esfuerzos en ambas ca\u0301maras.
  2. Las carreras son mayores, pues se aprovecha pra\u0301cticamente toda la longitud del cuerpo del cilindro.
  3. No necesita de esfuerzo para comprimir un muelle por no tenerlo.
  4. El retroceso del va\u0301stago no depende de las cargas o elementos meca\u0301nicos.
  5. El funcionamiento y su posicionamiento se pueden ajustar con mayor precisio\u0301n.
"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvulas-distribuidoras","title":"V\u00e1lvulas distribuidoras","text":"

Son muy similares para los circuitos neuma\u0301ticos e hidra\u0301ulicos. Esta\u0301n compuestos por va\u0301lvulas distribuidoras encargadas de enviar el aire a presio\u0301n a un lugar u otro por los diferentes conductos, o impedir su paso. Todas las va\u0301lvulas distribuidoras tienen un determinado nu\u0301mero de conexiones que llamamos vi\u0301as. A estas conexiones se conectan las tuberi\u0301as de la red. Cada va\u0301lvula distribuidora tiene varias posiciones de funcionamiento, en funcio\u0301n de las vi\u0301as que conecte internamente. Cada va\u0301lvula viene caracterizada por esos dos nu\u0301meros, y de esa forma la nombraremos: No vi\u0301as/no posiciones Asi\u0301 una va\u0301lvula 3/2, sera\u0301 una distribuidora con 3 vi\u0301as y 2 posiciones. Para representarla se hace en la posicio\u0301n de reposo por medio de un recta\u0301ngulo dividido en tantos cuadrados como posiciones tenga la va\u0301lvula, exteriormente se dibujan la vi\u0301as en una de las posiciones y en cada cuadrado las conexiones entre vi\u0301as.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#accionamiento-de-las-valvulas","title":"Accionamiento de las v\u00e1lvulas","text":""},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvulas-distribuidoras_1","title":"V\u00e1lvulas distribuidoras","text":""},{"location":"capitulo3/#conceptos-de-vias-y-posiciones","title":"Conceptos de v\u00edas y posiciones","text":"

Las v\u00e1lvulas de v\u00edas se designan en los cat\u00e1logos de los fabricantes por el n\u00famero de las v\u00edas controladas y de las posiciones de maniobra estable. As\u00ed, una v\u00e1lvula 3/2 v\u00edas quiere decir que posee tres v\u00edas y dos posiciones de maniobra. Hay que observar que la primera cifra es simplemente indicativa de n\u00famero de v\u00edas, indicando la segunda el n\u00famero de posiciones.

Para evitar errores durante el montaje y adem\u00e1s para identificarlos, se indican con letras may\u00fasculas o n\u00fameros.

Seg\u00fan DIN 24300, se indica as\u00ed:

P = Alimentaci\u00f3n de aire comprimido. A,B,C = Salida de trabajo. R,S,T = Escape de aire. X,Y,Z = Conexiones de mando.

Seg\u00fan normas CETOP, es:

1 = Alimentaci\u00f3n de aire comprimido 2 y 4 = Salidas de trabajo 3 y 5 = Escape de aire 12 y 14 = Conexiones de mando

En esta descripcio\u0301n se distingue:

  • Las vi\u0301as: es el nu\u0301mero de orificios exteriores y que son conexiones a los puntos de trabajo.
  • Las posiciones: son las que puede adoptar el distribuidor para dirigir el fluido a las distintas v\u00edas.

Las posiciones de las va\u0301lvulas distribuidoras se representan por medio de cuadrados (figura 8.7(A)). La cantidad de cuadrados (figura 8.7(B) y (H)) indica la cantidad de posiciones de la va\u0301lvula distribuidora. El funcionamiento se representa esquema\u0301ticamente en el interior de las casillas (figura 8.7 (C), (G), (I), (J)). Las li\u0301neas representan tuberi\u0301as o conductos. Las flechas, el sentido de circulacio\u0301n del fluido (figura 8.7(C), (D), (F), (I), (J)).

Las posiciones de cierre dentro de las casillas se representan mediante li\u0301neas transversales (figura 8.7(D), (F), (G), (I), (J)).

La unio\u0301n de conductos o tuberi\u0301as se representa mediante un punto (Figura 8.7(D)).

Las conexiones (entradas y salidas) se representan por medio de trazos unidos a la casilla que esquematiza la posicio\u0301n de reposo o inicial (figura 8.7(E), (I), (J)). La otra posicio\u0301n se obtiene desplazando lateralmente los cuadrados, hasta que las conexiones coincidan.

Las posiciones pueden distinguirse por medio de letras minu\u0301sculas a, b, c... y 0 (figura 8.7(G), (H))

Va\u0301lvula de 3 posiciones: Posicio\u0301n intermedia = Posicio\u0301n de reposo (figura 8.7(H)).

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-22","title":"V\u00e1lvula 2/2","text":"

Las va\u0301lvulas 2/2 sirven para gobernar el paso del fluido. La denominacio\u0301n 2/2 significa que este elemento adopta dos posiciones -paso y cierre- y tiene dos vi\u0301as, P y A. La Figura 15.12, A) representa una de estas va\u0301lvulas en reposo. En esta posicio\u0301n el paso de P hacia A esta\u0301 cerrado. Cuando se acciona el pulsador, el distribuidor pone en comu\u00adnicacio\u0301n la entrada P con la utilizacio\u0301n A (Figura 15.12, B); entonces se dice que la va\u0301lvula esta\u0301 abierta.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-32","title":"V\u00e1lvula 3/2","text":"

Estas va\u0301lvulas permiten la circulacio\u0301n de aceite en una direccio\u0301n y, al mismo tiempo, cortan el paso en la otra direc\u00adcio\u0301n.

Se emplean para gobernar cilindros de simple efecto.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-42","title":"V\u00e1lvula 4/2","text":"

La va\u0301lvula 4/2 es de acciona\u00admiento neuma\u0301tico. La alimentacio\u0301n principal se efectu\u0301a por (1), las vi\u0301as de utilizacio\u0301n son la (2) y la (4), el escape es (3) y las vi\u0301as de pilotaje son la (12) y la (14). Cuando existe sen\u0303al en (12) la corredera y el cursor se desplazan hacia la izquier\u00adda con lo cual la vi\u0301a (2) esta\u0301 en escape y la vi\u0301a (4) alimenta\u00ad da. Al invertir la sen\u0303al de pilotaje [presio\u0301n en (14)], la corre\u00addera se mueve hacia la derecha y comunica la vi\u0301a (2) con la alimentacio\u0301n (1) y la vi\u0301a (4) con el escape (3). Este tipo de va\u0301lvula es apta para mandar un cilindro de doble efecto.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-52","title":"V\u00e1lvula 5/2","text":"

La alimentacio\u0301n de presio\u0301n (1) esta\u0301 conectada con la vi\u0301a (4) y la (2 con la atmo\u0301sfera, a trave\u0301s del escape (3), cuando se manda sen\u0303al de pilotaje por (14). Cuando la corredera recibe el impulso opuesto por (12), se alimenta la vi\u0301a (2) y se pone la (4) a escape (5).

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-43","title":"V\u00e1lvula 4/3","text":"

En la primera posicio\u0301n la alimentacio\u0301n de presio\u0301n (1) esta\u0301 comunicada con la utilizacio\u0301n (4) y la utilizacio\u0301n (2) con esca\u00adpe a la atmo\u0301sfera a trave\u0301s de (3). En la posicio\u0301n opuesta (1) se comunica con (2) y (4) con (3). En la tercera posicio\u0301n que aqui\u0301 aparece como posicio\u0301n central (1), (2), (4) y (3) esta\u0301n cerrados, provocando un bloqueo del aire comprimido en el interior del sistema o elemento colocado posteriormente; de ahi\u0301 la denominacio\u0301n que tiene dicha va\u0301lvula.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#aplicacion-de-las-valvulas-distribuidoras","title":"Aplicaci\u00f3n de las v\u00e1lvulas distribuidoras","text":"

El nu\u0301mero de posiciones y de vi\u0301as condi\u00adciona las posibilidades de empleo de cada tipo de va\u0301lvula. Asi\u0301, las aplicaciones ma\u0301s frecuentes de las va\u0301lvulas son:

  • Va\u0301lvula 2/2, normalmente cerrada. Sirve como va\u0301lvula de paso y para el mando negativo ya citado.
  • Va\u0301lvula 3/2, normalmente cerrada. Se emplea para emi\u00adtir sen\u0303ales de pilotaje sobre otras va\u0301lvulas y para man\u00addar cilindros de simple efecto.
  • Va\u0301lvula 3/2, normalmente abierta. Se puede aplicar en el gobierno de cilindros de simple efecto de largo tiem\u00adpo de accio\u0301n.
  • Va\u0301lvula 4/2. Se utiliza para gobernar cilindros de doble efecto.
  • Va\u0301lvula 5/2. Tiene el mismo empleo que la anterior.
  • Va\u0301lvula 4/3, posicio\u0301n central de bloqueo. Se emplea cuando un cilindro de doble efecto debe quedar blo\u00adqueado en un punto intermedio de su recorrido.
  • Va\u0301lvula 4/3, posicio\u0301n central de desbloqueo. Se emplea cuando un cilindro de doble efecto debe quedar desblo\u00adqueado en un momento de su actuacio\u0301n.
"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-antirretorno-o-valvula-check","title":"Va\u0301lvula antirretorno o v\u00e1lvula Check","text":"

Permite el paso del fluido en un sentido, impidiendo su circulacio\u0301n en el opuesto. Esta\u0301 constituida por un cierre presionado por un muelle. Solo cuando la presio\u0301n del aire es capaz de generar una fuerza que venza la ejercida por el muelle el fluido puede pasar.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-reguladora-de-caudal-bidireccional-o-valvula-de-estrangulamiento","title":"Va\u0301lvula reguladora de caudal bidireccional o v\u00e1lvula de estrangulamiento","text":"

Mediante un estrechamiento en la red regulamos el caudal de fluido que pasa. Si el estrechamiento es regulable mediante un tornillo la regulacio\u0301n del caudal sera\u0301 variable.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-reguladora-de-caudal-unidireccional-o-valvula-de-estrangulamiento-y-antirretorno","title":"Va\u0301lvula reguladora de caudal unidireccional o V\u00e1lvula de estrangulamiento y antirretorno","text":"

La v\u00e1lvula de estrangulamiento y antirretorno reduce el caudal de aire solamente en un sentido. La v\u00e1lvula de antirretorno cierra el paso del aire en un sentido y el aire solo puede pasar a trav\u00e9s de la secci\u00f3n regulada. El aire puede pasar libremente en la direcci\u00f3n contraria a trav\u00e9s de la v\u00e1lvula de antirretorno abierta. Estas v\u00e1lvulas son utilizadas para regular la velocidad de cilindros neum\u00e1ticos.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-selectora-o-valvula-or-o-valvula-o","title":"Va\u0301lvula selectora o va\u0301lvula \u201cOR\u201d o va\u0301lvula O","text":"

Tiene dos vi\u0301as de entrada y una de salida. Tenemos presio\u0301n de salida si tenemos presio\u0301n en una de las entradas o en la otra

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-simultaneidad-o-valvula-and-o-valvula-y","title":"Va\u0301lvula simultaneidad o va\u0301lvula \u201cAND\u201d o va\u0301lvula Y","text":"

Tiene dos vi\u0301as de entrada y una de salida. Tenemos presio\u0301n de salida si tenemos presio\u0301n en una de las entradas y en la otra simulta\u0301neamente.

"},{"location":"capitulo3/#valvula-reguladora-de-presion","title":"V\u00e1lvula reguladora de presi\u00f3n","text":"

Las v\u00e1lvulas reguladoras de presi\u00f3n se encargan en un circuito de controlar la presi\u00f3n del fluido, desde un valor cero hasta el m\u00e1ximo que proporcione la red de distribuci\u00f3n.

  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo3/video/","title":"Video clases del capitulo 3","text":""},{"location":"capitulo4/","title":"Cap\u00edtulo 4. Circuitos neum\u00e1ticos","text":"

Para efectuar el montaje de los sistemas control, debe disponerse de un puesto de trabajo fijo. La alimentaci\u00f3n de aire comprimido puede estar a cargo de un compresor m\u00f3vil con silenciados (m\u00e1ximo 800kPa = 8 bar).

La presi\u00f3n de funcionamiento deber\u00e1 ser, como m\u00e1ximo, de \\(P = 600kPa = 6 bar\\)

Para un funcionamiento \u00f3ptimo, la presi\u00f3n de funcionamiento del sistema de control deber\u00e1 ser m\u00e1ximo \\(P=500kPa = 5\\) bar con aire sin lubricar.

"},{"location":"capitulo4/#estructura-de-un-sistema-neumatico","title":"Estructura de un sistema neum\u00e1tico","text":""},{"location":"capitulo4/#esquema-de-conexiones-del-sistema","title":"Esquema de conexiones del sistema","text":"

C\u00f3digo de se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n de los componentes

  • N\u00famero del equipo empezando con 1; s\u00f3lo se utiliza cuando el circuito de mando completo consta de m\u00e1s de un equipo.
  • N\u00famero del circuito de mando comenzando con 1; todos los accesorios con 0.
  • Se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n de los componentes por medio de letras
  • N\u00famero de los componentes comenzando con 1

Esquema de conexiones

Descripci\u00f3n Nomenclatura De arriba hacia abajo Elemento de trabajo 1A Elemento de mando 1V2 Elemento de procesamiento 1V1 Elemento de entrada 1S1,1S2,1S3 Elemento de alimentaci\u00f3n 0Z,0S

"},{"location":"capitulo4/#nomenclatura","title":"Nomenclatura","text":"

En el siguiente documento se detalla las diferentes nomenclaturas para el nombramiento de los elementos en un circuito neum\u00e1tico.

"},{"location":"capitulo4/#armando-circuitos-neumaticos","title":"Armando circuitos neum\u00e1ticos","text":"

Armar los siguientes circuitos neum\u00e1ticos para irse familiarizando con el software de simulaci\u00f3n FluidSIM, conocer la ubicaci\u00f3n de los elementos neum\u00e1ticos y el\u00e9ctricos. Configuraci\u00f3n de v\u00e1lvulas y m\u00e1s elementos.

"},{"location":"capitulo4/#valvulas-de-control","title":"V\u00e1lvulas de control","text":""},{"location":"capitulo4/#valvulas-combinacionales","title":"V\u00e1lvulas combinacionales","text":""},{"location":"capitulo4/#ejercicios-del-capitulo-4","title":"Ejercicios del cap\u00edtulo 4","text":"
  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo4/ejercicios4/","title":"Ejercicios de Circuitos neum\u00e1ticos","text":"
  1. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con v\u00e1lvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada de forma manual.
  2. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con v\u00e1lvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada de forma manual, el v\u00e1stago debe salir de forma suave.
  3. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con v\u00e1lvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, el v\u00e1stago debe salir de forma suave. Controlada por bot\u00f3n.
  4. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con v\u00e1lvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, el v\u00e1stago debe salir de forma suave. Controlada por interruptor.
  5. Control de cilindro de simple efecto con v\u00e1lvula de 3/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, el v\u00e1stago debe salir de forma suave. Controlada por bot\u00f3n de enclavamiento con luces indicativas.
  6. Control de un cilindro de doble efecto por medio de una v\u00e1lvula 5/2 con palanca de enclavamiento con retorno, con v\u00e1lvula de estrangulamiento con antirretorno para que salga y entre el v\u00e1stago de forma suave.
  7. Control de un cilindro de doble efecto por medio de una v\u00e1lvula 5/2 biestable accionada por solenoide, con botoneras, cuando se active el bot\u00f3n 1 el cilindro expulsar\u00e1 el v\u00e1stago, cuando sea presionado el bot\u00f3n 2 el v\u00e1stago entrar\u00e1. Cuando sea presionado cada bot\u00f3n se debe encender una luz indicativa.
  8. Control de un cilindro de doble efecto por medio de una v\u00e1lvula 5/2 monoestable accionada por solenoide con retorno de muelle, cuando el bot\u00f3n (NA) de arranque se presione se activar\u00e1 la solenoide y expulsar\u00e1 el vastago, el bot\u00f3n se debe enclavar; cuando sea presionado el segundo bot\u00f3n (NC), desenergizar\u00e1 la solenoide y el v\u00e1stago regresar\u00e1. Debe contar con sus luces indicativas
  9. Controlar un cilindro de doble efecto, activado por una valvular accionada por bot\u00f3n con retorno por muelle, al ser accionado debe expulsar el v\u00e1stago; contar\u00e1 con un final de carrera que al tocar el v\u00e1stago har\u00e1 que se retraiga y regrese a su posic\u00f3n inicial.
  10. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto por medio de una v\u00e1lvula OR, por medio de dos v\u00e1lvulas manuales.
  11. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto por medio de una v\u00e1lvula AND, por medio de dos v\u00e1lvulas manuales.
  • Inicio
  • Cap\u00edtulo 1
  • Cap\u00edtulo 2
  • Cap\u00edtulo 3
  • Cap\u00edtulo 4
  • Bibliograf\u00eda
"},{"location":"capitulo4/mini-test/","title":"Mini test del cap\u00edtulo 4","text":"

Proximamente :D

"},{"location":"capitulo4/video/","title":"Video clases del capitlo 4","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/","title":"Pr\u00e1cticas de clase - Circuitos Neum\u00e1ticos","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#ejercicios-construyendo-circuitos-basicos","title":"Ejercicios Construyendo circuitos b\u00e1sicos","text":"

Construir el siguiente circuito neum\u00e1tico.

Accionar un cilindro de simple efecto con retorno de muelle, con una v\u00e1lvula 3/2 de accionamiento manual con retorno de muelle.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#accionamiento-directo-vs-indirecto","title":"Accionamiento directo vs indirecto","text":"

Control indirecto

!!! note El accionamiento correcto es el control indirecto, dado que es el m\u00e1s seguro para el usuario ante cualquier falla o contingencia.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#ejercicios","title":"Ejercicios","text":"

1. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto con retorno de muelle, gobernado por una v\u00e1lvula de presi\u00f3n con retorno de muelle; las v\u00e1lvulas de control restantes son a elecci\u00f3n propia del ingeniero (Es con control indirecto).

Soluci\u00f3n:

2. Control de un cilindro de simple efecto con retorno de muelle, gobernado por una v\u00e1lvula de presi\u00f3n biestable, las v\u00e1lvulas de control restantes son a elecci\u00f3n propia del ingeniero.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#estructura","title":"Estructura","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#estructura-de-circuitos-neumaticos","title":"Estructura de circuitos neum\u00e1ticos","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#nomenclatura-de-circuitos-neumaticos","title":"Nomenclatura de circuitos neum\u00e1ticos","text":"

3. Reproducir el siguiente diagrama y describir su funcionamiento

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#accionamiento-por-rodillo","title":"Accionamiento por rodillo","text":"

Presentaci\u00f3n y configuraci\u00f3n del rodillo:

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#configuracion-de-la-valvula-por-rodillo-y-cilindro","title":"Configuraci\u00f3n de la v\u00e1lvula por rodillo y cilindro","text":"

Primero damos doble click sobre el rodillo o el cilindro

Si damos doble click sobre el rodillo, nos saldr\u00e1 esta ventana donde colocamos la referencia que nos servir\u00e1 para identificarlo. Por convenci\u00f3n, se usa A, B, C,...

Damos Aceptar, y nos quedara la referencia del rodillo.

Ahora, si damos doble click sobre el cilindro, nos saldr\u00e1 la siguiente ventana y nos vamos a la pesta\u00f1a \"Etiquetas de accionamiento\".

En esta secci\u00f3n debemos agregar la marca que se vinculara con el rodillo o sensor

Se coloca la marca \"A\" y en la posici\u00f3n que queremos que exista el sensor o que se accione, en este caso solo queremos que este unicamente al final del cilindro.

Aceptamos, y nos quedara la marca sobre el cilindro, dependiendo de donde lo hayamos configurado.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#ejercicios_1","title":"Ejercicios","text":"

1. Se debe controlar un cilindro de doble efecto, por medio de un bot\u00f3n, Y al mismo tiempo debe estar presionado una v\u00e1lvula por rodillo. Para que regrese el v\u00e1stago del cilindro debe ser presionado otro bot\u00f3n

Soluci\u00f3n:

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#circuito-a-b-a-b-","title":"Circuito A+ B+ A- B-","text":"

2. Se debe accionar una v\u00e1lvula de manera manual para hacer salir el v\u00e1stago del cilindro de doble efecto 1, cuando \u00e9ste al 100% deber hacer salir el v\u00e1stago del cilindro de doble efecto 2, cuando \u00e9ste v\u00e1stago este al 100% debe hacer regresar al v\u00e1stago del cilindro de doble efecto 1 y el cilindro de doble efecto 2

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#circuito-a-b-b-a-descapotable","title":"Circuito A+ B+ B- A- (Descapotable)","text":"

Limites 95 y 5

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#control-de-salida-del-vastago","title":"Control de salida del v\u00e1stago","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#aplicaciones","title":"Aplicaciones","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#control-de-puerta-de-un-autobus","title":"Control de puerta de un autob\u00fas","text":"

El control de apertura y cierre de la puerta de un autob\u00fas es llevada a cabo por el chofer que acciona un bot\u00f3n para abrirla y otro bot\u00f3n para cerrarla. Pero para que este sistema funcione el autobus debe estar detenido, es decir, se debe estar presionando el freno (accionamiento por rodillo). Ademas, por fuera, debe existir un bot\u00f3n de enclavamiento (accionamiento por bloqueo con retorno de muelle), el cual debe abrir la puerta del autobus. La entrada y salida del v\u00e1stago es lenta, a un 50% en su cierre y a un 30% su apertura.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#elevador-simple","title":"Elevador Simple","text":"

Tenemos un elevador, el cual se controla por medio de dos pulsadores, con uno podemos subir la plataforma (PS), y con el otro podemos bajar la plataforma (PB). Realiza un circuito neum\u00e1tico para el control, estos pulsadores esta en la parte inferior donde el operador realiza el control.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#elevador-completo","title":"Elevador (completo)","text":"

Ahora el elevador tiene doble control, es decir, cuenta con 4 botones para hacerlo funcionar. Tenemos 2 botones dentro del cajon que sube y en la parte inferior de la plataforma. 2 botones para subir, uno arriba y otro abajo, otros 2 para subir, arriba y abajo.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#martillo-neumatico","title":"Martillo neum\u00e1tico","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#papas-a-la-francesa","title":"Papas a la francesa","text":"

Se debe realizar un circuito neum\u00e1tico para el control del cortador de papas. Para que este funcione se deben cumplir 2 condiciones, con el pie el usuario lo debe activar, en la parte superior debe haber otra aplacan, cuando ambos est\u00e9n accionados, la maquina comienza a operar autom\u00e1ticamente, es decir, saliendo y entrando el v\u00e1stago del cilindro. Cuando se desactive por medio de la aplacan o el pedal, se debe detener. De protecci\u00f3n, se debe colocar una v\u00e1lvula principal para detener el flujo de aire del sistema.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#electroneumatica","title":"Electroneum\u00e1tica","text":"

Armar el siguiente circuito Electroneum\u00e1tico.

Realizar un circuito electroneum\u00e1tico, el cual al presionar un bot\u00f3n salga el v\u00e1stago, se suelta el bot\u00f3n y el v\u00e1stago se mantiene, con otro bot\u00f3n se regresa el v\u00e1stago, se debe usar una v\u00e1lvula biestable con solenoide.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#enclavamiento-interlock","title":"Enclavamiento (Interlock)","text":"

Sistema de enclavamiento (interlock)

Realizar el circuito de control el\u00e9ctrico para cualquiera de estos dos circuitos. Al presionar un bot\u00f3n (S1) se debe salir el v\u00e1stago, se suelta el bot\u00f3n (S1) y el v\u00e1stago continua afuera, se presiona otro bot\u00f3n (S2) y el v\u00e1stago regresa a su posici\u00f3n original.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#aplicaciones_1","title":"Aplicaciones","text":""},{"location":"capitulo5/#prensa-de-placas","title":"Prensa de placas","text":"

En una estaci\u00f3n se colocan a presi\u00f3n placas de caracter\u00edsticas sobre cuerpos de v\u00e1lvulas. En un primer lugar, se colocan las placas de caracter\u00edsticas en los rebajes que poseen los cuerpos de las v\u00e1lvulas para tal fin. Un cilindro aplica presi\u00f3n sobre ellas, para que queden embutidas. La operaci\u00f3n de prensado del cuerpo de la v\u00e1lvula se activa mediante un pulsador. Una vez sujeto el cuerpo de la v\u00e1lvula, se inicia la operaci\u00f3n de prensado. Cuando el cilindro de prensado alcanza su posici\u00f3n delantera de final de carrera, ambos cilindros deben retroceder.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#sistema-transportador","title":"Sistema transportador","text":"

Los paquetes que llegan por transportador son elevados por un cilindro neum\u00e1tico A (1.0) y desplazados a otro transportador, mediante un segundo cilindro B (2.0), el regreso del actuador A ser\u00e1 en el momento que el actuador B desplace la caja, el actuador B regresar\u00e1 a su posici\u00f3n de inicio cuando A alcance su posici\u00f3n de reposo.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#sistema-de-taladrado","title":"Sistema de taladrado","text":"

Unas piezas c\u00fabicas de acero son alimentadas desde un almac\u00e9n de carga por gravedad a una m\u00e1quina de mecanizado, fijadas, mecanizadas y expulsadas. Un cilindro de doble efecto dispuesto horizontalmente, con el aire de escape estrangulado (1.0) empuja las piezas fuera del almac\u00e9n bajo el husillo de la taladradora y las mantiene sujetas contra un tope fijo. El husillo de taladrado (2.0) avanza empujado por un cilindro, haciendo descender la broca. Una vez se ha alcanzado la profundidad deseada, fijada por una v\u00e1lvula de accionamiento por rodillo, empieza la carrera de retroceso sin restricci\u00f3n. Al finalizar la carrera de retroceso, la pieza es expulsada por un cilindro de simple efecto (3.0). Despu\u00e9s de un per\u00edodo t = 0,6 segundos, empieza la carrera de retroceso r\u00e1pida. Cuando el cilindro expulsor haya alcanzado la posici\u00f3n final retra\u00edda se acciona una cuarta v\u00e1lvula de rodillo, cuya se\u00f1al puede utilizarse para permitir el inicio de un nuevo ciclo.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#cargador-para-alimentacion-de-ejes","title":"Cargador para alimentaci\u00f3n de ejes","text":"

En numerosas m\u00e1quinas de montaje o mecanizado es necesario alimentar ejes, tubos y similares. Esta operaci\u00f3n suele ser autom\u00e1tica. En la gr\u00e1fica se aprecia un cargador de barras apiladas del que salen las piezas una a una. El tama\u00f1o del cargador puede adaptarse a la longitud de las piezas. En la salida del cargador hay una palanca basculante (vibratoria) para evitar atascos (ocasionados por la fricci\u00f3n y el peso de las piezas). Este sistema podr\u00eda ser utilizado, por ejemplo, para alimentar piezas a una m\u00e1quina lijadora. En el dibujo \"b\" se muestra una alternativa frente al cargador de piezas apiladas con salida mediante palanca basculante. En este caso se trata de un cargador con salida mediante un segmento que recoge las piezas una a una.

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#prensa-latas","title":"Prensa Latas","text":"

Dise\u00f1ar el sistema de control electroneum\u00e1tico de una prensadora de latas, para esto deber\u00e1 utilizar electrov\u00e1lvulas monoestables, la secuencia deber\u00e1 ejecutarse de manera manual. Es decir, al presionar el pulsador que comience la secuencia, que realice todos los pasos y para volver a iniciar, se debe presionar de nuevo el bot\u00f3n

"},{"location":"capitulo5/#selector-de-cajas","title":"Selector de cajas","text":"

Observar la siguiente animaci\u00f3n, la cual consiste en controlar 2 cilindros, los cuales est\u00e1n montados sobre una banda transportadora. El sistema debe detectar 3 tama\u00f1os de cajas, y con base a su altura se deben desplazar hacia otro sitio. Como se muestra en la animaci\u00f3n.

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