From 1cf6e34ed6ab95484077f2439560e51b9d2b0322 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GitHub Actions Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2024 14:59:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Automatically adding hedIds --- .../lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki | 502 ++++---- .../lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml | 1006 ++++++++++++++++- .../HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv | 502 ++++---- 3 files changed, 1507 insertions(+), 503 deletions(-) diff --git a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki index cb9d48e..215b5a2 100644 --- a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki +++ b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki @@ -5,271 +5,271 @@ The HED Language schema is a Hierarchical Event Descriptors Library Schema Langu !# start schema -'''Language''' {rooted=Item} [A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country.] -* Afroasiatic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.] -** Arabic [An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia.] -** Hebrew [An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel.] -* Atlantic-Congo-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa.] -** Swahili [An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique.] -* Austroasiatic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.] -** Vietnamese [An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam.] -* Austronesian-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan.] -** Malay [An Austronesian language manily spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand.] -* Dravidian [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal.] -** Tamil [A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore.] -* Indo-European-language {suggestedTag=Language-property} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.] -** Baltic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe.] -*** Latvian [A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia.] -*** Lithuanian [A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania.] -** Germanic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.] -*** Danish [A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark.] -*** Dutch [A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands.] -*** English [A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an adminastrative language.] -*** German [A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe.] -*** Icelandic [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland.] -*** Norwegian [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway.] -*** Swedish [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland.] -** Romance-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin.] -*** Catalan [A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France.] -*** French [A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an adminatrative or official language in parts of the world.] -*** Galician [A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia.] -*** Gallo-Rhaetian-language [A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy.] -*** Italian [A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland.] -*** Portuguese [A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world.] -*** Romanian [A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine.] -*** Spanish [A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas.] -** Slavic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe.] -*** Bulgarian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria.] -*** Croatian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia.] -*** Czech [A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic.] -*** Macedonian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia.] -*** Polish [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland.] -*** Russian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia.] -*** Slovak [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia.] -*** Ukrainian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine.] -* Japonic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.] -** Japanese [A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan.] -* Koreanic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea.] -** Korean [A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea.] -* Sino-Tibetan-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia.] -** Burmo-Qiangic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar.] -*** Burmese [A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar.] -** Sinitic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China.] -*** Gan-Chinese [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian.] -*** Mandarin-Chinese [A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China.] -**** Standard-Chinese [A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China.] -*** Wu-Chinese [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River.] -*** Xiang-Chinese [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces.] -*** Yue-Chinese [A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China.] -**** Cantonese [A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau.] -* Tai-Kadai [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India.] -** Thai [A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand.] -* Turkic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia.] -** Turkish [A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.] -* Uralic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia.] -** Estonian [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia.] -** Finnish [An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland.] -** Hungarian [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary.] +'''Language''' {rooted=Item, hedId=HED_0062001} [A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country.] +* Afroasiatic-language {hedId=HED_0062002} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.] +** Arabic {hedId=HED_0062003} [An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia.] +** Hebrew {hedId=HED_0062004} [An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel.] +* Atlantic-Congo-language {hedId=HED_0062005} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa.] +** Swahili {hedId=HED_0062006} [An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique.] +* Austroasiatic {hedId=HED_0062007} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.] +** Vietnamese {hedId=HED_0062008} [An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam.] +* Austronesian-language {hedId=HED_0062009} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan.] +** Malay {hedId=HED_0062010} [An Austronesian language manily spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand.] +* Dravidian {hedId=HED_0062011} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal.] +** Tamil {hedId=HED_0062012} [A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore.] +* Indo-European-language {suggestedTag=Language-property, hedId=HED_0062013} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.] +** Baltic-language {hedId=HED_0062014} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe.] +*** Latvian {hedId=HED_0062015} [A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia.] +*** Lithuanian {hedId=HED_0062016} [A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania.] +** Germanic-language {hedId=HED_0062017} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.] +*** Danish {hedId=HED_0062018} [A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark.] +*** Dutch {hedId=HED_0062019} [A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands.] +*** English {hedId=HED_0062020} [A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an adminastrative language.] +*** German {hedId=HED_0062021} [A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe.] +*** Icelandic {hedId=HED_0062022} [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland.] +*** Norwegian {hedId=HED_0062023} [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway.] +*** Swedish {hedId=HED_0062024} [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland.] +** Romance-language {hedId=HED_0062025} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin.] +*** Catalan {hedId=HED_0062026} [A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France.] +*** French {hedId=HED_0062027} [A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an adminatrative or official language in parts of the world.] +*** Galician {hedId=HED_0062028} [A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia.] +*** Gallo-Rhaetian-language {hedId=HED_0062029} [A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy.] +*** Italian {hedId=HED_0062030} [A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland.] +*** Portuguese {hedId=HED_0062031} [A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world.] +*** Romanian {hedId=HED_0062032} [A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine.] +*** Spanish {hedId=HED_0062033} [A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas.] +** Slavic-language {hedId=HED_0062034} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe.] +*** Bulgarian {hedId=HED_0062035} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria.] +*** Croatian {hedId=HED_0062036} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia.] +*** Czech {hedId=HED_0062037} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic.] +*** Macedonian {hedId=HED_0062038} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia.] +*** Polish {hedId=HED_0062039} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland.] +*** Russian {hedId=HED_0062040} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia.] +*** Slovak {hedId=HED_0062041} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia.] +*** Ukrainian {hedId=HED_0062042} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine.] +* Japonic {hedId=HED_0062043} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.] +** Japanese {hedId=HED_0062044} [A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan.] +* Koreanic {hedId=HED_0062045} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea.] +** Korean {hedId=HED_0062046} [A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea.] +* Sino-Tibetan-language {hedId=HED_0062047} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia.] +** Burmo-Qiangic-language {hedId=HED_0062048} [A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar.] +*** Burmese {hedId=HED_0062049} [A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar.] +** Sinitic {hedId=HED_0062050} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China.] +*** Gan-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062051} [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian.] +*** Mandarin-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062052} [A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China.] +**** Standard-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062053} [A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China.] +*** Wu-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062054} [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River.] +*** Xiang-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062055} [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces.] +*** Yue-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062056} [A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China.] +**** Cantonese {hedId=HED_0062057} [A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau.] +* Tai-Kadai {hedId=HED_0062058} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India.] +** Thai {hedId=HED_0062059} [A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand.] +* Turkic {hedId=HED_0062060} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia.] +** Turkish {hedId=HED_0062061} [A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.] +* Uralic {hedId=HED_0062062} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia.] +** Estonian {hedId=HED_0062063} [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia.] +** Finnish {hedId=HED_0062064} [An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland.] +** Hungarian {hedId=HED_0062065} [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary.] -'''Bigram''' {rooted=Language-item} [A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words.] +'''Bigram''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062066} [A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words.] -'''Letter-character''' {rooted=Character} [A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system.] +'''Letter-character''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062067} [A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system.] -'''Logogram''' {rooted=Character} [A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems.] +'''Logogram''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062068} [A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems.] -'''Noncharacter''' {rooted=Character} [A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system.] +'''Noncharacter''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062069} [A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system.] -'''Pseudocharacter''' {rooted=Character} [A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram.] +'''Pseudocharacter''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062070} [A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram.] -'''Grapheme''' {rooted=Language-item} [The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme.] +'''Grapheme''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062071} [The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme.] -'''Lemma''' {rooted=Language-item} [The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.] +'''Lemma''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062072} [The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.] -'''Mora''' {rooted=Language-item} [A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable.] +'''Mora''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062073} [A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable.] -'''Morpheme''' {rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property} [A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided.] +'''Morpheme''' {rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property, hedId=HED_0062074} [A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided.] -'''Phone''' {rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme} [A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties.] -* Consonant [A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable.] -* Vowel [A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords.] -** Diphthong [A sound formed by the combination of two vowels.] -** Long-vowel [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form.] -** Short-vowel [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form.] +'''Phone''' {rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme, hedId=HED_0062075} [A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties.] +* Consonant {hedId=HED_0062076} [A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable.] +* Vowel {hedId=HED_0062077} [A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords.] +** Diphthong {hedId=HED_0062078} [A sound formed by the combination of two vowels.] +** Long-vowel {hedId=HED_0062079} [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form.] +** Short-vowel {hedId=HED_0062080} [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form.] -'''Radical''' {rooted=Language-item} [A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary.] +'''Radical''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062081} [A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary.] -'''Language-item-property''' {rooted=Property, requireChild=True} [A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis.] -* Clause-type [The type of a clause.] -** Dependent-clause [Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own.] -** Independent-clause [Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own.] -* Grammatical-category [Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection.] -** Aspect [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed.] -*** Imperfective-aspect [Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event.] -*** Perfective-aspect [Presenting a completed event.] -** Case [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function.] -*** Ablative [Used to express motion away from something, among other uses.] -*** Accusative [Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb.] -*** Dative [Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action.] -*** Genitive [Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses.] -*** Nominative [Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.] -** Countability [A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed.] -*** Countable [Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural).] -*** Uncountable [Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units.] -** Grammatical-number [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more.] -*** Collective [Not representing a specific number.] -*** Dual [Representing exactly two instances of a concept.] -*** Paucal [Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept.] -*** Plural [Representing multiple instances of a concept.] -*** Singular [Representing one instance of a concept.] -*** Singulative [Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective.] -*** Trial [Representing exactly three instances of a concept.] -** Mood [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event.] -*** Conditional [Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition.] -*** Imperative [Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests.] -*** Progressive [Expresses an incomplete state or action.] -*** Subjunctive [Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages.] -** Noun-class [Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality.] -** Tense [Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech.] -*** Future-tense [Referring to an event posterior to time of speech.] -**** Future-perfect [Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] -**** Near-future-tense [Referring to an event shortly after time of speech.] -**** Remote-future-tense [Referring to an event in the remote future.] -*** Non-future-tense [Referring to both a past or present event.] -*** Non-past-tense [Referring to both a present or future event.] -*** Past-tense [Referring to an event anterior to time of speech.] -**** Pluperfect [Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] -**** Recent-past-tense [Referring to an event in the recent past.] -**** Remote-past-tense [Referring to an event in the distant past.] -*** Present-tense [Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech.] -* Language-item-form [The form of a language item.] -** Spoken-form {relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form} [The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human.] -*** Canonical-spoken-form [The regular spoken form of a language item.] -*** Mispronounced-spoken-form [A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified.] -*** Regional-spoken-form [A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent.] -** Written-form {relatedTag=Canonical-written-form} [The expression of a language item through a system of writing.] -*** Canonical-written-form [The accepted spelling of a word in a given language.] -*** Incorrect-written-form [An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such.] -*** Pseudohomophone-form [A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion.] -* Language-item-frequency [The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] -** Bigram-frequency [The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] -** Word-frequency [The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] -* Language-item-probability [The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context.] -** Cloze-probability [The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word.] -* Lexical-role [The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech.] -** Adjective [A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.] -** Adposition [Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation.] -*** Circumposition [Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] -*** Postposition [Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] -*** Preposition [Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] -** Adverb [Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.] -** Classifier [An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent.] -** Conjunction [Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.] -*** Complementizer [Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement.] -*** Coordinating-conjunction [Coordinates elements that are equal to each other.] -*** Negation-word [Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence.] -** Determiner [Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has.] -*** Article [A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.] -*** Possessive-determiner [Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase.] -** Interjection [A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.] -** Noun [Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc.] -** Numeral [Expressing a number or relation to a number.] -** Particle [Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.] -** Pronoun [A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase.] -*** Demonstrative-pronoun [Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.] -*** Indefinite-pronoun [Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning.] -*** Interrogative-pronoun [Pronoun which prompts a question.] -*** Personal-pronoun [Pronoun associated with a grammatical person.] -*** Possessive-pronoun [Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person.] -*** Reflexive-pronoun [Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence.] -*** Relative-pronoun [Pronoun that marks a relative clause.] -** Quantifier [Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount.] -** Verb {suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect} [Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence.] -*** Auxiliary-verb [A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation).] -**** Modal-verb [An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility.] -*** Intransitive-verb [A verb that does not require an object.] -*** Psychological-verb [A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme.] -*** Transitive-verb {suggestedTag=Object} [A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action.] -*** Unaccusative-verb [An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses).] -*** Unergative-verb [An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent.] -* Morpheme-property [A property of a morpheme.] -** Morpheme-function [The function of a morpheme.] -*** Inflective-morphological-function {suggestedTag=Grammatical-category} [Changing the grammatical function.] -**** Conjugate [Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb.] -**** Decline [Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles.] -*** Word-formation-function [Creating a new word.] -**** Compound [To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word.] -**** Derivation [Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix.] -***** Change-word-class {suggestedTag=Lexical-role} [Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to.] -** Morpheme-type [The type of a morpheme.] -*** Bound-morpheme-type [A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes.] -*** Free-morpheme-type [A morpheme type that can function as a word.] -** Morphological-position [The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word.] -*** Affix [A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.] -*** Circumfix [Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end.] -*** Infix [Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word.] -*** Non-concatenative-morphology [Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially).] -**** Apophony [Regular vowel variation.] -**** Clitic-morphological-position [A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word.] -**** Conversion [No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar).] -**** Reduplication [Duplication of all or part of the root word.] -**** Transfixation [Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes.] -**** Truncation [Removal of phonological material from root.] -*** Prefix [Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word.] -*** Suffix [Position of a morpheme at the end of a word.] -* Orthographic-neighborhood-size [The number of closely resembling word-forms.] -* Phrase-role [The role of phrase.] -** Adjective-phrase [Headed by an adjective.] -** Adpostional-phrase [Consisting of an adposition and its complement.] -*** Postpositional-phrase [Consisting of a postposition and its complement.] -*** Prepositional-phrase [Consisting of a preposition and its complement.] -** Adverb-phrase [Functioning as an adverb in a sentence.] -** Noun-phrase [Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.] -** Verb-phrase [Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.] -* Syntactic-role [Role a language-item takes in syntax.] -** Complement [The constituent selected by a head.] -*** Syntactic-object [Complement of a verbal head.] -**** Direct-syntactic-object [A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action.] -**** Indirect-syntactic-object [A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer.] -** Modifier [Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct.] -*** Adjunct [Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred.] -** Predicate [Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it.] -*** Secondary-predicate [Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object).] -** Subject [Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative).] -** Syntactic-Head [Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase.] +'''Language-item-property''' {rooted=Property, requireChild=True, hedId=HED_0062082} [A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis.] +* Clause-type {hedId=HED_0062083} [The type of a clause.] +** Dependent-clause {hedId=HED_0062084} [Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own.] +** Independent-clause {hedId=HED_0062085} [Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own.] +* Grammatical-category {hedId=HED_0062086} [Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection.] +** Aspect {hedId=HED_0062087} [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed.] +*** Imperfective-aspect {hedId=HED_0062088} [Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event.] +*** Perfective-aspect {hedId=HED_0062089} [Presenting a completed event.] +** Case {hedId=HED_0062090} [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function.] +*** Ablative {hedId=HED_0062091} [Used to express motion away from something, among other uses.] +*** Accusative {hedId=HED_0062092} [Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb.] +*** Dative {hedId=HED_0062093} [Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action.] +*** Genitive {hedId=HED_0062094} [Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses.] +*** Nominative {hedId=HED_0062095} [Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.] +** Countability {hedId=HED_0062096} [A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed.] +*** Countable {hedId=HED_0062097} [Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural).] +*** Uncountable {hedId=HED_0062098} [Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units.] +** Grammatical-number {hedId=HED_0062099} [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more.] +*** Collective {hedId=HED_0062100} [Not representing a specific number.] +*** Dual {hedId=HED_0062101} [Representing exactly two instances of a concept.] +*** Paucal {hedId=HED_0062102} [Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept.] +*** Plural {hedId=HED_0062103} [Representing multiple instances of a concept.] +*** Singular {hedId=HED_0062104} [Representing one instance of a concept.] +*** Singulative {hedId=HED_0062105} [Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective.] +*** Trial {hedId=HED_0062106} [Representing exactly three instances of a concept.] +** Mood {hedId=HED_0062107} [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event.] +*** Conditional {hedId=HED_0062108} [Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition.] +*** Imperative {hedId=HED_0062109} [Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests.] +*** Progressive {hedId=HED_0062110} [Expresses an incomplete state or action.] +*** Subjunctive {hedId=HED_0062111} [Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages.] +** Noun-class {hedId=HED_0062112} [Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality.] +** Tense {hedId=HED_0062113} [Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech.] +*** Future-tense {hedId=HED_0062114} [Referring to an event posterior to time of speech.] +**** Future-perfect {hedId=HED_0062115} [Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] +**** Near-future-tense {hedId=HED_0062116} [Referring to an event shortly after time of speech.] +**** Remote-future-tense {hedId=HED_0062117} [Referring to an event in the remote future.] +*** Non-future-tense {hedId=HED_0062118} [Referring to both a past or present event.] +*** Non-past-tense {hedId=HED_0062119} [Referring to both a present or future event.] +*** Past-tense {hedId=HED_0062120} [Referring to an event anterior to time of speech.] +**** Pluperfect {hedId=HED_0062121} [Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] +**** Recent-past-tense {hedId=HED_0062122} [Referring to an event in the recent past.] +**** Remote-past-tense {hedId=HED_0062123} [Referring to an event in the distant past.] +*** Present-tense {hedId=HED_0062124} [Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech.] +* Language-item-form {hedId=HED_0062125} [The form of a language item.] +** Spoken-form {relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form, hedId=HED_0062126} [The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human.] +*** Canonical-spoken-form {hedId=HED_0062127} [The regular spoken form of a language item.] +*** Mispronounced-spoken-form {hedId=HED_0062128} [A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified.] +*** Regional-spoken-form {hedId=HED_0062129} [A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent.] +** Written-form {relatedTag=Canonical-written-form, hedId=HED_0062130} [The expression of a language item through a system of writing.] +*** Canonical-written-form {hedId=HED_0062131} [The accepted spelling of a word in a given language.] +*** Incorrect-written-form {hedId=HED_0062132} [An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such.] +*** Pseudohomophone-form {hedId=HED_0062133} [A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion.] +* Language-item-frequency {hedId=HED_0062134} [The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] +** Bigram-frequency {hedId=HED_0062135} [The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] +** Word-frequency {hedId=HED_0062136} [The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] +* Language-item-probability {hedId=HED_0062137} [The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context.] +** Cloze-probability {hedId=HED_0062138} [The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word.] +* Lexical-role {hedId=HED_0062139} [The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech.] +** Adjective {hedId=HED_0062140} [A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.] +** Adposition {hedId=HED_0062141} [Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation.] +*** Circumposition {hedId=HED_0062142} [Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] +*** Postposition {hedId=HED_0062143} [Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] +*** Preposition {hedId=HED_0062144} [Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] +** Adverb {hedId=HED_0062145} [Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.] +** Classifier {hedId=HED_0062146} [An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent.] +** Conjunction {hedId=HED_0062147} [Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.] +*** Complementizer {hedId=HED_0062148} [Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement.] +*** Coordinating-conjunction {hedId=HED_0062149} [Coordinates elements that are equal to each other.] +*** Negation-word {hedId=HED_0062150} [Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence.] +** Determiner {hedId=HED_0062151} [Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has.] +*** Article {hedId=HED_0062152} [A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.] +*** Possessive-determiner {hedId=HED_0062153} [Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase.] +** Interjection {hedId=HED_0062154} [A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.] +** Noun {hedId=HED_0062155} [Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc.] +** Numeral {hedId=HED_0062156} [Expressing a number or relation to a number.] +** Particle {hedId=HED_0062157} [Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.] +** Pronoun {hedId=HED_0062158} [A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase.] +*** Demonstrative-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062159} [Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.] +*** Indefinite-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062160} [Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning.] +*** Interrogative-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062161} [Pronoun which prompts a question.] +*** Personal-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062162} [Pronoun associated with a grammatical person.] +*** Possessive-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062163} [Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person.] +*** Reflexive-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062164} [Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence.] +*** Relative-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062165} [Pronoun that marks a relative clause.] +** Quantifier {hedId=HED_0062166} [Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount.] +** Verb {suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect, hedId=HED_0062167} [Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence.] +*** Auxiliary-verb {hedId=HED_0062168} [A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation).] +**** Modal-verb {hedId=HED_0062169} [An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility.] +*** Intransitive-verb {hedId=HED_0062170} [A verb that does not require an object.] +*** Psychological-verb {hedId=HED_0062171} [A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme.] +*** Transitive-verb {suggestedTag=Object, hedId=HED_0062172} [A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action.] +*** Unaccusative-verb {hedId=HED_0062173} [An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses).] +*** Unergative-verb {hedId=HED_0062174} [An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent.] +* Morpheme-property {hedId=HED_0062175} [A property of a morpheme.] +** Morpheme-function {hedId=HED_0062176} [The function of a morpheme.] +*** Inflective-morphological-function {suggestedTag=Grammatical-category, hedId=HED_0062177} [Changing the grammatical function.] +**** Conjugate {hedId=HED_0062178} [Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb.] +**** Decline {hedId=HED_0062179} [Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles.] +*** Word-formation-function {hedId=HED_0062180} [Creating a new word.] +**** Compound {hedId=HED_0062181} [To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word.] +**** Derivation {hedId=HED_0062182} [Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix.] +***** Change-word-class {suggestedTag=Lexical-role, hedId=HED_0062183} [Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to.] +** Morpheme-type {hedId=HED_0062184} [The type of a morpheme.] +*** Bound-morpheme-type {hedId=HED_0062185} [A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes.] +*** Free-morpheme-type {hedId=HED_0062186} [A morpheme type that can function as a word.] +** Morphological-position {hedId=HED_0062187} [The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word.] +*** Affix {hedId=HED_0062188} [A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.] +*** Circumfix {hedId=HED_0062189} [Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end.] +*** Infix {hedId=HED_0062190} [Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word.] +*** Non-concatenative-morphology {hedId=HED_0062191} [Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially).] +**** Apophony {hedId=HED_0062192} [Regular vowel variation.] +**** Clitic-morphological-position {hedId=HED_0062193} [A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word.] +**** Conversion {hedId=HED_0062194} [No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar).] +**** Reduplication {hedId=HED_0062195} [Duplication of all or part of the root word.] +**** Transfixation {hedId=HED_0062196} [Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes.] +**** Truncation {hedId=HED_0062197} [Removal of phonological material from root.] +*** Prefix {hedId=HED_0062198} [Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word.] +*** Suffix {hedId=HED_0062199} [Position of a morpheme at the end of a word.] +* Orthographic-neighborhood-size {hedId=HED_0062200} [The number of closely resembling word-forms.] +* Phrase-role {hedId=HED_0062201} [The role of phrase.] +** Adjective-phrase {hedId=HED_0062202} [Headed by an adjective.] +** Adpostional-phrase {hedId=HED_0062203} [Consisting of an adposition and its complement.] +*** Postpositional-phrase {hedId=HED_0062204} [Consisting of a postposition and its complement.] +*** Prepositional-phrase {hedId=HED_0062205} [Consisting of a preposition and its complement.] +** Adverb-phrase {hedId=HED_0062206} [Functioning as an adverb in a sentence.] +** Noun-phrase {hedId=HED_0062207} [Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.] +** Verb-phrase {hedId=HED_0062208} [Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.] +* Syntactic-role {hedId=HED_0062209} [Role a language-item takes in syntax.] +** Complement {hedId=HED_0062210} [The constituent selected by a head.] +*** Syntactic-object {hedId=HED_0062211} [Complement of a verbal head.] +**** Direct-syntactic-object {hedId=HED_0062212} [A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action.] +**** Indirect-syntactic-object {hedId=HED_0062213} [A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer.] +** Modifier {hedId=HED_0062214} [Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct.] +*** Adjunct {hedId=HED_0062215} [Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred.] +** Predicate {hedId=HED_0062216} [Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it.] +*** Secondary-predicate {hedId=HED_0062217} [Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object).] +** Subject {hedId=HED_0062218} [Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative).] +** Syntactic-Head {hedId=HED_0062219} [Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase.] -'''Language-property''' {rooted=Property} [A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people.] -* Morphological-language-type [Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people.] -** Analytic-language-type [Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio.] -*** Morphological-isolating-type [Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one.] -** Morphological-polysynthetic-type [Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word.] -** Morphological-synthetic-type [Having a higher morpheme per word ratio.] -*** Morphological-agglutinating-type [Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature.] -*** Morphological-fusional-type [Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.] -* Orthographic-type [The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language.] -** Logographic-type [Representing an entire spoken word per character.] -** Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type [Representing approximately phoneme per character.] -*** Deep-orthographical-type [Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] -*** Shallow-orthographic-type [Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] -** Syllabary-type [Representing one syllable or mora per character.] +'''Language-property''' {rooted=Property, hedId=HED_0062220} [A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people.] +* Morphological-language-type {hedId=HED_0062221} [Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people.] +** Analytic-language-type {hedId=HED_0062222} [Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio.] +*** Morphological-isolating-type {hedId=HED_0062223} [Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one.] +** Morphological-polysynthetic-type {hedId=HED_0062224} [Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word.] +** Morphological-synthetic-type {hedId=HED_0062225} [Having a higher morpheme per word ratio.] +*** Morphological-agglutinating-type {hedId=HED_0062226} [Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature.] +*** Morphological-fusional-type {hedId=HED_0062227} [Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.] +* Orthographic-type {hedId=HED_0062228} [The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language.] +** Logographic-type {hedId=HED_0062229} [Representing an entire spoken word per character.] +** Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type {hedId=HED_0062230} [Representing approximately phoneme per character.] +*** Deep-orthographical-type {hedId=HED_0062231} [Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] +*** Shallow-orthographic-type {hedId=HED_0062232} [Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] +** Syllabary-type {hedId=HED_0062233} [Representing one syllable or mora per character.] -'''Linguistic-relation''' {rooted=Relation} [Related based on a linguistic property to.] -* Grammatical-relation [Grammatical relationship between language items.] -** Agreement-with [Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of.] -* Orthographic-relatedness-to [Connected on the basis of writing or spelling.] -** Orthographic-distance-to [Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography).] -*** Hamming-distance-to [The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length.] -**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass} [Integers 0 and up.] -*** Levenshtein-distance-to [The minimum number of single-character edits to change into.] -**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass} [Integers 0 and up.] -* Phonological-relatedness-to [Connected on the basis of sound.] -** Phonological-distance-to [Removed in sounding from.] -*** Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to [The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into.] -**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass} [Integers 0 and up.] -* Semantic-relatedness-to [Connected on the basis of meaning to.] -** Antonymous-to [Meaning the opposite as.] -** Semantic-distance-to [Removed in meaning from.] -*** # -** Synonymous-to [Meaning exactly or nearly the same as.] +'''Linguistic-relation''' {rooted=Relation, hedId=HED_0062234} [Related based on a linguistic property to.] +* Grammatical-relation {hedId=HED_0062235} [Grammatical relationship between language items.] +** Agreement-with {hedId=HED_0062236} [Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of.] +* Orthographic-relatedness-to {hedId=HED_0062237} [Connected on the basis of writing or spelling.] +** Orthographic-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062238} [Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography).] +*** Hamming-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062239} [The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length.] +**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass, hedId=HED_0062240} [Integers 0 and up.] +*** Levenshtein-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062241} [The minimum number of single-character edits to change into.] +**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass, hedId=HED_0062242} [Integers 0 and up.] +* Phonological-relatedness-to {hedId=HED_0062243} [Connected on the basis of sound.] +** Phonological-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062244} [Removed in sounding from.] +*** Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062245} [The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into.] +**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass, hedId=HED_0062246} [Integers 0 and up.] +* Semantic-relatedness-to {hedId=HED_0062247} [Connected on the basis of meaning to.] +** Antonymous-to {hedId=HED_0062248} [Meaning the opposite as.] +** Semantic-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062249} [Removed in meaning from.] +*** # {hedId=HED_0062250} +** Synonymous-to {hedId=HED_0062251} [Meaning exactly or nearly the same as.] !# end schema diff --git a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml index 06f3d4f..3873b00 100644 --- a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml +++ b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml @@ -2198,6 +2198,10 @@ rooted Item + + hedId + HED_0062001 + inLibrary lang @@ -2205,6 +2209,10 @@ Afroasiatic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. + + hedId + HED_0062002 + inLibrary lang @@ -2212,6 +2220,10 @@ Arabic An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062003 + inLibrary lang @@ -2220,6 +2232,10 @@ Hebrew An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel. + + hedId + HED_0062004 + inLibrary lang @@ -2229,6 +2245,10 @@ Atlantic-Congo-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa. + + hedId + HED_0062005 + inLibrary lang @@ -2236,6 +2256,10 @@ Swahili An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique. + + hedId + HED_0062006 + inLibrary lang @@ -2245,6 +2269,10 @@ Austroasiatic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062007 + inLibrary lang @@ -2252,6 +2280,10 @@ Vietnamese An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam. + + hedId + HED_0062008 + inLibrary lang @@ -2261,6 +2293,10 @@ Austronesian-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. + + hedId + HED_0062009 + inLibrary lang @@ -2268,6 +2304,10 @@ Malay An Austronesian language manily spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand. + + hedId + HED_0062010 + inLibrary lang @@ -2277,6 +2317,10 @@ Dravidian A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal. + + hedId + HED_0062011 + inLibrary lang @@ -2284,6 +2328,10 @@ Tamil A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore. + + hedId + HED_0062012 + inLibrary lang @@ -2297,6 +2345,10 @@ suggestedTag Language-property + + hedId + HED_0062013 + inLibrary lang @@ -2304,6 +2356,10 @@ Baltic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe. + + hedId + HED_0062014 + inLibrary lang @@ -2311,6 +2367,10 @@ Latvian A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia. + + hedId + HED_0062015 + inLibrary lang @@ -2319,6 +2379,10 @@ Lithuanian A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania. + + hedId + HED_0062016 + inLibrary lang @@ -2328,6 +2392,10 @@ Germanic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. + + hedId + HED_0062017 + inLibrary lang @@ -2335,6 +2403,10 @@ Danish A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark. + + hedId + HED_0062018 + inLibrary lang @@ -2343,6 +2415,10 @@ Dutch A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands. + + hedId + HED_0062019 + inLibrary lang @@ -2351,6 +2427,10 @@ English A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an adminastrative language. + + hedId + HED_0062020 + inLibrary lang @@ -2359,6 +2439,10 @@ German A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. + + hedId + HED_0062021 + inLibrary lang @@ -2367,6 +2451,10 @@ Icelandic A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland. + + hedId + HED_0062022 + inLibrary lang @@ -2375,6 +2463,10 @@ Norwegian A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway. + + hedId + HED_0062023 + inLibrary lang @@ -2383,6 +2475,10 @@ Swedish A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland. + + hedId + HED_0062024 + inLibrary lang @@ -2392,6 +2488,10 @@ Romance-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin. + + hedId + HED_0062025 + inLibrary lang @@ -2399,6 +2499,10 @@ Catalan A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France. + + hedId + HED_0062026 + inLibrary lang @@ -2407,6 +2511,10 @@ French A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an adminatrative or official language in parts of the world. + + hedId + HED_0062027 + inLibrary lang @@ -2415,6 +2523,10 @@ Galician A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia. + + hedId + HED_0062028 + inLibrary lang @@ -2423,6 +2535,10 @@ Gallo-Rhaetian-language A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy. + + hedId + HED_0062029 + inLibrary lang @@ -2431,6 +2547,10 @@ Italian A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland. + + hedId + HED_0062030 + inLibrary lang @@ -2439,6 +2559,10 @@ Portuguese A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world. + + hedId + HED_0062031 + inLibrary lang @@ -2447,6 +2571,10 @@ Romanian A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine. + + hedId + HED_0062032 + inLibrary lang @@ -2455,6 +2583,10 @@ Spanish A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas. + + hedId + HED_0062033 + inLibrary lang @@ -2464,6 +2596,10 @@ Slavic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe. + + hedId + HED_0062034 + inLibrary lang @@ -2471,6 +2607,10 @@ Bulgarian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. + + hedId + HED_0062035 + inLibrary lang @@ -2479,6 +2619,10 @@ Croatian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia. + + hedId + HED_0062036 + inLibrary lang @@ -2487,6 +2631,10 @@ Czech A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic. + + hedId + HED_0062037 + inLibrary lang @@ -2495,6 +2643,10 @@ Macedonian A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia. + + hedId + HED_0062038 + inLibrary lang @@ -2503,6 +2655,10 @@ Polish A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland. + + hedId + HED_0062039 + inLibrary lang @@ -2511,6 +2667,10 @@ Russian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062040 + inLibrary lang @@ -2519,6 +2679,10 @@ Slovak A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia. + + hedId + HED_0062041 + inLibrary lang @@ -2527,6 +2691,10 @@ Ukrainian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine. + + hedId + HED_0062042 + inLibrary lang @@ -2537,6 +2705,10 @@ Japonic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. + + hedId + HED_0062043 + inLibrary lang @@ -2544,6 +2716,10 @@ Japanese A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan. + + hedId + HED_0062044 + inLibrary lang @@ -2553,6 +2729,10 @@ Koreanic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea. + + hedId + HED_0062045 + inLibrary lang @@ -2560,6 +2740,10 @@ Korean A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea. + + hedId + HED_0062046 + inLibrary lang @@ -2569,6 +2753,10 @@ Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062047 + inLibrary lang @@ -2576,6 +2764,10 @@ Burmo-Qiangic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. + + hedId + HED_0062048 + inLibrary lang @@ -2583,6 +2775,10 @@ Burmese A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar. + + hedId + HED_0062049 + inLibrary lang @@ -2592,6 +2788,10 @@ Sinitic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China. + + hedId + HED_0062050 + inLibrary lang @@ -2599,6 +2799,10 @@ Gan-Chinese A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. + + hedId + HED_0062051 + inLibrary lang @@ -2607,6 +2811,10 @@ Mandarin-Chinese A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. + + hedId + HED_0062052 + inLibrary lang @@ -2614,6 +2822,10 @@ Standard-Chinese A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China. + + hedId + HED_0062053 + inLibrary lang @@ -2623,6 +2835,10 @@ Wu-Chinese A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River. + + hedId + HED_0062054 + inLibrary lang @@ -2631,6 +2847,10 @@ Xiang-Chinese A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. + + hedId + HED_0062055 + inLibrary lang @@ -2639,6 +2859,10 @@ Yue-Chinese A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China. + + hedId + HED_0062056 + inLibrary lang @@ -2646,6 +2870,10 @@ Cantonese A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. + + hedId + HED_0062057 + inLibrary lang @@ -2657,6 +2885,10 @@ Tai-Kadai A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India. + + hedId + HED_0062058 + inLibrary lang @@ -2664,6 +2896,10 @@ Thai A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand. + + hedId + HED_0062059 + inLibrary lang @@ -2673,6 +2909,10 @@ Turkic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062060 + inLibrary lang @@ -2680,6 +2920,10 @@ Turkish A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. + + hedId + HED_0062061 + inLibrary lang @@ -2689,6 +2933,10 @@ Uralic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062062 + inLibrary lang @@ -2696,6 +2944,10 @@ Estonian An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia. + + hedId + HED_0062063 + inLibrary lang @@ -2704,6 +2956,10 @@ Finnish An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland. + + hedId + HED_0062064 + inLibrary lang @@ -2712,6 +2968,10 @@ Hungarian An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary. + + hedId + HED_0062065 + inLibrary lang @@ -2737,6 +2997,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062066 + inLibrary lang @@ -2756,6 +3020,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062067 + inLibrary lang @@ -2768,6 +3036,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062068 + inLibrary lang @@ -2780,6 +3052,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062069 + inLibrary lang @@ -2792,6 +3068,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062070 + inLibrary lang @@ -2821,6 +3101,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062071 + inLibrary lang @@ -2833,6 +3117,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062072 + inLibrary lang @@ -2845,6 +3133,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062073 + inLibrary lang @@ -2861,6 +3153,10 @@ suggestedTag Morpheme-property + + hedId + HED_0062074 + inLibrary lang @@ -2893,6 +3189,10 @@ relatedTag Phoneme + + hedId + HED_0062075 + inLibrary lang @@ -2900,6 +3200,10 @@ Consonant A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable. + + hedId + HED_0062076 + inLibrary lang @@ -2908,6 +3212,10 @@ Vowel A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords. + + hedId + HED_0062077 + inLibrary lang @@ -2915,6 +3223,10 @@ Diphthong A sound formed by the combination of two vowels. + + hedId + HED_0062078 + inLibrary lang @@ -2923,6 +3235,10 @@ Long-vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form. + + hedId + HED_0062079 + inLibrary lang @@ -2931,6 +3247,10 @@ Short-vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form. + + hedId + HED_0062080 + inLibrary lang @@ -2969,6 +3289,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062081 + inLibrary lang @@ -8398,6 +8722,10 @@ requireChild True + + hedId + HED_0062082 + inLibrary lang @@ -8405,6 +8733,10 @@ Clause-type The type of a clause. + + hedId + HED_0062083 + inLibrary lang @@ -8412,6 +8744,10 @@ Dependent-clause Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own. + + hedId + HED_0062084 + inLibrary lang @@ -8420,6 +8756,10 @@ Independent-clause Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own. + + hedId + HED_0062085 + inLibrary lang @@ -8430,12 +8770,20 @@ Grammatical-category Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection. - inLibrary + hedId + HED_0062086 + + + inLibrary lang Aspect Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed. + + hedId + HED_0062087 + inLibrary lang @@ -8443,6 +8791,10 @@ Imperfective-aspect Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event. + + hedId + HED_0062088 + inLibrary lang @@ -8451,6 +8803,10 @@ Perfective-aspect Presenting a completed event. + + hedId + HED_0062089 + inLibrary lang @@ -8460,6 +8816,10 @@ Case Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function. + + hedId + HED_0062090 + inLibrary lang @@ -8467,6 +8827,10 @@ Ablative Used to express motion away from something, among other uses. + + hedId + HED_0062091 + inLibrary lang @@ -8475,6 +8839,10 @@ Accusative Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. + + hedId + HED_0062092 + inLibrary lang @@ -8483,6 +8851,10 @@ Dative Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. + + hedId + HED_0062093 + inLibrary lang @@ -8491,6 +8863,10 @@ Genitive Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses. + + hedId + HED_0062094 + inLibrary lang @@ -8499,6 +8875,10 @@ Nominative Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. + + hedId + HED_0062095 + inLibrary lang @@ -8508,6 +8888,10 @@ Countability A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed. + + hedId + HED_0062096 + inLibrary lang @@ -8515,6 +8899,10 @@ Countable Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural). + + hedId + HED_0062097 + inLibrary lang @@ -8523,6 +8911,10 @@ Uncountable Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units. + + hedId + HED_0062098 + inLibrary lang @@ -8532,6 +8924,10 @@ Grammatical-number Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more. + + hedId + HED_0062099 + inLibrary lang @@ -8539,6 +8935,10 @@ Collective Not representing a specific number. + + hedId + HED_0062100 + inLibrary lang @@ -8547,6 +8947,10 @@ Dual Representing exactly two instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062101 + inLibrary lang @@ -8555,6 +8959,10 @@ Paucal Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062102 + inLibrary lang @@ -8563,6 +8971,10 @@ Plural Representing multiple instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062103 + inLibrary lang @@ -8571,6 +8983,10 @@ Singular Representing one instance of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062104 + inLibrary lang @@ -8579,6 +8995,10 @@ Singulative Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective. + + hedId + HED_0062105 + inLibrary lang @@ -8587,6 +9007,10 @@ Trial Representing exactly three instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062106 + inLibrary lang @@ -8596,6 +9020,10 @@ Mood Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event. + + hedId + HED_0062107 + inLibrary lang @@ -8603,6 +9031,10 @@ Conditional Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition. + + hedId + HED_0062108 + inLibrary lang @@ -8611,6 +9043,10 @@ Imperative Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. + + hedId + HED_0062109 + inLibrary lang @@ -8619,6 +9055,10 @@ Progressive Expresses an incomplete state or action. + + hedId + HED_0062110 + inLibrary lang @@ -8627,6 +9067,10 @@ Subjunctive Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages. + + hedId + HED_0062111 + inLibrary lang @@ -8636,6 +9080,10 @@ Noun-class Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality. + + hedId + HED_0062112 + inLibrary lang @@ -8644,6 +9092,10 @@ Tense Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062113 + inLibrary lang @@ -8651,6 +9103,10 @@ Future-tense Referring to an event posterior to time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062114 + inLibrary lang @@ -8658,6 +9114,10 @@ Future-perfect Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). + + hedId + HED_0062115 + inLibrary lang @@ -8666,6 +9126,10 @@ Near-future-tense Referring to an event shortly after time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062116 + inLibrary lang @@ -8674,6 +9138,10 @@ Remote-future-tense Referring to an event in the remote future. + + hedId + HED_0062117 + inLibrary lang @@ -8683,6 +9151,10 @@ Non-future-tense Referring to both a past or present event. + + hedId + HED_0062118 + inLibrary lang @@ -8691,6 +9163,10 @@ Non-past-tense Referring to both a present or future event. + + hedId + HED_0062119 + inLibrary lang @@ -8699,6 +9175,10 @@ Past-tense Referring to an event anterior to time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062120 + inLibrary lang @@ -8706,6 +9186,10 @@ Pluperfect Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). + + hedId + HED_0062121 + inLibrary lang @@ -8714,6 +9198,10 @@ Recent-past-tense Referring to an event in the recent past. + + hedId + HED_0062122 + inLibrary lang @@ -8722,6 +9210,10 @@ Remote-past-tense Referring to an event in the distant past. + + hedId + HED_0062123 + inLibrary lang @@ -8731,6 +9223,10 @@ Present-tense Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062124 + inLibrary lang @@ -8741,6 +9237,10 @@ Language-item-form The form of a language item. + + hedId + HED_0062125 + inLibrary lang @@ -8752,6 +9252,10 @@ relatedTag Canonical-spoken-form + + hedId + HED_0062126 + inLibrary lang @@ -8759,6 +9263,10 @@ Canonical-spoken-form The regular spoken form of a language item. + + hedId + HED_0062127 + inLibrary lang @@ -8767,6 +9275,10 @@ Mispronounced-spoken-form A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified. + + hedId + HED_0062128 + inLibrary lang @@ -8775,6 +9287,10 @@ Regional-spoken-form A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent. + + hedId + HED_0062129 + inLibrary lang @@ -8788,6 +9304,10 @@ relatedTag Canonical-written-form + + hedId + HED_0062130 + inLibrary lang @@ -8795,6 +9315,10 @@ Canonical-written-form The accepted spelling of a word in a given language. + + hedId + HED_0062131 + inLibrary lang @@ -8803,6 +9327,10 @@ Incorrect-written-form An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such. + + hedId + HED_0062132 + inLibrary lang @@ -8811,6 +9339,10 @@ Pseudohomophone-form A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion. + + hedId + HED_0062133 + inLibrary lang @@ -8821,6 +9353,10 @@ Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062134 + inLibrary lang @@ -8828,6 +9364,10 @@ Bigram-frequency The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062135 + inLibrary lang @@ -8836,6 +9376,10 @@ Word-frequency The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062136 + inLibrary lang @@ -8845,6 +9389,10 @@ Language-item-probability The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context. + + hedId + HED_0062137 + inLibrary lang @@ -8852,6 +9400,10 @@ Cloze-probability The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word. + + hedId + HED_0062138 + inLibrary lang @@ -8861,6 +9413,10 @@ Lexical-role The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062139 + inLibrary lang @@ -8868,6 +9424,10 @@ Adjective A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062140 + inLibrary lang @@ -8876,6 +9436,10 @@ Adposition Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation. + + hedId + HED_0062141 + inLibrary lang @@ -8883,6 +9447,10 @@ Circumposition Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. + + hedId + HED_0062142 + inLibrary lang @@ -8891,6 +9459,10 @@ Postposition Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. + + hedId + HED_0062143 + inLibrary lang @@ -8899,6 +9471,10 @@ Preposition Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. + + hedId + HED_0062144 + inLibrary lang @@ -8908,6 +9484,10 @@ Adverb Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062145 + inLibrary lang @@ -8916,6 +9496,10 @@ Classifier An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent. + + hedId + HED_0062146 + inLibrary lang @@ -8924,6 +9508,10 @@ Conjunction Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. + + hedId + HED_0062147 + inLibrary lang @@ -8931,6 +9519,10 @@ Complementizer Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement. + + hedId + HED_0062148 + inLibrary lang @@ -8939,6 +9531,10 @@ Coordinating-conjunction Coordinates elements that are equal to each other. + + hedId + HED_0062149 + inLibrary lang @@ -8947,6 +9543,10 @@ Negation-word Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence. + + hedId + HED_0062150 + inLibrary lang @@ -8956,6 +9556,10 @@ Determiner Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. + + hedId + HED_0062151 + inLibrary lang @@ -8963,6 +9567,10 @@ Article A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. + + hedId + HED_0062152 + inLibrary lang @@ -8971,6 +9579,10 @@ Possessive-determiner Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062153 + inLibrary lang @@ -8980,6 +9592,10 @@ Interjection A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. + + hedId + HED_0062154 + inLibrary lang @@ -8988,6 +9604,10 @@ Noun Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc. + + hedId + HED_0062155 + inLibrary lang @@ -8996,6 +9616,10 @@ Numeral Expressing a number or relation to a number. + + hedId + HED_0062156 + inLibrary lang @@ -9004,6 +9628,10 @@ Particle Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. + + hedId + HED_0062157 + inLibrary lang @@ -9012,6 +9640,10 @@ Pronoun A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062158 + inLibrary lang @@ -9019,6 +9651,10 @@ Demonstrative-pronoun Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. + + hedId + HED_0062159 + inLibrary lang @@ -9027,6 +9663,10 @@ Indefinite-pronoun Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning. + + hedId + HED_0062160 + inLibrary lang @@ -9035,6 +9675,10 @@ Interrogative-pronoun Pronoun which prompts a question. + + hedId + HED_0062161 + inLibrary lang @@ -9043,6 +9687,10 @@ Personal-pronoun Pronoun associated with a grammatical person. + + hedId + HED_0062162 + inLibrary lang @@ -9051,6 +9699,10 @@ Possessive-pronoun Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person. + + hedId + HED_0062163 + inLibrary lang @@ -9059,6 +9711,10 @@ Reflexive-pronoun Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence. + + hedId + HED_0062164 + inLibrary lang @@ -9067,6 +9723,10 @@ Relative-pronoun Pronoun that marks a relative clause. + + hedId + HED_0062165 + inLibrary lang @@ -9076,6 +9736,10 @@ Quantifier Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount. + + hedId + HED_0062166 + inLibrary lang @@ -9090,6 +9754,10 @@ Mood Aspect + + hedId + HED_0062167 + inLibrary lang @@ -9097,6 +9765,10 @@ Auxiliary-verb A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation). + + hedId + HED_0062168 + inLibrary lang @@ -9104,6 +9776,10 @@ Modal-verb An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility. + + hedId + HED_0062169 + inLibrary lang @@ -9113,6 +9789,10 @@ Intransitive-verb A verb that does not require an object. + + hedId + HED_0062170 + inLibrary lang @@ -9121,6 +9801,10 @@ Psychological-verb A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme. + + hedId + HED_0062171 + inLibrary lang @@ -9133,6 +9817,10 @@ suggestedTag Object + + hedId + HED_0062172 + inLibrary lang @@ -9141,6 +9829,10 @@ Unaccusative-verb An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses). + + hedId + HED_0062173 + inLibrary lang @@ -9149,6 +9841,10 @@ Unergative-verb An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent. + + hedId + HED_0062174 + inLibrary lang @@ -9159,6 +9855,10 @@ Morpheme-property A property of a morpheme. + + hedId + HED_0062175 + inLibrary lang @@ -9166,6 +9866,10 @@ Morpheme-function The function of a morpheme. + + hedId + HED_0062176 + inLibrary lang @@ -9177,6 +9881,10 @@ suggestedTag Grammatical-category + + hedId + HED_0062177 + inLibrary lang @@ -9184,6 +9892,10 @@ Conjugate Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb. + + hedId + HED_0062178 + inLibrary lang @@ -9192,6 +9904,10 @@ Decline Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles. + + hedId + HED_0062179 + inLibrary lang @@ -9201,6 +9917,10 @@ Word-formation-function Creating a new word. + + hedId + HED_0062180 + inLibrary lang @@ -9208,6 +9928,10 @@ Compound To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word. + + hedId + HED_0062181 + inLibrary lang @@ -9216,6 +9940,10 @@ Derivation Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix. + + hedId + HED_0062182 + inLibrary lang @@ -9227,6 +9955,10 @@ suggestedTag Lexical-role + + hedId + HED_0062183 + inLibrary lang @@ -9238,6 +9970,10 @@ Morpheme-type The type of a morpheme. + + hedId + HED_0062184 + inLibrary lang @@ -9245,6 +9981,10 @@ Bound-morpheme-type A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes. + + hedId + HED_0062185 + inLibrary lang @@ -9253,6 +9993,10 @@ Free-morpheme-type A morpheme type that can function as a word. + + hedId + HED_0062186 + inLibrary lang @@ -9262,6 +10006,10 @@ Morphological-position The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062187 + inLibrary lang @@ -9269,6 +10017,10 @@ Affix A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. + + hedId + HED_0062188 + inLibrary lang @@ -9277,6 +10029,10 @@ Circumfix Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end. + + hedId + HED_0062189 + inLibrary lang @@ -9285,6 +10041,10 @@ Infix Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062190 + inLibrary lang @@ -9293,6 +10053,10 @@ Non-concatenative-morphology Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially). + + hedId + HED_0062191 + inLibrary lang @@ -9300,6 +10064,10 @@ Apophony Regular vowel variation. + + hedId + HED_0062192 + inLibrary lang @@ -9308,6 +10076,10 @@ Clitic-morphological-position A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word. + + hedId + HED_0062193 + inLibrary lang @@ -9316,6 +10088,10 @@ Conversion No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar). + + hedId + HED_0062194 + inLibrary lang @@ -9324,6 +10100,10 @@ Reduplication Duplication of all or part of the root word. + + hedId + HED_0062195 + inLibrary lang @@ -9332,6 +10112,10 @@ Transfixation Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes. + + hedId + HED_0062196 + inLibrary lang @@ -9340,6 +10124,10 @@ Truncation Removal of phonological material from root. + + hedId + HED_0062197 + inLibrary lang @@ -9349,6 +10137,10 @@ Prefix Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062198 + inLibrary lang @@ -9357,6 +10149,10 @@ Suffix Position of a morpheme at the end of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062199 + inLibrary lang @@ -9367,6 +10163,10 @@ Orthographic-neighborhood-size The number of closely resembling word-forms. + + hedId + HED_0062200 + inLibrary lang @@ -9375,6 +10175,10 @@ Phrase-role The role of phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062201 + inLibrary lang @@ -9382,6 +10186,10 @@ Adjective-phrase Headed by an adjective. + + hedId + HED_0062202 + inLibrary lang @@ -9390,6 +10198,10 @@ Adpostional-phrase Consisting of an adposition and its complement. + + hedId + HED_0062203 + inLibrary lang @@ -9397,6 +10209,10 @@ Postpositional-phrase Consisting of a postposition and its complement. + + hedId + HED_0062204 + inLibrary lang @@ -9405,6 +10221,10 @@ Prepositional-phrase Consisting of a preposition and its complement. + + hedId + HED_0062205 + inLibrary lang @@ -9414,6 +10234,10 @@ Adverb-phrase Functioning as an adverb in a sentence. + + hedId + HED_0062206 + inLibrary lang @@ -9422,6 +10246,10 @@ Noun-phrase Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. + + hedId + HED_0062207 + inLibrary lang @@ -9430,6 +10258,10 @@ Verb-phrase Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject. + + hedId + HED_0062208 + inLibrary lang @@ -9439,6 +10271,10 @@ Syntactic-role Role a language-item takes in syntax. + + hedId + HED_0062209 + inLibrary lang @@ -9446,6 +10282,10 @@ Complement The constituent selected by a head. + + hedId + HED_0062210 + inLibrary lang @@ -9453,6 +10293,10 @@ Syntactic-object Complement of a verbal head. + + hedId + HED_0062211 + inLibrary lang @@ -9460,6 +10304,10 @@ Direct-syntactic-object A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action. + + hedId + HED_0062212 + inLibrary lang @@ -9468,6 +10316,10 @@ Indirect-syntactic-object A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer. + + hedId + HED_0062213 + inLibrary lang @@ -9478,6 +10330,10 @@ Modifier Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct. + + hedId + HED_0062214 + inLibrary lang @@ -9485,6 +10341,10 @@ Adjunct Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred. + + hedId + HED_0062215 + inLibrary lang @@ -9494,6 +10354,10 @@ Predicate Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it. + + hedId + HED_0062216 + inLibrary lang @@ -9501,6 +10365,10 @@ Secondary-predicate Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object). + + hedId + HED_0062217 + inLibrary lang @@ -9510,6 +10378,10 @@ Subject Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative). + + hedId + HED_0062218 + inLibrary lang @@ -9518,6 +10390,10 @@ Syntactic-Head Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062219 + inLibrary lang @@ -9532,6 +10408,10 @@ rooted Property + + hedId + HED_0062220 + inLibrary lang @@ -9539,6 +10419,10 @@ Morphological-language-type Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people. + + hedId + HED_0062221 + inLibrary lang @@ -9546,6 +10430,10 @@ Analytic-language-type Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio. + + hedId + HED_0062222 + inLibrary lang @@ -9553,6 +10441,10 @@ Morphological-isolating-type Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one. + + hedId + HED_0062223 + inLibrary lang @@ -9562,6 +10454,10 @@ Morphological-polysynthetic-type Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word. + + hedId + HED_0062224 + inLibrary lang @@ -9570,6 +10466,10 @@ Morphological-synthetic-type Having a higher morpheme per word ratio. + + hedId + HED_0062225 + inLibrary lang @@ -9577,6 +10477,10 @@ Morphological-agglutinating-type Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature. + + hedId + HED_0062226 + inLibrary lang @@ -9585,6 +10489,10 @@ Morphological-fusional-type Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. + + hedId + HED_0062227 + inLibrary lang @@ -9595,6 +10503,10 @@ Orthographic-type The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language. + + hedId + HED_0062228 + inLibrary lang @@ -9602,6 +10514,10 @@ Logographic-type Representing an entire spoken word per character. + + hedId + HED_0062229 + inLibrary lang @@ -9610,6 +10526,10 @@ Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Representing approximately phoneme per character. + + hedId + HED_0062230 + inLibrary lang @@ -9617,6 +10537,10 @@ Deep-orthographical-type Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. + + hedId + HED_0062231 + inLibrary lang @@ -9625,6 +10549,10 @@ Shallow-orthographic-type Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. + + hedId + HED_0062232 + inLibrary lang @@ -9634,6 +10562,10 @@ Syllabary-type Representing one syllable or mora per character. + + hedId + HED_0062233 + inLibrary lang @@ -12921,6 +13853,10 @@ rooted Relation + + hedId + HED_0062234 + inLibrary lang @@ -12928,6 +13864,10 @@ Grammatical-relation Grammatical relationship between language items. + + hedId + HED_0062235 + inLibrary lang @@ -12935,6 +13875,10 @@ Agreement-with Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of. + + hedId + HED_0062236 + inLibrary lang @@ -12944,6 +13888,10 @@ Orthographic-relatedness-to Connected on the basis of writing or spelling. + + hedId + HED_0062237 + inLibrary lang @@ -12951,6 +13899,10 @@ Orthographic-distance-to Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography). + + hedId + HED_0062238 + inLibrary lang @@ -12958,6 +13910,10 @@ Hamming-distance-to The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length. + + hedId + HED_0062239 + inLibrary lang @@ -12973,6 +13929,10 @@ valueClass numericClass + + hedId + HED_0062240 + inLibrary lang @@ -12982,6 +13942,10 @@ Levenshtein-distance-to The minimum number of single-character edits to change into. + + hedId + HED_0062241 + inLibrary lang @@ -12997,6 +13961,10 @@ valueClass numericClass + + hedId + HED_0062242 + inLibrary lang @@ -13008,6 +13976,10 @@ Phonological-relatedness-to Connected on the basis of sound. + + hedId + HED_0062243 + inLibrary lang @@ -13015,6 +13987,10 @@ Phonological-distance-to Removed in sounding from. + + hedId + HED_0062244 + inLibrary lang @@ -13022,6 +13998,10 @@ Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into. + + hedId + HED_0062245 + inLibrary lang @@ -13037,6 +14017,10 @@ valueClass numericClass + + hedId + HED_0062246 + inLibrary lang @@ -13048,6 +14032,10 @@ Semantic-relatedness-to Connected on the basis of meaning to. + + hedId + HED_0062247 + inLibrary lang @@ -13055,6 +14043,10 @@ Antonymous-to Meaning the opposite as. + + hedId + HED_0062248 + inLibrary lang @@ -13063,12 +14055,20 @@ Semantic-distance-to Removed in meaning from. + + hedId + HED_0062249 + inLibrary lang # + + hedId + HED_0062250 + inLibrary lang @@ -13078,6 +14078,10 @@ Synonymous-to Meaning exactly or nearly the same as. + + hedId + HED_0062251 + inLibrary lang diff --git a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv index 2fdd7e6..d31f45c 100644 --- a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv +++ b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv @@ -1,252 +1,252 @@ hedId rdfs:label Level omn:SubClassOf Attributes dc:description omn:EquivalentTo - Language 0 Item rooted=Item A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country. - Afroasiatic-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. - Arabic 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia. - Hebrew 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel. - Atlantic-Congo-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa. - Swahili 2 Atlantic-Congo-language An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique. - Austroasiatic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. - Vietnamese 2 Austroasiatic An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam. - Austronesian-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. - Malay 2 Austronesian-language An Austronesian language manily spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand. - Dravidian 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal. - Tamil 2 Dravidian A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore. - Indo-European-language 1 Language suggestedTag=Language-property A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Language and (suggestedTag some Language-property) - Baltic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe. - Latvian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia. - Lithuanian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania. - Germanic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. - Danish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark. - Dutch 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands. - English 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an adminastrative language. - German 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. - Icelandic 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland. - Norwegian 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway. - Swedish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland. - Romance-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin. - Catalan 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France. - French 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an adminatrative or official language in parts of the world. - Galician 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia. - Gallo-Rhaetian-language 3 Romance-language A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy. - Italian 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland. - Portuguese 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world. - Romanian 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine. - Spanish 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas. - Slavic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe. - Bulgarian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. - Croatian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia. - Czech 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic. - Macedonian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia. - Polish 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland. - Russian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. - Slovak 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia. - Ukrainian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine. - Japonic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. - Japanese 2 Japonic A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan. - Koreanic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea. - Korean 2 Koreanic A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea. - Sino-Tibetan-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia. - Burmo-Qiangic-language 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. - Burmese 3 Burmo-Qiangic-language A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar. - Sinitic 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China. - Gan-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. - Mandarin-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. - Standard-Chinese 4 Mandarin-Chinese A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China. - Wu-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River. - Xiang-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. - Yue-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China. - Cantonese 4 Yue-Chinese A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. - Tai-Kadai 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India. - Thai 2 Tai-Kadai A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand. - Turkic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia. - Turkish 2 Turkic A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. - Uralic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia. - Estonian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia. - Finnish 2 Uralic An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland. - Hungarian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary. - Bigram 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words. - Letter-character 0 Character rooted=Character A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system. - Logogram 0 Character rooted=Character A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems. - Noncharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system. - Pseudocharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram. - Grapheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme. - Lemma 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms. - Mora 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable. - Morpheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided. Language-item and (suggestedTag some Morpheme-property) - Phone 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties. Language-item and (relatedTag some Phoneme) - Consonant 1 Phone A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable. - Vowel 1 Phone A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords. - Diphthong 2 Vowel A sound formed by the combination of two vowels. - Long-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form. - Short-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form. - Radical 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. - Language-item-property 0 Property rooted=Property, requireChild=True A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis. - Clause-type 1 Language-item-property The type of a clause. - Dependent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own. - Independent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own. - Grammatical-category 1 Language-item-property Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection. - Aspect 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed. - Imperfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event. - Perfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting a completed event. - Case 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function. - Ablative 3 Case Used to express motion away from something, among other uses. - Accusative 3 Case Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. - Dative 3 Case Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. - Genitive 3 Case Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses. - Nominative 3 Case Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. - Countability 2 Grammatical-category A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed. - Countable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural). - Uncountable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units. - Grammatical-number 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more. - Collective 3 Grammatical-number Not representing a specific number. - Dual 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly two instances of a concept. - Paucal 3 Grammatical-number Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept. - Plural 3 Grammatical-number Representing multiple instances of a concept. - Singular 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept. - Singulative 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective. - Trial 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly three instances of a concept. - Mood 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event. - Conditional 3 Mood Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition. - Imperative 3 Mood Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. - Progressive 3 Mood Expresses an incomplete state or action. - Subjunctive 3 Mood Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages. - Noun-class 2 Grammatical-category Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality. - Tense 2 Grammatical-category Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech. - Future-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event posterior to time of speech. - Future-perfect 4 Future-tense Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). - Near-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event shortly after time of speech. - Remote-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event in the remote future. - Non-future-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a past or present event. - Non-past-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a present or future event. - Past-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event anterior to time of speech. - Pluperfect 4 Past-tense Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). - Recent-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the recent past. - Remote-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the distant past. - Present-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech. - Language-item-form 1 Language-item-property The form of a language item. - Spoken-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-spoken-form) - Canonical-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form The regular spoken form of a language item. - Mispronounced-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified. - Regional-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent. - Written-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-written-form The expression of a language item through a system of writing. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-written-form) - Canonical-written-form 3 Written-form The accepted spelling of a word in a given language. - Incorrect-written-form 3 Written-form An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such. - Pseudohomophone-form 3 Written-form A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion. - Language-item-frequency 1 Language-item-property The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. - Bigram-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. - Word-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. - Language-item-probability 1 Language-item-property The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context. - Cloze-probability 2 Language-item-probability The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word. - Lexical-role 1 Language-item-property The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech. - Adjective 2 Lexical-role A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. - Adposition 2 Lexical-role Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation. - Circumposition 3 Adposition Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. - Postposition 3 Adposition Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. - Preposition 3 Adposition Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. - Adverb 2 Lexical-role Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. - Classifier 2 Lexical-role An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent. - Conjunction 2 Lexical-role Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. - Complementizer 3 Conjunction Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement. - Coordinating-conjunction 3 Conjunction Coordinates elements that are equal to each other. - Negation-word 3 Conjunction Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence. - Determiner 2 Lexical-role Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. - Article 3 Determiner A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. - Possessive-determiner 3 Determiner Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase. - Interjection 2 Lexical-role A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. - Noun 2 Lexical-role Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc. - Numeral 2 Lexical-role Expressing a number or relation to a number. - Particle 2 Lexical-role Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. - Pronoun 2 Lexical-role A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase. - Demonstrative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. - Indefinite-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning. - Interrogative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun which prompts a question. - Personal-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun associated with a grammatical person. - Possessive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person. - Reflexive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence. - Relative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that marks a relative clause. - Quantifier 2 Lexical-role Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount. - Verb 2 Lexical-role suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Lexical-role and (suggestedTag some Tense) and (suggestedTag some Mood) and (suggestedTag some Aspect) - Auxiliary-verb 3 Verb A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation). - Modal-verb 4 Auxiliary-verb An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility. - Intransitive-verb 3 Verb A verb that does not require an object. - Psychological-verb 3 Verb A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme. - Transitive-verb 3 Verb suggestedTag=Object A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action. Verb and (suggestedTag some Object) - Unaccusative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses). - Unergative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent. - Morpheme-property 1 Language-item-property A property of a morpheme. - Morpheme-function 2 Morpheme-property The function of a morpheme. - Inflective-morphological-function 3 Morpheme-function suggestedTag=Grammatical-category Changing the grammatical function. Morpheme-function and (suggestedTag some Grammatical-category) - Conjugate 4 Inflective-morphological-function Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb. - Decline 4 Inflective-morphological-function Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles. - Word-formation-function 3 Morpheme-function Creating a new word. - Compound 4 Word-formation-function To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word. - Derivation 4 Word-formation-function Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix. - Change-word-class 5 Derivation suggestedTag=Lexical-role Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to. Derivation and (suggestedTag some Lexical-role) - Morpheme-type 2 Morpheme-property The type of a morpheme. - Bound-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes. - Free-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that can function as a word. - Morphological-position 2 Morpheme-property The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word. - Affix 3 Morphological-position A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. - Circumfix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end. - Infix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word. - Non-concatenative-morphology 3 Morphological-position Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially). - Apophony 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Regular vowel variation. - Clitic-morphological-position 4 Non-concatenative-morphology A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word. - Conversion 4 Non-concatenative-morphology No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar). - Reduplication 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Duplication of all or part of the root word. - Transfixation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes. - Truncation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Removal of phonological material from root. - Prefix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word. - Suffix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the end of a word. - Orthographic-neighborhood-size 1 Language-item-property The number of closely resembling word-forms. - Phrase-role 1 Language-item-property The role of phrase. - Adjective-phrase 2 Phrase-role Headed by an adjective. - Adpostional-phrase 2 Phrase-role Consisting of an adposition and its complement. - Postpositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a postposition and its complement. - Prepositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a preposition and its complement. - Adverb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning as an adverb in a sentence. - Noun-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. - Verb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject. - Syntactic-role 1 Language-item-property Role a language-item takes in syntax. - Complement 2 Syntactic-role The constituent selected by a head. - Syntactic-object 3 Complement Complement of a verbal head. - Direct-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action. - Indirect-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer. - Modifier 2 Syntactic-role Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct. - Adjunct 3 Modifier Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred. - Predicate 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it. - Secondary-predicate 3 Predicate Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object). - Subject 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative). - Syntactic-Head 2 Syntactic-role Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase. - Language-property 0 Property rooted=Property A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people. - Morphological-language-type 1 Language-property Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people. - Analytic-language-type 2 Morphological-language-type Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio. - Morphological-isolating-type 3 Analytic-language-type Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one. - Morphological-polysynthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word. - Morphological-synthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Having a higher morpheme per word ratio. - Morphological-agglutinating-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature. - Morphological-fusional-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. - Orthographic-type 1 Language-property The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language. - Logographic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing an entire spoken word per character. - Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing approximately phoneme per character. - Deep-orthographical-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. - Shallow-orthographic-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. - Syllabary-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing one syllable or mora per character. - Linguistic-relation 0 Relation rooted=Relation Related based on a linguistic property to. - Grammatical-relation 1 Linguistic-relation Grammatical relationship between language items. - Agreement-with 2 Grammatical-relation Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of. - Orthographic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of writing or spelling. - Orthographic-distance-to 2 Orthographic-relatedness-to Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography). - Hamming-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length. - Hamming-distance-to-# 4 Hamming-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Hamming-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) - Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of single-character edits to change into. - Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) - Phonological-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of sound. - Phonological-distance-to 2 Phonological-relatedness-to Removed in sounding from. - Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Phonological-distance-to The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into. - Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) - Semantic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of meaning to. - Antonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning the opposite as. - Semantic-distance-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Removed in meaning from. - Semantic-distance-to-# 3 Semantic-distance-to - Synonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning exactly or nearly the same as. +HED_0062001 Language 0 Item rooted=Item A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country. +HED_0062002 Afroasiatic-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. +HED_0062003 Arabic 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia. +HED_0062004 Hebrew 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel. +HED_0062005 Atlantic-Congo-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa. +HED_0062006 Swahili 2 Atlantic-Congo-language An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique. +HED_0062007 Austroasiatic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. +HED_0062008 Vietnamese 2 Austroasiatic An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam. +HED_0062009 Austronesian-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. +HED_0062010 Malay 2 Austronesian-language An Austronesian language manily spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand. +HED_0062011 Dravidian 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal. +HED_0062012 Tamil 2 Dravidian A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore. +HED_0062013 Indo-European-language 1 Language suggestedTag=Language-property A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Language and (suggestedTag some Language-property) +HED_0062014 Baltic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe. +HED_0062015 Latvian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia. +HED_0062016 Lithuanian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania. +HED_0062017 Germanic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. +HED_0062018 Danish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark. +HED_0062019 Dutch 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands. +HED_0062020 English 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an adminastrative language. +HED_0062021 German 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. +HED_0062022 Icelandic 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland. +HED_0062023 Norwegian 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway. +HED_0062024 Swedish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland. +HED_0062025 Romance-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin. +HED_0062026 Catalan 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France. +HED_0062027 French 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an adminatrative or official language in parts of the world. +HED_0062028 Galician 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia. +HED_0062029 Gallo-Rhaetian-language 3 Romance-language A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy. +HED_0062030 Italian 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland. +HED_0062031 Portuguese 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world. +HED_0062032 Romanian 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine. +HED_0062033 Spanish 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas. +HED_0062034 Slavic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe. +HED_0062035 Bulgarian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. +HED_0062036 Croatian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia. +HED_0062037 Czech 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic. +HED_0062038 Macedonian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia. +HED_0062039 Polish 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland. +HED_0062040 Russian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. +HED_0062041 Slovak 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia. +HED_0062042 Ukrainian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine. +HED_0062043 Japonic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. +HED_0062044 Japanese 2 Japonic A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan. +HED_0062045 Koreanic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea. +HED_0062046 Korean 2 Koreanic A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea. +HED_0062047 Sino-Tibetan-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia. +HED_0062048 Burmo-Qiangic-language 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. +HED_0062049 Burmese 3 Burmo-Qiangic-language A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar. +HED_0062050 Sinitic 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China. +HED_0062051 Gan-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. +HED_0062052 Mandarin-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. +HED_0062053 Standard-Chinese 4 Mandarin-Chinese A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China. +HED_0062054 Wu-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River. +HED_0062055 Xiang-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. +HED_0062056 Yue-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China. +HED_0062057 Cantonese 4 Yue-Chinese A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. +HED_0062058 Tai-Kadai 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India. +HED_0062059 Thai 2 Tai-Kadai A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand. +HED_0062060 Turkic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia. +HED_0062061 Turkish 2 Turkic A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. +HED_0062062 Uralic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia. +HED_0062063 Estonian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia. +HED_0062064 Finnish 2 Uralic An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland. +HED_0062065 Hungarian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary. +HED_0062066 Bigram 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words. +HED_0062067 Letter-character 0 Character rooted=Character A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system. +HED_0062068 Logogram 0 Character rooted=Character A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems. +HED_0062069 Noncharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system. +HED_0062070 Pseudocharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram. +HED_0062071 Grapheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme. +HED_0062072 Lemma 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms. +HED_0062073 Mora 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable. +HED_0062074 Morpheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided. Language-item and (suggestedTag some Morpheme-property) +HED_0062075 Phone 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties. Language-item and (relatedTag some Phoneme) +HED_0062076 Consonant 1 Phone A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable. +HED_0062077 Vowel 1 Phone A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords. +HED_0062078 Diphthong 2 Vowel A sound formed by the combination of two vowels. +HED_0062079 Long-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form. +HED_0062080 Short-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form. +HED_0062081 Radical 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. +HED_0062082 Language-item-property 0 Property rooted=Property, requireChild=True A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis. +HED_0062083 Clause-type 1 Language-item-property The type of a clause. +HED_0062084 Dependent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own. +HED_0062085 Independent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own. +HED_0062086 Grammatical-category 1 Language-item-property Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection. +HED_0062087 Aspect 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed. +HED_0062088 Imperfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event. +HED_0062089 Perfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting a completed event. +HED_0062090 Case 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function. +HED_0062091 Ablative 3 Case Used to express motion away from something, among other uses. +HED_0062092 Accusative 3 Case Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. +HED_0062093 Dative 3 Case Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. +HED_0062094 Genitive 3 Case Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses. +HED_0062095 Nominative 3 Case Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. +HED_0062096 Countability 2 Grammatical-category A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed. +HED_0062097 Countable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural). +HED_0062098 Uncountable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units. +HED_0062099 Grammatical-number 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more. +HED_0062100 Collective 3 Grammatical-number Not representing a specific number. +HED_0062101 Dual 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly two instances of a concept. +HED_0062102 Paucal 3 Grammatical-number Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept. +HED_0062103 Plural 3 Grammatical-number Representing multiple instances of a concept. +HED_0062104 Singular 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept. +HED_0062105 Singulative 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective. +HED_0062106 Trial 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly three instances of a concept. +HED_0062107 Mood 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event. +HED_0062108 Conditional 3 Mood Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition. +HED_0062109 Imperative 3 Mood Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. +HED_0062110 Progressive 3 Mood Expresses an incomplete state or action. +HED_0062111 Subjunctive 3 Mood Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages. +HED_0062112 Noun-class 2 Grammatical-category Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality. +HED_0062113 Tense 2 Grammatical-category Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech. +HED_0062114 Future-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event posterior to time of speech. +HED_0062115 Future-perfect 4 Future-tense Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). +HED_0062116 Near-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event shortly after time of speech. +HED_0062117 Remote-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event in the remote future. +HED_0062118 Non-future-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a past or present event. +HED_0062119 Non-past-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a present or future event. +HED_0062120 Past-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event anterior to time of speech. +HED_0062121 Pluperfect 4 Past-tense Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). +HED_0062122 Recent-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the recent past. +HED_0062123 Remote-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the distant past. +HED_0062124 Present-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech. +HED_0062125 Language-item-form 1 Language-item-property The form of a language item. +HED_0062126 Spoken-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-spoken-form) +HED_0062127 Canonical-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form The regular spoken form of a language item. +HED_0062128 Mispronounced-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified. +HED_0062129 Regional-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent. +HED_0062130 Written-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-written-form The expression of a language item through a system of writing. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-written-form) +HED_0062131 Canonical-written-form 3 Written-form The accepted spelling of a word in a given language. +HED_0062132 Incorrect-written-form 3 Written-form An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such. +HED_0062133 Pseudohomophone-form 3 Written-form A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion. +HED_0062134 Language-item-frequency 1 Language-item-property The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. +HED_0062135 Bigram-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. +HED_0062136 Word-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. +HED_0062137 Language-item-probability 1 Language-item-property The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context. +HED_0062138 Cloze-probability 2 Language-item-probability The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word. +HED_0062139 Lexical-role 1 Language-item-property The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech. +HED_0062140 Adjective 2 Lexical-role A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. +HED_0062141 Adposition 2 Lexical-role Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation. +HED_0062142 Circumposition 3 Adposition Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. +HED_0062143 Postposition 3 Adposition Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. +HED_0062144 Preposition 3 Adposition Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. +HED_0062145 Adverb 2 Lexical-role Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. +HED_0062146 Classifier 2 Lexical-role An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent. +HED_0062147 Conjunction 2 Lexical-role Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. +HED_0062148 Complementizer 3 Conjunction Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement. +HED_0062149 Coordinating-conjunction 3 Conjunction Coordinates elements that are equal to each other. +HED_0062150 Negation-word 3 Conjunction Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence. +HED_0062151 Determiner 2 Lexical-role Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. +HED_0062152 Article 3 Determiner A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. +HED_0062153 Possessive-determiner 3 Determiner Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase. +HED_0062154 Interjection 2 Lexical-role A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. +HED_0062155 Noun 2 Lexical-role Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc. +HED_0062156 Numeral 2 Lexical-role Expressing a number or relation to a number. +HED_0062157 Particle 2 Lexical-role Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. +HED_0062158 Pronoun 2 Lexical-role A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase. +HED_0062159 Demonstrative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. +HED_0062160 Indefinite-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning. +HED_0062161 Interrogative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun which prompts a question. +HED_0062162 Personal-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun associated with a grammatical person. +HED_0062163 Possessive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person. +HED_0062164 Reflexive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence. +HED_0062165 Relative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that marks a relative clause. +HED_0062166 Quantifier 2 Lexical-role Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount. +HED_0062167 Verb 2 Lexical-role suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Lexical-role and (suggestedTag some Tense) and (suggestedTag some Mood) and (suggestedTag some Aspect) +HED_0062168 Auxiliary-verb 3 Verb A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation). +HED_0062169 Modal-verb 4 Auxiliary-verb An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility. +HED_0062170 Intransitive-verb 3 Verb A verb that does not require an object. +HED_0062171 Psychological-verb 3 Verb A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme. +HED_0062172 Transitive-verb 3 Verb suggestedTag=Object A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action. Verb and (suggestedTag some Object) +HED_0062173 Unaccusative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses). +HED_0062174 Unergative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent. +HED_0062175 Morpheme-property 1 Language-item-property A property of a morpheme. +HED_0062176 Morpheme-function 2 Morpheme-property The function of a morpheme. +HED_0062177 Inflective-morphological-function 3 Morpheme-function suggestedTag=Grammatical-category Changing the grammatical function. Morpheme-function and (suggestedTag some Grammatical-category) +HED_0062178 Conjugate 4 Inflective-morphological-function Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb. +HED_0062179 Decline 4 Inflective-morphological-function Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles. +HED_0062180 Word-formation-function 3 Morpheme-function Creating a new word. +HED_0062181 Compound 4 Word-formation-function To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word. +HED_0062182 Derivation 4 Word-formation-function Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix. +HED_0062183 Change-word-class 5 Derivation suggestedTag=Lexical-role Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to. Derivation and (suggestedTag some Lexical-role) +HED_0062184 Morpheme-type 2 Morpheme-property The type of a morpheme. +HED_0062185 Bound-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes. +HED_0062186 Free-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that can function as a word. +HED_0062187 Morphological-position 2 Morpheme-property The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word. +HED_0062188 Affix 3 Morphological-position A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. +HED_0062189 Circumfix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end. +HED_0062190 Infix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word. +HED_0062191 Non-concatenative-morphology 3 Morphological-position Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially). +HED_0062192 Apophony 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Regular vowel variation. +HED_0062193 Clitic-morphological-position 4 Non-concatenative-morphology A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word. +HED_0062194 Conversion 4 Non-concatenative-morphology No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar). +HED_0062195 Reduplication 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Duplication of all or part of the root word. +HED_0062196 Transfixation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes. +HED_0062197 Truncation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Removal of phonological material from root. +HED_0062198 Prefix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word. +HED_0062199 Suffix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the end of a word. +HED_0062200 Orthographic-neighborhood-size 1 Language-item-property The number of closely resembling word-forms. +HED_0062201 Phrase-role 1 Language-item-property The role of phrase. +HED_0062202 Adjective-phrase 2 Phrase-role Headed by an adjective. +HED_0062203 Adpostional-phrase 2 Phrase-role Consisting of an adposition and its complement. +HED_0062204 Postpositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a postposition and its complement. +HED_0062205 Prepositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a preposition and its complement. +HED_0062206 Adverb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning as an adverb in a sentence. +HED_0062207 Noun-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. +HED_0062208 Verb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject. +HED_0062209 Syntactic-role 1 Language-item-property Role a language-item takes in syntax. +HED_0062210 Complement 2 Syntactic-role The constituent selected by a head. +HED_0062211 Syntactic-object 3 Complement Complement of a verbal head. +HED_0062212 Direct-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action. +HED_0062213 Indirect-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer. +HED_0062214 Modifier 2 Syntactic-role Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct. +HED_0062215 Adjunct 3 Modifier Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred. +HED_0062216 Predicate 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it. +HED_0062217 Secondary-predicate 3 Predicate Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object). +HED_0062218 Subject 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative). +HED_0062219 Syntactic-Head 2 Syntactic-role Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase. +HED_0062220 Language-property 0 Property rooted=Property A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people. +HED_0062221 Morphological-language-type 1 Language-property Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people. +HED_0062222 Analytic-language-type 2 Morphological-language-type Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio. +HED_0062223 Morphological-isolating-type 3 Analytic-language-type Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one. +HED_0062224 Morphological-polysynthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word. +HED_0062225 Morphological-synthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Having a higher morpheme per word ratio. +HED_0062226 Morphological-agglutinating-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature. +HED_0062227 Morphological-fusional-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. +HED_0062228 Orthographic-type 1 Language-property The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language. +HED_0062229 Logographic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing an entire spoken word per character. +HED_0062230 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing approximately phoneme per character. +HED_0062231 Deep-orthographical-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. +HED_0062232 Shallow-orthographic-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. +HED_0062233 Syllabary-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing one syllable or mora per character. +HED_0062234 Linguistic-relation 0 Relation rooted=Relation Related based on a linguistic property to. +HED_0062235 Grammatical-relation 1 Linguistic-relation Grammatical relationship between language items. +HED_0062236 Agreement-with 2 Grammatical-relation Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of. +HED_0062237 Orthographic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of writing or spelling. +HED_0062238 Orthographic-distance-to 2 Orthographic-relatedness-to Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography). +HED_0062239 Hamming-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length. +HED_0062240 Hamming-distance-to-# 4 Hamming-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Hamming-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) +HED_0062241 Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of single-character edits to change into. +HED_0062242 Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) +HED_0062243 Phonological-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of sound. +HED_0062244 Phonological-distance-to 2 Phonological-relatedness-to Removed in sounding from. +HED_0062245 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Phonological-distance-to The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into. +HED_0062246 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) +HED_0062247 Semantic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of meaning to. +HED_0062248 Antonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning the opposite as. +HED_0062249 Semantic-distance-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Removed in meaning from. +HED_0062250 Semantic-distance-to-# 3 Semantic-distance-to +HED_0062251 Synonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning exactly or nearly the same as.