From 34f2f440ada89eb25a2a754135dbb548f245b574 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GitHub Actions Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 18:13:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Automatically adding hedIds --- .../lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki | 502 ++++---- .../lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml | 1006 ++++++++++++++++- .../HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv | 502 ++++---- 3 files changed, 1507 insertions(+), 503 deletions(-) diff --git a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki index c6db9f3..c0a7cd3 100644 --- a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki +++ b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.mediawiki @@ -5,271 +5,271 @@ The HED Language schema is a Hierarchical Event Descriptors Library Schema Langu !# start schema -'''Language''' {rooted=Item} [A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country.] -* Afroasiatic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.] -** Arabic [An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia.] -** Hebrew [An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel.] -* Atlantic-Congo-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa.] -** Swahili [An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique.] -* Austroasiatic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.] -** Vietnamese [An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam.] -* Austronesian-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan.] -** Malay [An Austronesian language mainly spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand.] -* Dravidian [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal.] -** Tamil [A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore.] -* Indo-European-language {suggestedTag=Language-property} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.] -** Baltic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe.] -*** Latvian [A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia.] -*** Lithuanian [A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania.] -** Germanic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.] -*** Danish [A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark.] -*** Dutch [A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands.] -*** English [A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an administrative language.] -*** German [A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe.] -*** Icelandic [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland.] -*** Norwegian [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway.] -*** Swedish [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland.] -** Romance-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin.] -*** Catalan [A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France.] -*** French [A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an administrative or official language in parts of the world.] -*** Galician [A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia.] -*** Gallo-Rhaetian-language [A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy.] -*** Italian [A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland.] -*** Portuguese [A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world.] -*** Romanian [A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine.] -*** Spanish [A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas.] -** Slavic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe.] -*** Bulgarian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria.] -*** Croatian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia.] -*** Czech [A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic.] -*** Macedonian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia.] -*** Polish [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland.] -*** Russian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia.] -*** Slovak [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia.] -*** Ukrainian [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine.] -* Japonic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.] -** Japanese [A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan.] -* Koreanic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea.] -** Korean [A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea.] -* Sino-Tibetan-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia.] -** Burmo-Qiangic-language [A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar.] -*** Burmese [A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar.] -** Sinitic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China.] -*** Gan-Chinese [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian.] -*** Mandarin-Chinese [A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China.] -**** Standard-Chinese [A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China.] -*** Wu-Chinese [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River.] -*** Xiang-Chinese [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces.] -*** Yue-Chinese [A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China.] -**** Cantonese [A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau.] -* Tai-Kadai [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India.] -** Thai [A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand.] -* Turkic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia.] -** Turkish [A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.] -* Uralic [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia.] -** Estonian [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia.] -** Finnish [An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland.] -** Hungarian [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary.] +'''Language''' {rooted=Item, hedId=HED_0062001} [A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country.] +* Afroasiatic-language {hedId=HED_0062002} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.] +** Arabic {hedId=HED_0062003} [An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia.] +** Hebrew {hedId=HED_0062004} [An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel.] +* Atlantic-Congo-language {hedId=HED_0062005} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa.] +** Swahili {hedId=HED_0062006} [An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique.] +* Austroasiatic {hedId=HED_0062007} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia.] +** Vietnamese {hedId=HED_0062008} [An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam.] +* Austronesian-language {hedId=HED_0062009} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan.] +** Malay {hedId=HED_0062010} [An Austronesian language mainly spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand.] +* Dravidian {hedId=HED_0062011} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal.] +** Tamil {hedId=HED_0062012} [A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore.] +* Indo-European-language {suggestedTag=Language-property, hedId=HED_0062013} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.] +** Baltic-language {hedId=HED_0062014} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe.] +*** Latvian {hedId=HED_0062015} [A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia.] +*** Lithuanian {hedId=HED_0062016} [A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania.] +** Germanic-language {hedId=HED_0062017} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.] +*** Danish {hedId=HED_0062018} [A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark.] +*** Dutch {hedId=HED_0062019} [A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands.] +*** English {hedId=HED_0062020} [A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an administrative language.] +*** German {hedId=HED_0062021} [A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe.] +*** Icelandic {hedId=HED_0062022} [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland.] +*** Norwegian {hedId=HED_0062023} [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway.] +*** Swedish {hedId=HED_0062024} [A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland.] +** Romance-language {hedId=HED_0062025} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin.] +*** Catalan {hedId=HED_0062026} [A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France.] +*** French {hedId=HED_0062027} [A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an administrative or official language in parts of the world.] +*** Galician {hedId=HED_0062028} [A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia.] +*** Gallo-Rhaetian-language {hedId=HED_0062029} [A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy.] +*** Italian {hedId=HED_0062030} [A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland.] +*** Portuguese {hedId=HED_0062031} [A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world.] +*** Romanian {hedId=HED_0062032} [A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine.] +*** Spanish {hedId=HED_0062033} [A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas.] +** Slavic-language {hedId=HED_0062034} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe.] +*** Bulgarian {hedId=HED_0062035} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria.] +*** Croatian {hedId=HED_0062036} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia.] +*** Czech {hedId=HED_0062037} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic.] +*** Macedonian {hedId=HED_0062038} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia.] +*** Polish {hedId=HED_0062039} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland.] +*** Russian {hedId=HED_0062040} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia.] +*** Slovak {hedId=HED_0062041} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia.] +*** Ukrainian {hedId=HED_0062042} [A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine.] +* Japonic {hedId=HED_0062043} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.] +** Japanese {hedId=HED_0062044} [A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan.] +* Koreanic {hedId=HED_0062045} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea.] +** Korean {hedId=HED_0062046} [A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea.] +* Sino-Tibetan-language {hedId=HED_0062047} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia.] +** Burmo-Qiangic-language {hedId=HED_0062048} [A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar.] +*** Burmese {hedId=HED_0062049} [A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar.] +** Sinitic {hedId=HED_0062050} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China.] +*** Gan-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062051} [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian.] +*** Mandarin-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062052} [A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China.] +**** Standard-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062053} [A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China.] +*** Wu-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062054} [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River.] +*** Xiang-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062055} [A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces.] +*** Yue-Chinese {hedId=HED_0062056} [A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China.] +**** Cantonese {hedId=HED_0062057} [A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau.] +* Tai-Kadai {hedId=HED_0062058} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India.] +** Thai {hedId=HED_0062059} [A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand.] +* Turkic {hedId=HED_0062060} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia.] +** Turkish {hedId=HED_0062061} [A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.] +* Uralic {hedId=HED_0062062} [A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia.] +** Estonian {hedId=HED_0062063} [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia.] +** Finnish {hedId=HED_0062064} [An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland.] +** Hungarian {hedId=HED_0062065} [An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary.] -'''Bigram''' {rooted=Language-item} [A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words.] +'''Bigram''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062066} [A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words.] -'''Letter-character''' {rooted=Character} [A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system.] +'''Letter-character''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062067} [A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system.] -'''Logogram''' {rooted=Character} [A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems.] +'''Logogram''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062068} [A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems.] -'''Noncharacter''' {rooted=Character} [A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system.] +'''Noncharacter''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062069} [A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system.] -'''Pseudocharacter''' {rooted=Character} [A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram.] +'''Pseudocharacter''' {rooted=Character, hedId=HED_0062070} [A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram.] -'''Grapheme''' {rooted=Language-item} [The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme.] +'''Grapheme''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062071} [The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme.] -'''Lemma''' {rooted=Language-item} [The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.] +'''Lemma''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062072} [The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms.] -'''Mora''' {rooted=Language-item} [A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable.] +'''Mora''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062073} [A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable.] -'''Morpheme''' {rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property} [A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided.] +'''Morpheme''' {rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property, hedId=HED_0062074} [A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided.] -'''Phone''' {rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme} [A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties.] -* Consonant [A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable.] -* Vowel [A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords.] -** Diphthong [A sound formed by the combination of two vowels.] -** Long-vowel [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form.] -** Short-vowel [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form.] +'''Phone''' {rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme, hedId=HED_0062075} [A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties.] +* Consonant {hedId=HED_0062076} [A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable.] +* Vowel {hedId=HED_0062077} [A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords.] +** Diphthong {hedId=HED_0062078} [A sound formed by the combination of two vowels.] +** Long-vowel {hedId=HED_0062079} [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form.] +** Short-vowel {hedId=HED_0062080} [A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form.] -'''Radical''' {rooted=Language-item} [A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary.] +'''Radical''' {rooted=Language-item, hedId=HED_0062081} [A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary.] -'''Language-item-property''' {rooted=Property, requireChild=True} [A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis.] -* Clause-type [The type of a clause.] -** Dependent-clause [Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own.] -** Independent-clause [Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own.] -* Grammatical-category [Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection.] -** Aspect [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed.] -*** Imperfective-aspect [Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event.] -*** Perfective-aspect [Presenting a completed event.] -** Case [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function.] -*** Ablative [Used to express motion away from something, among other uses.] -*** Accusative [Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb.] -*** Dative [Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action.] -*** Genitive [Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses.] -*** Nominative [Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.] -** Countability [A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed.] -*** Countable [Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural).] -*** Uncountable [Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units.] -** Grammatical-number [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more.] -*** Collective [Not representing a specific number.] -*** Dual [Representing exactly two instances of a concept.] -*** Paucal [Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept.] -*** Plural [Representing multiple instances of a concept.] -*** Singular [Representing one instance of a concept.] -*** Singulative [Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective.] -*** Trial [Representing exactly three instances of a concept.] -** Mood [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event.] -*** Conditional [Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition.] -*** Imperative [Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests.] -*** Progressive [Expresses an incomplete state or action.] -*** Subjunctive [Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages.] -** Noun-class [Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality.] -** Tense [Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech.] -*** Future-tense [Referring to an event posterior to time of speech.] -**** Future-perfect [Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] -**** Near-future-tense [Referring to an event shortly after time of speech.] -**** Remote-future-tense [Referring to an event in the remote future.] -*** Non-future-tense [Referring to both a past or present event.] -*** Non-past-tense [Referring to both a present or future event.] -*** Past-tense [Referring to an event anterior to time of speech.] -**** Pluperfect [Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] -**** Recent-past-tense [Referring to an event in the recent past.] -**** Remote-past-tense [Referring to an event in the distant past.] -*** Present-tense [Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech.] -* Language-item-form [The form of a language item.] -** Spoken-form {relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form} [The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human.] -*** Canonical-spoken-form [The regular spoken form of a language item.] -*** Mispronounced-spoken-form [A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified.] -*** Regional-spoken-form [A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent.] -** Written-form {relatedTag=Canonical-written-form} [The expression of a language item through a system of writing.] -*** Canonical-written-form [The accepted spelling of a word in a given language.] -*** Incorrect-written-form [An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such.] -*** Pseudohomophone-form [A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion.] -* Language-item-frequency [The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] -** Bigram-frequency [The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] -** Word-frequency [The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] -* Language-item-probability [The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context.] -** Cloze-probability [The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word.] -* Lexical-role [The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech.] -** Adjective [A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.] -** Adposition [Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation.] -*** Circumposition [Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] -*** Postposition [Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] -*** Preposition [Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] -** Adverb [Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.] -** Classifier [An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent.] -** Conjunction [Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.] -*** Complementizer [Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement.] -*** Coordinating-conjunction [Coordinates elements that are equal to each other.] -*** Negation-word [Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence.] -** Determiner [Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has.] -*** Article [A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.] -*** Possessive-determiner [Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase.] -** Interjection [A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.] -** Noun [Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc.] -** Numeral [Expressing a number or relation to a number.] -** Particle [Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.] -** Pronoun [A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase.] -*** Demonstrative-pronoun [Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.] -*** Indefinite-pronoun [Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning.] -*** Interrogative-pronoun [Pronoun which prompts a question.] -*** Personal-pronoun [Pronoun associated with a grammatical person.] -*** Possessive-pronoun [Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person.] -*** Reflexive-pronoun [Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence.] -*** Relative-pronoun [Pronoun that marks a relative clause.] -** Quantifier [Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount.] -** Verb {suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect} [Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence.] -*** Auxiliary-verb [A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation).] -**** Modal-verb [An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility.] -*** Intransitive-verb [A verb that does not require an object.] -*** Psychological-verb [A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme.] -*** Transitive-verb {suggestedTag=Object} [A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action.] -*** Unaccusative-verb [An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses).] -*** Unergative-verb [An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent.] -* Morpheme-property [A property of a morpheme.] -** Morpheme-function [The function of a morpheme.] -*** Inflective-morphological-function {suggestedTag=Grammatical-category} [Changing the grammatical function.] -**** Conjugate [Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb.] -**** Decline [Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles.] -*** Word-formation-function [Creating a new word.] -**** Compound [To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word.] -**** Derivation [Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix.] -***** Change-word-class {suggestedTag=Lexical-role} [Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to.] -** Morpheme-type [The type of a morpheme.] -*** Bound-morpheme-type [A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes.] -*** Free-morpheme-type [A morpheme type that can function as a word.] -** Morphological-position [The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word.] -*** Affix [A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.] -*** Circumfix [Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end.] -*** Infix [Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word.] -*** Non-concatenative-morphology [Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially).] -**** Apophony [Regular vowel variation.] -**** Clitic-morphological-position [A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word.] -**** Conversion [No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar).] -**** Reduplication [Duplication of all or part of the root word.] -**** Transfixation [Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes.] -**** Truncation [Removal of phonological material from root.] -*** Prefix [Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word.] -*** Suffix [Position of a morpheme at the end of a word.] -* Orthographic-neighborhood-size [The number of closely resembling word-forms.] -* Phrase-role [The role of phrase.] -** Adjective-phrase [Headed by an adjective.] -** Adpostional-phrase [Consisting of an adposition and its complement.] -*** Postpositional-phrase [Consisting of a postposition and its complement.] -*** Prepositional-phrase [Consisting of a preposition and its complement.] -** Adverb-phrase [Functioning as an adverb in a sentence.] -** Noun-phrase [Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.] -** Verb-phrase [Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.] -* Syntactic-role [Role a language-item takes in syntax.] -** Complement [The constituent selected by a head.] -*** Syntactic-object [Complement of a verbal head.] -**** Direct-syntactic-object [A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action.] -**** Indirect-syntactic-object [A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer.] -** Modifier [Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct.] -*** Adjunct [Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred.] -** Predicate [Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it.] -*** Secondary-predicate [Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object).] -** Subject [Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative).] -** Syntactic-Head [Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase.] +'''Language-item-property''' {rooted=Property, requireChild=True, hedId=HED_0062082} [A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis.] +* Clause-type {hedId=HED_0062083} [The type of a clause.] +** Dependent-clause {hedId=HED_0062084} [Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own.] +** Independent-clause {hedId=HED_0062085} [Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own.] +* Grammatical-category {hedId=HED_0062086} [Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection.] +** Aspect {hedId=HED_0062087} [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed.] +*** Imperfective-aspect {hedId=HED_0062088} [Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event.] +*** Perfective-aspect {hedId=HED_0062089} [Presenting a completed event.] +** Case {hedId=HED_0062090} [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function.] +*** Ablative {hedId=HED_0062091} [Used to express motion away from something, among other uses.] +*** Accusative {hedId=HED_0062092} [Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb.] +*** Dative {hedId=HED_0062093} [Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action.] +*** Genitive {hedId=HED_0062094} [Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses.] +*** Nominative {hedId=HED_0062095} [Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.] +** Countability {hedId=HED_0062096} [A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed.] +*** Countable {hedId=HED_0062097} [Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural).] +*** Uncountable {hedId=HED_0062098} [Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units.] +** Grammatical-number {hedId=HED_0062099} [Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more.] +*** Collective {hedId=HED_0062100} [Not representing a specific number.] +*** Dual {hedId=HED_0062101} [Representing exactly two instances of a concept.] +*** Paucal {hedId=HED_0062102} [Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept.] +*** Plural {hedId=HED_0062103} [Representing multiple instances of a concept.] +*** Singular {hedId=HED_0062104} [Representing one instance of a concept.] +*** Singulative {hedId=HED_0062105} [Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective.] +*** Trial {hedId=HED_0062106} [Representing exactly three instances of a concept.] +** Mood {hedId=HED_0062107} [Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event.] +*** Conditional {hedId=HED_0062108} [Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition.] +*** Imperative {hedId=HED_0062109} [Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests.] +*** Progressive {hedId=HED_0062110} [Expresses an incomplete state or action.] +*** Subjunctive {hedId=HED_0062111} [Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages.] +** Noun-class {hedId=HED_0062112} [Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality.] +** Tense {hedId=HED_0062113} [Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech.] +*** Future-tense {hedId=HED_0062114} [Referring to an event posterior to time of speech.] +**** Future-perfect {hedId=HED_0062115} [Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] +**** Near-future-tense {hedId=HED_0062116} [Referring to an event shortly after time of speech.] +**** Remote-future-tense {hedId=HED_0062117} [Referring to an event in the remote future.] +*** Non-future-tense {hedId=HED_0062118} [Referring to both a past or present event.] +*** Non-past-tense {hedId=HED_0062119} [Referring to both a present or future event.] +*** Past-tense {hedId=HED_0062120} [Referring to an event anterior to time of speech.] +**** Pluperfect {hedId=HED_0062121} [Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech).] +**** Recent-past-tense {hedId=HED_0062122} [Referring to an event in the recent past.] +**** Remote-past-tense {hedId=HED_0062123} [Referring to an event in the distant past.] +*** Present-tense {hedId=HED_0062124} [Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech.] +* Language-item-form {hedId=HED_0062125} [The form of a language item.] +** Spoken-form {relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form, hedId=HED_0062126} [The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human.] +*** Canonical-spoken-form {hedId=HED_0062127} [The regular spoken form of a language item.] +*** Mispronounced-spoken-form {hedId=HED_0062128} [A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified.] +*** Regional-spoken-form {hedId=HED_0062129} [A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent.] +** Written-form {relatedTag=Canonical-written-form, hedId=HED_0062130} [The expression of a language item through a system of writing.] +*** Canonical-written-form {hedId=HED_0062131} [The accepted spelling of a word in a given language.] +*** Incorrect-written-form {hedId=HED_0062132} [An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such.] +*** Pseudohomophone-form {hedId=HED_0062133} [A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion.] +* Language-item-frequency {hedId=HED_0062134} [The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] +** Bigram-frequency {hedId=HED_0062135} [The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] +** Word-frequency {hedId=HED_0062136} [The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc.] +* Language-item-probability {hedId=HED_0062137} [The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context.] +** Cloze-probability {hedId=HED_0062138} [The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word.] +* Lexical-role {hedId=HED_0062139} [The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech.] +** Adjective {hedId=HED_0062140} [A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.] +** Adposition {hedId=HED_0062141} [Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation.] +*** Circumposition {hedId=HED_0062142} [Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] +*** Postposition {hedId=HED_0062143} [Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] +*** Preposition {hedId=HED_0062144} [Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause.] +** Adverb {hedId=HED_0062145} [Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.] +** Classifier {hedId=HED_0062146} [An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent.] +** Conjunction {hedId=HED_0062147} [Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.] +*** Complementizer {hedId=HED_0062148} [Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement.] +*** Coordinating-conjunction {hedId=HED_0062149} [Coordinates elements that are equal to each other.] +*** Negation-word {hedId=HED_0062150} [Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence.] +** Determiner {hedId=HED_0062151} [Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has.] +*** Article {hedId=HED_0062152} [A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.] +*** Possessive-determiner {hedId=HED_0062153} [Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase.] +** Interjection {hedId=HED_0062154} [A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.] +** Noun {hedId=HED_0062155} [Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc.] +** Numeral {hedId=HED_0062156} [Expressing a number or relation to a number.] +** Particle {hedId=HED_0062157} [Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.] +** Pronoun {hedId=HED_0062158} [A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase.] +*** Demonstrative-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062159} [Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.] +*** Indefinite-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062160} [Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning.] +*** Interrogative-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062161} [Pronoun which prompts a question.] +*** Personal-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062162} [Pronoun associated with a grammatical person.] +*** Possessive-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062163} [Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person.] +*** Reflexive-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062164} [Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence.] +*** Relative-pronoun {hedId=HED_0062165} [Pronoun that marks a relative clause.] +** Quantifier {hedId=HED_0062166} [Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount.] +** Verb {suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect, hedId=HED_0062167} [Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence.] +*** Auxiliary-verb {hedId=HED_0062168} [A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation).] +**** Modal-verb {hedId=HED_0062169} [An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility.] +*** Intransitive-verb {hedId=HED_0062170} [A verb that does not require an object.] +*** Psychological-verb {hedId=HED_0062171} [A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme.] +*** Transitive-verb {suggestedTag=Object, hedId=HED_0062172} [A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action.] +*** Unaccusative-verb {hedId=HED_0062173} [An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses).] +*** Unergative-verb {hedId=HED_0062174} [An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent.] +* Morpheme-property {hedId=HED_0062175} [A property of a morpheme.] +** Morpheme-function {hedId=HED_0062176} [The function of a morpheme.] +*** Inflective-morphological-function {suggestedTag=Grammatical-category, hedId=HED_0062177} [Changing the grammatical function.] +**** Conjugate {hedId=HED_0062178} [Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb.] +**** Decline {hedId=HED_0062179} [Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles.] +*** Word-formation-function {hedId=HED_0062180} [Creating a new word.] +**** Compound {hedId=HED_0062181} [To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word.] +**** Derivation {hedId=HED_0062182} [Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix.] +***** Change-word-class {suggestedTag=Lexical-role, hedId=HED_0062183} [Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to.] +** Morpheme-type {hedId=HED_0062184} [The type of a morpheme.] +*** Bound-morpheme-type {hedId=HED_0062185} [A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes.] +*** Free-morpheme-type {hedId=HED_0062186} [A morpheme type that can function as a word.] +** Morphological-position {hedId=HED_0062187} [The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word.] +*** Affix {hedId=HED_0062188} [A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.] +*** Circumfix {hedId=HED_0062189} [Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end.] +*** Infix {hedId=HED_0062190} [Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word.] +*** Non-concatenative-morphology {hedId=HED_0062191} [Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially).] +**** Apophony {hedId=HED_0062192} [Regular vowel variation.] +**** Clitic-morphological-position {hedId=HED_0062193} [A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word.] +**** Conversion {hedId=HED_0062194} [No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar).] +**** Reduplication {hedId=HED_0062195} [Duplication of all or part of the root word.] +**** Transfixation {hedId=HED_0062196} [Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes.] +**** Truncation {hedId=HED_0062197} [Removal of phonological material from root.] +*** Prefix {hedId=HED_0062198} [Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word.] +*** Suffix {hedId=HED_0062199} [Position of a morpheme at the end of a word.] +* Orthographic-neighborhood-size {hedId=HED_0062200} [The number of closely resembling word-forms.] +* Phrase-role {hedId=HED_0062201} [The role of phrase.] +** Adjective-phrase {hedId=HED_0062202} [Headed by an adjective.] +** Adpostional-phrase {hedId=HED_0062203} [Consisting of an adposition and its complement.] +*** Postpositional-phrase {hedId=HED_0062204} [Consisting of a postposition and its complement.] +*** Prepositional-phrase {hedId=HED_0062205} [Consisting of a preposition and its complement.] +** Adverb-phrase {hedId=HED_0062206} [Functioning as an adverb in a sentence.] +** Noun-phrase {hedId=HED_0062207} [Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object.] +** Verb-phrase {hedId=HED_0062208} [Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject.] +* Syntactic-role {hedId=HED_0062209} [Role a language-item takes in syntax.] +** Complement {hedId=HED_0062210} [The constituent selected by a head.] +*** Syntactic-object {hedId=HED_0062211} [Complement of a verbal head.] +**** Direct-syntactic-object {hedId=HED_0062212} [A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action.] +**** Indirect-syntactic-object {hedId=HED_0062213} [A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer.] +** Modifier {hedId=HED_0062214} [Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct.] +*** Adjunct {hedId=HED_0062215} [Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred.] +** Predicate {hedId=HED_0062216} [Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it.] +*** Secondary-predicate {hedId=HED_0062217} [Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object).] +** Subject {hedId=HED_0062218} [Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative).] +** Syntactic-Head {hedId=HED_0062219} [Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase.] -'''Language-property''' {rooted=Property} [A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people.] -* Morphological-language-type [Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people.] -** Analytic-language-type [Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio.] -*** Morphological-isolating-type [Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one.] -** Morphological-polysynthetic-type [Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word.] -** Morphological-synthetic-type [Having a higher morpheme per word ratio.] -*** Morphological-agglutinating-type [Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature.] -*** Morphological-fusional-type [Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.] -* Orthographic-type [The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language.] -** Logographic-type [Representing an entire spoken word per character.] -** Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type [Representing approximately phoneme per character.] -*** Deep-orthographical-type [Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] -*** Shallow-orthographic-type [Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] -** Syllabary-type [Representing one syllable or mora per character.] +'''Language-property''' {rooted=Property, hedId=HED_0062220} [A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people.] +* Morphological-language-type {hedId=HED_0062221} [Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people.] +** Analytic-language-type {hedId=HED_0062222} [Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio.] +*** Morphological-isolating-type {hedId=HED_0062223} [Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one.] +** Morphological-polysynthetic-type {hedId=HED_0062224} [Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word.] +** Morphological-synthetic-type {hedId=HED_0062225} [Having a higher morpheme per word ratio.] +*** Morphological-agglutinating-type {hedId=HED_0062226} [Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature.] +*** Morphological-fusional-type {hedId=HED_0062227} [Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.] +* Orthographic-type {hedId=HED_0062228} [The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language.] +** Logographic-type {hedId=HED_0062229} [Representing an entire spoken word per character.] +** Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type {hedId=HED_0062230} [Representing approximately phoneme per character.] +*** Deep-orthographical-type {hedId=HED_0062231} [Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] +*** Shallow-orthographic-type {hedId=HED_0062232} [Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them.] +** Syllabary-type {hedId=HED_0062233} [Representing one syllable or mora per character.] -'''Linguistic-relation''' {rooted=Relation} [Related based on a linguistic property to.] -* Grammatical-relation [Grammatical relationship between language items.] -** Agreement-with [Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of.] -* Orthographic-relatedness-to [Connected on the basis of writing or spelling.] -** Orthographic-distance-to [Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography).] -*** Hamming-distance-to [The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length.] -**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass} [Integers 0 and up.] -*** Levenshtein-distance-to [The minimum number of single-character edits to change into.] -**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass} [Integers 0 and up.] -* Phonological-relatedness-to [Connected on the basis of sound.] -** Phonological-distance-to [Removed in sounding from.] -*** Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to [The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into.] -**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass} [Integers 0 and up.] -* Semantic-relatedness-to [Connected on the basis of meaning to.] -** Antonymous-to [Meaning the opposite as.] -** Semantic-distance-to [Removed in meaning from.] -*** # -** Synonymous-to [Meaning exactly or nearly the same as.] +'''Linguistic-relation''' {rooted=Relation, hedId=HED_0062234} [Related based on a linguistic property to.] +* Grammatical-relation {hedId=HED_0062235} [Grammatical relationship between language items.] +** Agreement-with {hedId=HED_0062236} [Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of.] +* Orthographic-relatedness-to {hedId=HED_0062237} [Connected on the basis of writing or spelling.] +** Orthographic-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062238} [Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography).] +*** Hamming-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062239} [The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length.] +**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass, hedId=HED_0062240} [Integers 0 and up.] +*** Levenshtein-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062241} [The minimum number of single-character edits to change into.] +**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass, hedId=HED_0062242} [Integers 0 and up.] +* Phonological-relatedness-to {hedId=HED_0062243} [Connected on the basis of sound.] +** Phonological-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062244} [Removed in sounding from.] +*** Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062245} [The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into.] +**** # {takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass, hedId=HED_0062246} [Integers 0 and up.] +* Semantic-relatedness-to {hedId=HED_0062247} [Connected on the basis of meaning to.] +** Antonymous-to {hedId=HED_0062248} [Meaning the opposite as.] +** Semantic-distance-to {hedId=HED_0062249} [Removed in meaning from.] +*** # {hedId=HED_0062250} +** Synonymous-to {hedId=HED_0062251} [Meaning exactly or nearly the same as.] !# end schema diff --git a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml index 35f5887..d371255 100644 --- a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml +++ b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/HED_lang_1.0.0.xml @@ -2198,6 +2198,10 @@ rooted Item + + hedId + HED_0062001 + inLibrary lang @@ -2205,6 +2209,10 @@ Afroasiatic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. + + hedId + HED_0062002 + inLibrary lang @@ -2212,6 +2220,10 @@ Arabic An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062003 + inLibrary lang @@ -2220,6 +2232,10 @@ Hebrew An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel. + + hedId + HED_0062004 + inLibrary lang @@ -2229,6 +2245,10 @@ Atlantic-Congo-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa. + + hedId + HED_0062005 + inLibrary lang @@ -2236,6 +2256,10 @@ Swahili An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique. + + hedId + HED_0062006 + inLibrary lang @@ -2245,6 +2269,10 @@ Austroasiatic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062007 + inLibrary lang @@ -2252,6 +2280,10 @@ Vietnamese An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam. + + hedId + HED_0062008 + inLibrary lang @@ -2261,6 +2293,10 @@ Austronesian-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. + + hedId + HED_0062009 + inLibrary lang @@ -2268,6 +2304,10 @@ Malay An Austronesian language mainly spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand. + + hedId + HED_0062010 + inLibrary lang @@ -2277,6 +2317,10 @@ Dravidian A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal. + + hedId + HED_0062011 + inLibrary lang @@ -2284,6 +2328,10 @@ Tamil A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore. + + hedId + HED_0062012 + inLibrary lang @@ -2297,6 +2345,10 @@ suggestedTag Language-property + + hedId + HED_0062013 + inLibrary lang @@ -2304,6 +2356,10 @@ Baltic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe. + + hedId + HED_0062014 + inLibrary lang @@ -2311,6 +2367,10 @@ Latvian A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia. + + hedId + HED_0062015 + inLibrary lang @@ -2319,6 +2379,10 @@ Lithuanian A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania. + + hedId + HED_0062016 + inLibrary lang @@ -2328,6 +2392,10 @@ Germanic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. + + hedId + HED_0062017 + inLibrary lang @@ -2335,6 +2403,10 @@ Danish A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark. + + hedId + HED_0062018 + inLibrary lang @@ -2343,6 +2415,10 @@ Dutch A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands. + + hedId + HED_0062019 + inLibrary lang @@ -2351,6 +2427,10 @@ English A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an administrative language. + + hedId + HED_0062020 + inLibrary lang @@ -2359,6 +2439,10 @@ German A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. + + hedId + HED_0062021 + inLibrary lang @@ -2367,6 +2451,10 @@ Icelandic A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland. + + hedId + HED_0062022 + inLibrary lang @@ -2375,6 +2463,10 @@ Norwegian A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway. + + hedId + HED_0062023 + inLibrary lang @@ -2383,6 +2475,10 @@ Swedish A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland. + + hedId + HED_0062024 + inLibrary lang @@ -2392,6 +2488,10 @@ Romance-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin. + + hedId + HED_0062025 + inLibrary lang @@ -2399,6 +2499,10 @@ Catalan A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France. + + hedId + HED_0062026 + inLibrary lang @@ -2407,6 +2511,10 @@ French A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an administrative or official language in parts of the world. + + hedId + HED_0062027 + inLibrary lang @@ -2415,6 +2523,10 @@ Galician A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia. + + hedId + HED_0062028 + inLibrary lang @@ -2423,6 +2535,10 @@ Gallo-Rhaetian-language A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy. + + hedId + HED_0062029 + inLibrary lang @@ -2431,6 +2547,10 @@ Italian A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland. + + hedId + HED_0062030 + inLibrary lang @@ -2439,6 +2559,10 @@ Portuguese A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world. + + hedId + HED_0062031 + inLibrary lang @@ -2447,6 +2571,10 @@ Romanian A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine. + + hedId + HED_0062032 + inLibrary lang @@ -2455,6 +2583,10 @@ Spanish A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas. + + hedId + HED_0062033 + inLibrary lang @@ -2464,6 +2596,10 @@ Slavic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe. + + hedId + HED_0062034 + inLibrary lang @@ -2471,6 +2607,10 @@ Bulgarian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. + + hedId + HED_0062035 + inLibrary lang @@ -2479,6 +2619,10 @@ Croatian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia. + + hedId + HED_0062036 + inLibrary lang @@ -2487,6 +2631,10 @@ Czech A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic. + + hedId + HED_0062037 + inLibrary lang @@ -2495,6 +2643,10 @@ Macedonian A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia. + + hedId + HED_0062038 + inLibrary lang @@ -2503,6 +2655,10 @@ Polish A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland. + + hedId + HED_0062039 + inLibrary lang @@ -2511,6 +2667,10 @@ Russian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062040 + inLibrary lang @@ -2519,6 +2679,10 @@ Slovak A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia. + + hedId + HED_0062041 + inLibrary lang @@ -2527,6 +2691,10 @@ Ukrainian A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine. + + hedId + HED_0062042 + inLibrary lang @@ -2537,6 +2705,10 @@ Japonic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. + + hedId + HED_0062043 + inLibrary lang @@ -2544,6 +2716,10 @@ Japanese A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan. + + hedId + HED_0062044 + inLibrary lang @@ -2553,6 +2729,10 @@ Koreanic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea. + + hedId + HED_0062045 + inLibrary lang @@ -2560,6 +2740,10 @@ Korean A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea. + + hedId + HED_0062046 + inLibrary lang @@ -2569,6 +2753,10 @@ Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062047 + inLibrary lang @@ -2576,6 +2764,10 @@ Burmo-Qiangic-language A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. + + hedId + HED_0062048 + inLibrary lang @@ -2583,6 +2775,10 @@ Burmese A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar. + + hedId + HED_0062049 + inLibrary lang @@ -2592,6 +2788,10 @@ Sinitic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China. + + hedId + HED_0062050 + inLibrary lang @@ -2599,6 +2799,10 @@ Gan-Chinese A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. + + hedId + HED_0062051 + inLibrary lang @@ -2607,6 +2811,10 @@ Mandarin-Chinese A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. + + hedId + HED_0062052 + inLibrary lang @@ -2614,6 +2822,10 @@ Standard-Chinese A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China. + + hedId + HED_0062053 + inLibrary lang @@ -2623,6 +2835,10 @@ Wu-Chinese A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River. + + hedId + HED_0062054 + inLibrary lang @@ -2631,6 +2847,10 @@ Xiang-Chinese A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. + + hedId + HED_0062055 + inLibrary lang @@ -2639,6 +2859,10 @@ Yue-Chinese A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China. + + hedId + HED_0062056 + inLibrary lang @@ -2646,6 +2870,10 @@ Cantonese A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. + + hedId + HED_0062057 + inLibrary lang @@ -2657,6 +2885,10 @@ Tai-Kadai A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India. + + hedId + HED_0062058 + inLibrary lang @@ -2664,6 +2896,10 @@ Thai A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand. + + hedId + HED_0062059 + inLibrary lang @@ -2673,6 +2909,10 @@ Turkic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062060 + inLibrary lang @@ -2680,6 +2920,10 @@ Turkish A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. + + hedId + HED_0062061 + inLibrary lang @@ -2689,6 +2933,10 @@ Uralic A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia. + + hedId + HED_0062062 + inLibrary lang @@ -2696,6 +2944,10 @@ Estonian An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia. + + hedId + HED_0062063 + inLibrary lang @@ -2704,6 +2956,10 @@ Finnish An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland. + + hedId + HED_0062064 + inLibrary lang @@ -2712,6 +2968,10 @@ Hungarian An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary. + + hedId + HED_0062065 + inLibrary lang @@ -2737,6 +2997,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062066 + inLibrary lang @@ -2756,6 +3020,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062067 + inLibrary lang @@ -2768,6 +3036,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062068 + inLibrary lang @@ -2780,6 +3052,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062069 + inLibrary lang @@ -2792,6 +3068,10 @@ rooted Character + + hedId + HED_0062070 + inLibrary lang @@ -2821,6 +3101,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062071 + inLibrary lang @@ -2833,6 +3117,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062072 + inLibrary lang @@ -2845,6 +3133,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062073 + inLibrary lang @@ -2861,6 +3153,10 @@ suggestedTag Morpheme-property + + hedId + HED_0062074 + inLibrary lang @@ -2893,6 +3189,10 @@ relatedTag Phoneme + + hedId + HED_0062075 + inLibrary lang @@ -2900,6 +3200,10 @@ Consonant A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable. + + hedId + HED_0062076 + inLibrary lang @@ -2908,6 +3212,10 @@ Vowel A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords. + + hedId + HED_0062077 + inLibrary lang @@ -2915,6 +3223,10 @@ Diphthong A sound formed by the combination of two vowels. + + hedId + HED_0062078 + inLibrary lang @@ -2923,6 +3235,10 @@ Long-vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form. + + hedId + HED_0062079 + inLibrary lang @@ -2931,6 +3247,10 @@ Short-vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form. + + hedId + HED_0062080 + inLibrary lang @@ -2969,6 +3289,10 @@ rooted Language-item + + hedId + HED_0062081 + inLibrary lang @@ -8398,6 +8722,10 @@ requireChild True + + hedId + HED_0062082 + inLibrary lang @@ -8405,6 +8733,10 @@ Clause-type The type of a clause. + + hedId + HED_0062083 + inLibrary lang @@ -8412,6 +8744,10 @@ Dependent-clause Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own. + + hedId + HED_0062084 + inLibrary lang @@ -8420,6 +8756,10 @@ Independent-clause Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own. + + hedId + HED_0062085 + inLibrary lang @@ -8430,12 +8770,20 @@ Grammatical-category Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection. - inLibrary + hedId + HED_0062086 + + + inLibrary lang Aspect Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed. + + hedId + HED_0062087 + inLibrary lang @@ -8443,6 +8791,10 @@ Imperfective-aspect Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event. + + hedId + HED_0062088 + inLibrary lang @@ -8451,6 +8803,10 @@ Perfective-aspect Presenting a completed event. + + hedId + HED_0062089 + inLibrary lang @@ -8460,6 +8816,10 @@ Case Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function. + + hedId + HED_0062090 + inLibrary lang @@ -8467,6 +8827,10 @@ Ablative Used to express motion away from something, among other uses. + + hedId + HED_0062091 + inLibrary lang @@ -8475,6 +8839,10 @@ Accusative Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. + + hedId + HED_0062092 + inLibrary lang @@ -8483,6 +8851,10 @@ Dative Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. + + hedId + HED_0062093 + inLibrary lang @@ -8491,6 +8863,10 @@ Genitive Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses. + + hedId + HED_0062094 + inLibrary lang @@ -8499,6 +8875,10 @@ Nominative Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. + + hedId + HED_0062095 + inLibrary lang @@ -8508,6 +8888,10 @@ Countability A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed. + + hedId + HED_0062096 + inLibrary lang @@ -8515,6 +8899,10 @@ Countable Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural). + + hedId + HED_0062097 + inLibrary lang @@ -8523,6 +8911,10 @@ Uncountable Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units. + + hedId + HED_0062098 + inLibrary lang @@ -8532,6 +8924,10 @@ Grammatical-number Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more. + + hedId + HED_0062099 + inLibrary lang @@ -8539,6 +8935,10 @@ Collective Not representing a specific number. + + hedId + HED_0062100 + inLibrary lang @@ -8547,6 +8947,10 @@ Dual Representing exactly two instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062101 + inLibrary lang @@ -8555,6 +8959,10 @@ Paucal Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062102 + inLibrary lang @@ -8563,6 +8971,10 @@ Plural Representing multiple instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062103 + inLibrary lang @@ -8571,6 +8983,10 @@ Singular Representing one instance of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062104 + inLibrary lang @@ -8579,6 +8995,10 @@ Singulative Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective. + + hedId + HED_0062105 + inLibrary lang @@ -8587,6 +9007,10 @@ Trial Representing exactly three instances of a concept. + + hedId + HED_0062106 + inLibrary lang @@ -8596,6 +9020,10 @@ Mood Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event. + + hedId + HED_0062107 + inLibrary lang @@ -8603,6 +9031,10 @@ Conditional Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition. + + hedId + HED_0062108 + inLibrary lang @@ -8611,6 +9043,10 @@ Imperative Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. + + hedId + HED_0062109 + inLibrary lang @@ -8619,6 +9055,10 @@ Progressive Expresses an incomplete state or action. + + hedId + HED_0062110 + inLibrary lang @@ -8627,6 +9067,10 @@ Subjunctive Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages. + + hedId + HED_0062111 + inLibrary lang @@ -8636,6 +9080,10 @@ Noun-class Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality. + + hedId + HED_0062112 + inLibrary lang @@ -8644,6 +9092,10 @@ Tense Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062113 + inLibrary lang @@ -8651,6 +9103,10 @@ Future-tense Referring to an event posterior to time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062114 + inLibrary lang @@ -8658,6 +9114,10 @@ Future-perfect Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). + + hedId + HED_0062115 + inLibrary lang @@ -8666,6 +9126,10 @@ Near-future-tense Referring to an event shortly after time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062116 + inLibrary lang @@ -8674,6 +9138,10 @@ Remote-future-tense Referring to an event in the remote future. + + hedId + HED_0062117 + inLibrary lang @@ -8683,6 +9151,10 @@ Non-future-tense Referring to both a past or present event. + + hedId + HED_0062118 + inLibrary lang @@ -8691,6 +9163,10 @@ Non-past-tense Referring to both a present or future event. + + hedId + HED_0062119 + inLibrary lang @@ -8699,6 +9175,10 @@ Past-tense Referring to an event anterior to time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062120 + inLibrary lang @@ -8706,6 +9186,10 @@ Pluperfect Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). + + hedId + HED_0062121 + inLibrary lang @@ -8714,6 +9198,10 @@ Recent-past-tense Referring to an event in the recent past. + + hedId + HED_0062122 + inLibrary lang @@ -8722,6 +9210,10 @@ Remote-past-tense Referring to an event in the distant past. + + hedId + HED_0062123 + inLibrary lang @@ -8731,6 +9223,10 @@ Present-tense Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062124 + inLibrary lang @@ -8741,6 +9237,10 @@ Language-item-form The form of a language item. + + hedId + HED_0062125 + inLibrary lang @@ -8752,6 +9252,10 @@ relatedTag Canonical-spoken-form + + hedId + HED_0062126 + inLibrary lang @@ -8759,6 +9263,10 @@ Canonical-spoken-form The regular spoken form of a language item. + + hedId + HED_0062127 + inLibrary lang @@ -8767,6 +9275,10 @@ Mispronounced-spoken-form A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified. + + hedId + HED_0062128 + inLibrary lang @@ -8775,6 +9287,10 @@ Regional-spoken-form A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent. + + hedId + HED_0062129 + inLibrary lang @@ -8788,6 +9304,10 @@ relatedTag Canonical-written-form + + hedId + HED_0062130 + inLibrary lang @@ -8795,6 +9315,10 @@ Canonical-written-form The accepted spelling of a word in a given language. + + hedId + HED_0062131 + inLibrary lang @@ -8803,6 +9327,10 @@ Incorrect-written-form An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such. + + hedId + HED_0062132 + inLibrary lang @@ -8811,6 +9339,10 @@ Pseudohomophone-form A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion. + + hedId + HED_0062133 + inLibrary lang @@ -8821,6 +9353,10 @@ Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062134 + inLibrary lang @@ -8828,6 +9364,10 @@ Bigram-frequency The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062135 + inLibrary lang @@ -8836,6 +9376,10 @@ Word-frequency The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062136 + inLibrary lang @@ -8845,6 +9389,10 @@ Language-item-probability The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context. + + hedId + HED_0062137 + inLibrary lang @@ -8852,6 +9400,10 @@ Cloze-probability The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word. + + hedId + HED_0062138 + inLibrary lang @@ -8861,6 +9413,10 @@ Lexical-role The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech. + + hedId + HED_0062139 + inLibrary lang @@ -8868,6 +9424,10 @@ Adjective A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062140 + inLibrary lang @@ -8876,6 +9436,10 @@ Adposition Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation. + + hedId + HED_0062141 + inLibrary lang @@ -8883,6 +9447,10 @@ Circumposition Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. + + hedId + HED_0062142 + inLibrary lang @@ -8891,6 +9459,10 @@ Postposition Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. + + hedId + HED_0062143 + inLibrary lang @@ -8899,6 +9471,10 @@ Preposition Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. + + hedId + HED_0062144 + inLibrary lang @@ -8908,6 +9484,10 @@ Adverb Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. + + hedId + HED_0062145 + inLibrary lang @@ -8916,6 +9496,10 @@ Classifier An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent. + + hedId + HED_0062146 + inLibrary lang @@ -8924,6 +9508,10 @@ Conjunction Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. + + hedId + HED_0062147 + inLibrary lang @@ -8931,6 +9519,10 @@ Complementizer Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement. + + hedId + HED_0062148 + inLibrary lang @@ -8939,6 +9531,10 @@ Coordinating-conjunction Coordinates elements that are equal to each other. + + hedId + HED_0062149 + inLibrary lang @@ -8947,6 +9543,10 @@ Negation-word Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence. + + hedId + HED_0062150 + inLibrary lang @@ -8956,6 +9556,10 @@ Determiner Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. + + hedId + HED_0062151 + inLibrary lang @@ -8963,6 +9567,10 @@ Article A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. + + hedId + HED_0062152 + inLibrary lang @@ -8971,6 +9579,10 @@ Possessive-determiner Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062153 + inLibrary lang @@ -8980,6 +9592,10 @@ Interjection A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. + + hedId + HED_0062154 + inLibrary lang @@ -8988,6 +9604,10 @@ Noun Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc. + + hedId + HED_0062155 + inLibrary lang @@ -8996,6 +9616,10 @@ Numeral Expressing a number or relation to a number. + + hedId + HED_0062156 + inLibrary lang @@ -9004,6 +9628,10 @@ Particle Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. + + hedId + HED_0062157 + inLibrary lang @@ -9012,6 +9640,10 @@ Pronoun A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062158 + inLibrary lang @@ -9019,6 +9651,10 @@ Demonstrative-pronoun Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. + + hedId + HED_0062159 + inLibrary lang @@ -9027,6 +9663,10 @@ Indefinite-pronoun Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning. + + hedId + HED_0062160 + inLibrary lang @@ -9035,6 +9675,10 @@ Interrogative-pronoun Pronoun which prompts a question. + + hedId + HED_0062161 + inLibrary lang @@ -9043,6 +9687,10 @@ Personal-pronoun Pronoun associated with a grammatical person. + + hedId + HED_0062162 + inLibrary lang @@ -9051,6 +9699,10 @@ Possessive-pronoun Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person. + + hedId + HED_0062163 + inLibrary lang @@ -9059,6 +9711,10 @@ Reflexive-pronoun Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence. + + hedId + HED_0062164 + inLibrary lang @@ -9067,6 +9723,10 @@ Relative-pronoun Pronoun that marks a relative clause. + + hedId + HED_0062165 + inLibrary lang @@ -9076,6 +9736,10 @@ Quantifier Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount. + + hedId + HED_0062166 + inLibrary lang @@ -9090,6 +9754,10 @@ Mood Aspect + + hedId + HED_0062167 + inLibrary lang @@ -9097,6 +9765,10 @@ Auxiliary-verb A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation). + + hedId + HED_0062168 + inLibrary lang @@ -9104,6 +9776,10 @@ Modal-verb An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility. + + hedId + HED_0062169 + inLibrary lang @@ -9113,6 +9789,10 @@ Intransitive-verb A verb that does not require an object. + + hedId + HED_0062170 + inLibrary lang @@ -9121,6 +9801,10 @@ Psychological-verb A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme. + + hedId + HED_0062171 + inLibrary lang @@ -9133,6 +9817,10 @@ suggestedTag Object + + hedId + HED_0062172 + inLibrary lang @@ -9141,6 +9829,10 @@ Unaccusative-verb An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses). + + hedId + HED_0062173 + inLibrary lang @@ -9149,6 +9841,10 @@ Unergative-verb An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent. + + hedId + HED_0062174 + inLibrary lang @@ -9159,6 +9855,10 @@ Morpheme-property A property of a morpheme. + + hedId + HED_0062175 + inLibrary lang @@ -9166,6 +9866,10 @@ Morpheme-function The function of a morpheme. + + hedId + HED_0062176 + inLibrary lang @@ -9177,6 +9881,10 @@ suggestedTag Grammatical-category + + hedId + HED_0062177 + inLibrary lang @@ -9184,6 +9892,10 @@ Conjugate Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb. + + hedId + HED_0062178 + inLibrary lang @@ -9192,6 +9904,10 @@ Decline Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles. + + hedId + HED_0062179 + inLibrary lang @@ -9201,6 +9917,10 @@ Word-formation-function Creating a new word. + + hedId + HED_0062180 + inLibrary lang @@ -9208,6 +9928,10 @@ Compound To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word. + + hedId + HED_0062181 + inLibrary lang @@ -9216,6 +9940,10 @@ Derivation Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix. + + hedId + HED_0062182 + inLibrary lang @@ -9227,6 +9955,10 @@ suggestedTag Lexical-role + + hedId + HED_0062183 + inLibrary lang @@ -9238,6 +9970,10 @@ Morpheme-type The type of a morpheme. + + hedId + HED_0062184 + inLibrary lang @@ -9245,6 +9981,10 @@ Bound-morpheme-type A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes. + + hedId + HED_0062185 + inLibrary lang @@ -9253,6 +9993,10 @@ Free-morpheme-type A morpheme type that can function as a word. + + hedId + HED_0062186 + inLibrary lang @@ -9262,6 +10006,10 @@ Morphological-position The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062187 + inLibrary lang @@ -9269,6 +10017,10 @@ Affix A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. + + hedId + HED_0062188 + inLibrary lang @@ -9277,6 +10029,10 @@ Circumfix Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end. + + hedId + HED_0062189 + inLibrary lang @@ -9285,6 +10041,10 @@ Infix Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062190 + inLibrary lang @@ -9293,6 +10053,10 @@ Non-concatenative-morphology Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially). + + hedId + HED_0062191 + inLibrary lang @@ -9300,6 +10064,10 @@ Apophony Regular vowel variation. + + hedId + HED_0062192 + inLibrary lang @@ -9308,6 +10076,10 @@ Clitic-morphological-position A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word. + + hedId + HED_0062193 + inLibrary lang @@ -9316,6 +10088,10 @@ Conversion No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar). + + hedId + HED_0062194 + inLibrary lang @@ -9324,6 +10100,10 @@ Reduplication Duplication of all or part of the root word. + + hedId + HED_0062195 + inLibrary lang @@ -9332,6 +10112,10 @@ Transfixation Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes. + + hedId + HED_0062196 + inLibrary lang @@ -9340,6 +10124,10 @@ Truncation Removal of phonological material from root. + + hedId + HED_0062197 + inLibrary lang @@ -9349,6 +10137,10 @@ Prefix Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062198 + inLibrary lang @@ -9357,6 +10149,10 @@ Suffix Position of a morpheme at the end of a word. + + hedId + HED_0062199 + inLibrary lang @@ -9367,6 +10163,10 @@ Orthographic-neighborhood-size The number of closely resembling word-forms. + + hedId + HED_0062200 + inLibrary lang @@ -9375,6 +10175,10 @@ Phrase-role The role of phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062201 + inLibrary lang @@ -9382,6 +10186,10 @@ Adjective-phrase Headed by an adjective. + + hedId + HED_0062202 + inLibrary lang @@ -9390,6 +10198,10 @@ Adpostional-phrase Consisting of an adposition and its complement. + + hedId + HED_0062203 + inLibrary lang @@ -9397,6 +10209,10 @@ Postpositional-phrase Consisting of a postposition and its complement. + + hedId + HED_0062204 + inLibrary lang @@ -9405,6 +10221,10 @@ Prepositional-phrase Consisting of a preposition and its complement. + + hedId + HED_0062205 + inLibrary lang @@ -9414,6 +10234,10 @@ Adverb-phrase Functioning as an adverb in a sentence. + + hedId + HED_0062206 + inLibrary lang @@ -9422,6 +10246,10 @@ Noun-phrase Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. + + hedId + HED_0062207 + inLibrary lang @@ -9430,6 +10258,10 @@ Verb-phrase Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject. + + hedId + HED_0062208 + inLibrary lang @@ -9439,6 +10271,10 @@ Syntactic-role Role a language-item takes in syntax. + + hedId + HED_0062209 + inLibrary lang @@ -9446,6 +10282,10 @@ Complement The constituent selected by a head. + + hedId + HED_0062210 + inLibrary lang @@ -9453,6 +10293,10 @@ Syntactic-object Complement of a verbal head. + + hedId + HED_0062211 + inLibrary lang @@ -9460,6 +10304,10 @@ Direct-syntactic-object A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action. + + hedId + HED_0062212 + inLibrary lang @@ -9468,6 +10316,10 @@ Indirect-syntactic-object A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer. + + hedId + HED_0062213 + inLibrary lang @@ -9478,6 +10330,10 @@ Modifier Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct. + + hedId + HED_0062214 + inLibrary lang @@ -9485,6 +10341,10 @@ Adjunct Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred. + + hedId + HED_0062215 + inLibrary lang @@ -9494,6 +10354,10 @@ Predicate Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it. + + hedId + HED_0062216 + inLibrary lang @@ -9501,6 +10365,10 @@ Secondary-predicate Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object). + + hedId + HED_0062217 + inLibrary lang @@ -9510,6 +10378,10 @@ Subject Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative). + + hedId + HED_0062218 + inLibrary lang @@ -9518,6 +10390,10 @@ Syntactic-Head Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase. + + hedId + HED_0062219 + inLibrary lang @@ -9532,6 +10408,10 @@ rooted Property + + hedId + HED_0062220 + inLibrary lang @@ -9539,6 +10419,10 @@ Morphological-language-type Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people. + + hedId + HED_0062221 + inLibrary lang @@ -9546,6 +10430,10 @@ Analytic-language-type Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio. + + hedId + HED_0062222 + inLibrary lang @@ -9553,6 +10441,10 @@ Morphological-isolating-type Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one. + + hedId + HED_0062223 + inLibrary lang @@ -9562,6 +10454,10 @@ Morphological-polysynthetic-type Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word. + + hedId + HED_0062224 + inLibrary lang @@ -9570,6 +10466,10 @@ Morphological-synthetic-type Having a higher morpheme per word ratio. + + hedId + HED_0062225 + inLibrary lang @@ -9577,6 +10477,10 @@ Morphological-agglutinating-type Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature. + + hedId + HED_0062226 + inLibrary lang @@ -9585,6 +10489,10 @@ Morphological-fusional-type Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. + + hedId + HED_0062227 + inLibrary lang @@ -9595,6 +10503,10 @@ Orthographic-type The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language. + + hedId + HED_0062228 + inLibrary lang @@ -9602,6 +10514,10 @@ Logographic-type Representing an entire spoken word per character. + + hedId + HED_0062229 + inLibrary lang @@ -9610,6 +10526,10 @@ Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Representing approximately phoneme per character. + + hedId + HED_0062230 + inLibrary lang @@ -9617,6 +10537,10 @@ Deep-orthographical-type Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. + + hedId + HED_0062231 + inLibrary lang @@ -9625,6 +10549,10 @@ Shallow-orthographic-type Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. + + hedId + HED_0062232 + inLibrary lang @@ -9634,6 +10562,10 @@ Syllabary-type Representing one syllable or mora per character. + + hedId + HED_0062233 + inLibrary lang @@ -12921,6 +13853,10 @@ rooted Relation + + hedId + HED_0062234 + inLibrary lang @@ -12928,6 +13864,10 @@ Grammatical-relation Grammatical relationship between language items. + + hedId + HED_0062235 + inLibrary lang @@ -12935,6 +13875,10 @@ Agreement-with Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of. + + hedId + HED_0062236 + inLibrary lang @@ -12944,6 +13888,10 @@ Orthographic-relatedness-to Connected on the basis of writing or spelling. + + hedId + HED_0062237 + inLibrary lang @@ -12951,6 +13899,10 @@ Orthographic-distance-to Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography). + + hedId + HED_0062238 + inLibrary lang @@ -12958,6 +13910,10 @@ Hamming-distance-to The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length. + + hedId + HED_0062239 + inLibrary lang @@ -12973,6 +13929,10 @@ valueClass numericClass + + hedId + HED_0062240 + inLibrary lang @@ -12982,6 +13942,10 @@ Levenshtein-distance-to The minimum number of single-character edits to change into. + + hedId + HED_0062241 + inLibrary lang @@ -12997,6 +13961,10 @@ valueClass numericClass + + hedId + HED_0062242 + inLibrary lang @@ -13008,6 +13976,10 @@ Phonological-relatedness-to Connected on the basis of sound. + + hedId + HED_0062243 + inLibrary lang @@ -13015,6 +13987,10 @@ Phonological-distance-to Removed in sounding from. + + hedId + HED_0062244 + inLibrary lang @@ -13022,6 +13998,10 @@ Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into. + + hedId + HED_0062245 + inLibrary lang @@ -13037,6 +14017,10 @@ valueClass numericClass + + hedId + HED_0062246 + inLibrary lang @@ -13048,6 +14032,10 @@ Semantic-relatedness-to Connected on the basis of meaning to. + + hedId + HED_0062247 + inLibrary lang @@ -13055,6 +14043,10 @@ Antonymous-to Meaning the opposite as. + + hedId + HED_0062248 + inLibrary lang @@ -13063,12 +14055,20 @@ Semantic-distance-to Removed in meaning from. + + hedId + HED_0062249 + inLibrary lang # + + hedId + HED_0062250 + inLibrary lang @@ -13078,6 +14078,10 @@ Synonymous-to Meaning exactly or nearly the same as. + + hedId + HED_0062251 + inLibrary lang diff --git a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv index dc9c3d7..0f2813c 100644 --- a/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv +++ b/library_schemas/lang/prerelease/hedtsv/HED_lang_1.0.0/HED_lang_1.0.0_Tag.tsv @@ -1,252 +1,252 @@ hedId rdfs:label Level omn:SubClassOf Attributes dc:description omn:EquivalentTo Annotations - Language 0 Item rooted=Item A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Langue, has been suggested as a term to refer to a specific language, while the term language in general refers to the high level concept of language and its general properties. However, this has never been widely adopted. In context of the HED Language as a Item works." - Afroasiatic-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: afro1255" - Arabic 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: arab1395" - Hebrew 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: hebr1245" - Atlantic-Congo-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: atla1278" - Swahili 2 Atlantic-Congo-language An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: swah1253" - Austroasiatic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode:aust1305" - Vietnamese 2 Austroasiatic An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam. rdfs:comment "Glottocode:viet1252" - Austronesian-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: aust1307" - Malay 2 Austronesian-language An Austronesian language mainly spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1806" - Dravidian 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: drav1251" - Tamil 2 Dravidian A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: tami1289" - Indo-European-language 1 Language suggestedTag=Language-property A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Language and (suggestedTag some Language-property) dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: indo1319" - Baltic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: east2280" - Latvian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: latv1249" - Lithuanian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: lith1251" - Germanic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: germ1287" - Danish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: dani1285" - Dutch 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: dutc1256" - English 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an administrative language. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1293" - German 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1295" - Icelandic 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: icel1247" - Norwegian 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: norw1258" - Swedish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: swed1254" - Romance-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: roma1334" - Catalan 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1289" - French 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an administrative or official language in parts of the world. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1290" - Galician 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: gali1258" - Gallo-Rhaetian-language 3 Romance-language A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: gall1280" - Italian 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ital1282" - Portuguese 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: port1283" - Romanian 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: roma1327" - Spanish 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1288" - Slavic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: slav1255" - Bulgarian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: bulg1262" - Croatian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: croa1245" - Czech 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: czec1258" - Macedonian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: mace1250" - Polish 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: poli1260" - Russian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: russ1263" - Slovak 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: slov1269" - Ukrainian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ukra1253" - Japonic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: japo1237" - Japanese 2 Japonic A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1643" - Koreanic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: kore1284" - Korean 2 Koreanic A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: kore1280" - Sino-Tibetan-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: sino1245" - Burmo-Qiangic-language 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: burm1265" - Burmese 3 Burmo-Qiangic-language A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1310" - Sinitic 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: sini1245" - Gan-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ganc1239" - Mandarin-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: mand1471" - Standard-Chinese 4 Mandarin-Chinese A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China. - Wu-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: wuch1236" - Xiang-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: xian1251" - Yue-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: yuec1235" - Cantonese 4 Yue-Chinese A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: cant1236" - Tai-Kadai 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: taik1256" - Thai 2 Tai-Kadai A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: thai1261" - Turkic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode:turk1311" - Turkish 2 Turkic A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1301" - Uralic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ural1272" - Estonian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: esto1258" - Finnish 2 Uralic An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: finn1318" - Hungarian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: hung1274" - Bigram 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: hung1274" - Letter-character 0 Character rooted=Character A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system. dc:source "Original" - Logogram 0 Character rooted=Character A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems. dc:source "Original" - Noncharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Chen, J., Sun, D., Wang, P., Lv, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Brain mechanism of Chinese character processing in rapid stream stimulation. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 63, 101084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101084" - Pseudocharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Derivation changes the meaning of a word, for instance, reverses the meaning, or changes intensity. We do not cover all the semantic types of changes that can be the result of morphological changes, but instead give a higher level categorization. Further specification might depend on a more semantic schema." - Grapheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Has different definitions, but this one is used in the domain of neuroimaging and useful as such as it is distinct from a character in an alphabetic language (letter) but useful. See Bouhani paper and https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17586801.2019.1697412 (a combined definition and interesting discussion)" - Lemma 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" - Mora 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" - Morpheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided. Language-item and (suggestedTag some Morpheme-property) dc:source "Original" - Phone 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties. Language-item and (relatedTag some Phoneme) dc:source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(linguistics) - Consonant 1 Phone A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable. dc:source "Original" - Vowel 1 Phone A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords. dc:source "Original" - Diphthong 2 Vowel A sound formed by the combination of two vowels. dc:source "Original" - Long-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form. dc:source "Original" - Short-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form. dc:source "Original" - Radical 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" - Language-item-property 0 Property rooted=Property, requireChild=True A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "All these properties should be grouped with a language item" - Clause-type 1 Language-item-property The type of a clause. dc:source "Original" - Dependent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own. dc:source "Original" - Independent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own. dc:source "Original" - Grammatical-category 1 Language-item-property Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Features in Eagles, Olia has no top level features" - Aspect 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed. dc:source "Original" - Imperfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event. dc:source "Original" - Perfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting a completed event. dc:source "Original" - Case 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function. dc:source "Original" - Ablative 3 Case Used to express motion away from something, among other uses. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case" - Accusative 3 Case Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casedc:source" - Dative 3 Case Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case" - Genitive 3 Case Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case" - Nominative 3 Case Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case" - Countability 2 Grammatical-category A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Countability feature in olia no definition" - Countable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural). dc:source "Original" - Uncountable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units. dc:source "Original" - Grammatical-number 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Collective 3 Grammatical-number Not representing a specific number. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Dual 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly two instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Paucal 3 Grammatical-number Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Plural 3 Grammatical-number Representing multiple instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Singular 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Singulative 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Trial 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly three instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" - Mood 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event. dc:source "Original" - Conditional 3 Mood Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood" - Imperative 3 Mood Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood" - Progressive 3 Mood Expresses an incomplete state or action. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" - Subjunctive 3 Mood Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood" - Noun-class 2 Grammatical-category Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_class", rdfs:comment "Eagles only has gender as does olia. In Olia gender feature also encompasses animacy." - Tense 2 Grammatical-category Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech. dc:source "Original" - Future-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event posterior to time of speech. dc:source "Original" - Future-perfect 4 Future-tense Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). dc:source "Original" - Near-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event shortly after time of speech. dc:source "Original" - Remote-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event in the remote future. dc:source "Original" - Non-future-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a past or present event. dc:source "Original" - Non-past-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a present or future event. dc:source "Original" - Past-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event anterior to time of speech. dc:source "Original" - Pluperfect 4 Past-tense Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). dc:source "Original" - Recent-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the recent past. dc:source "Original" - Remote-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the distant past. dc:source "Original" - Present-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech. dc:source "Original" - Language-item-form 1 Language-item-property The form of a language item. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Following https://www.w3.org/2016/05/ontolex/ (which is not an ontology for language annotation but an ontology for lexical entries in ontologies) we do not make the form of language inherent to language items but instead attach it separately. The word itself is a concept, but it can be expressed in multiple forms. The same is true for a sentence, phrase, clause. For some units it is more complicated, but there is a spoken form of a letter, grapheme, etc. and depending on the writing system there might be a written form of a vowel or consonant. This distinction increases flexibility." - Spoken-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-spoken-form) dc:source "Original" - Canonical-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form The regular spoken form of a language item. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Should be commonly used, although there is no language without accent, only use regional spoken form when this is relevant in context of the dataset." - Mispronounced-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified. dc:source "Original" - Regional-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Use when relevant in context of dataset." - Written-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-written-form The expression of a language item through a system of writing. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-written-form) dc:source "Original" - Canonical-written-form 3 Written-form The accepted spelling of a word in a given language. dc:source "Original" - Incorrect-written-form 3 Written-form An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such. dc:source "Original" - Pseudohomophone-form 3 Written-form A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion. dc:source "Original" - Language-item-frequency 1 Language-item-property The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. dc:source "Original" - Bigram-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. dc:source "Original" - Word-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. dc:source "Original" - Language-item-probability 1 Language-item-property The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context. dc:source "Original" - Cloze-probability 2 Language-item-probability The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word. dc:source "Original" - Lexical-role 1 Language-item-property The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Sometimes applies to a word, or to a phrase that fulfills a lexical role." - Adjective 2 Lexical-role A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" - Adposition 2 Lexical-role Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" - Circumposition 3 Adposition Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. dc:source "Original" - Postposition 3 Adposition Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. dc:source "Original" - Preposition 3 Adposition Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. dc:source "Original" - Adverb 2 Lexical-role Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" - Classifier 2 Lexical-role An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)", rdfs:comment "Classifiers are subdivided by GOLD into Nominal, Noun and Numeral classifiers. OLIA lists classifier under morphosyntactic category unique, a class for categories with unique or small membership. Classifiers can have different functions across languages. In Chinese specifically, count and mass Classifiers are distinguished. Given that these might be language specific and there is no agreement in existing standards we have not added subcategories for now." - Conjunction 2 Lexical-role Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. dc:source "Original" - Complementizer 3 Conjunction Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement. dc:source "Original" - Coordinating-conjunction 3 Conjunction Coordinates elements that are equal to each other. dc:source "Original" - Negation-word 3 Conjunction Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence. dc:source "Original" - Determiner 2 Lexical-role Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. dc:source "Original" - Article 3 Determiner A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)" - Possessive-determiner 3 Determiner Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase. dc:source "Original" - Interjection 2 Lexical-role A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection#cite_note-1" - Noun 2 Lexical-role Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" - Numeral 2 Lexical-role Expressing a number or relation to a number. dc:source "Adapted from D. Terence Langendoen, General ontology of Linguistic description, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold" - Particle 2 Lexical-role Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle#cite_note-Glossary_Particle-3", rdfs:comment "In Olia they use the term Unique and recommends not using particle because of differing definitions. Particle has an older use but the modern definition is well defined, and word particle is used in neuroimaging studies (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11347875/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22341872/)" - Pronoun 2 Lexical-role A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase. dc:source "Original" - Demonstrative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner" - Indefinite-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning. dc:source "Original" - Interrogative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun which prompts a question. dc:source "Original" - Personal-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun associated with a grammatical person. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun" - Possessive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person. dc:source "Original" - Reflexive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" - Relative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that marks a relative clause. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun" - Quantifier 2 Lexical-role Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount. dc:source "Adapted from D. Terence Langendoen, General ontology of Linguistic description, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold" - Verb 2 Lexical-role suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Lexical-role and (suggestedTag some Tense) and (suggestedTag some Mood) and (suggestedTag some Aspect) dc:source "Extended from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" - Auxiliary-verb 3 Verb A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation). dc:source "Original" - Modal-verb 4 Auxiliary-verb An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility. dc:source "Original" - Intransitive-verb 3 Verb A verb that does not require an object. dc:source "Original" - Psychological-verb 3 Verb A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme. dc:source "Original" - Transitive-verb 3 Verb suggestedTag=Object A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action. Verb and (suggestedTag some Object) dc:source "Original" - Unaccusative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses). dc:source "Original" - Unergative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent. dc:source "Original" - Morpheme-property 1 Language-item-property A property of a morpheme. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Morphemes can be categorized based on position, function, and type. A morpheme property can be applied to a Morpheme" - Morpheme-function 2 Morpheme-property The function of a morpheme. dc:source "Original" - Inflective-morphological-function 3 Morpheme-function suggestedTag=Grammatical-category Changing the grammatical function. Morpheme-function and (suggestedTag some Grammatical-category) dc:source "Original" - Conjugate 4 Inflective-morphological-function Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Combine with grammatical category what the morpheme adjusted (can be multiple in aggulating languages)" - Decline 4 Inflective-morphological-function Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Combine with grammatical category what the morpheme adjusted (can be multiple in aggulating languages)" - Word-formation-function 3 Morpheme-function Creating a new word. dc:source "Original" - Compound 4 Word-formation-function To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word. dc:source "Original" - Derivation 4 Word-formation-function Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Derivation changes the meaning of a word, for instance, reverses the meaning, or changes intensity. We do not cover all the semantic types of changes that can be the result of morphological changes, but instead give a higher level categorization. Further specification might depend on a more semantic schema." - Change-word-class 5 Derivation suggestedTag=Lexical-role Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to. Derivation and (suggestedTag some Lexical-role) dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Combine with Lexical-role to express what the process has resulted in. Follows Category-changer concept in GOLD, but instead of extending further HED can fulfil the same function by tagging it together with a lexical role." - Morpheme-type 2 Morpheme-property The type of a morpheme. dc:source "Original" - Bound-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes. dc:source "Original" - Free-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that can function as a word. dc:source "Original" - Morphological-position 2 Morpheme-property The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word. dc:source "Original" - Affix 3 Morphological-position A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Affix is a categorization of morpheme based on its position. In OLIA this is a subclass of Morpheme. However, there are other categorizations of morphemes, based on how they change the stem of the word, which are categorized in OLIA as Morphological processes, such as Clitization, reduplication. However, since these all say something about how the morpheme is applied to the word, we believe these fit better together under the position tag." - Circumfix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end. dc:source "Original" - Infix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word. dc:source "Original" - Non-concatenative-morphology 3 Morphological-position Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially). dc:source "Original" - Apophony 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Regular vowel variation. dc:source "Original" - Clitic-morphological-position 4 Non-concatenative-morphology A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic" - Conversion 4 Non-concatenative-morphology No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar). dc:source "Original" - Reduplication 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Duplication of all or part of the root word. dc:source "Original" - Transfixation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes. dc:source "Original" - Truncation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Removal of phonological material from root. dc:source "Original" - Prefix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word. dc:source "Original" - Suffix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the end of a word. dc:source "Original" - Orthographic-neighborhood-size 1 Language-item-property The number of closely resembling word-forms. dc:source "Original" - Phrase-role 1 Language-item-property The role of phrase. dc:source "Original" - Adjective-phrase 2 Phrase-role Headed by an adjective. dc:source "Original" - Adpostional-phrase 2 Phrase-role Consisting of an adposition and its complement. dc:source "Original" - Postpositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a postposition and its complement. dc:source "Original" - Prepositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a preposition and its complement. dc:source "Original" - Adverb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning as an adverb in a sentence. dc:source "Original" - Noun-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. dc:source "Original" - Verb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject. dc:source "Original" - Syntactic-role 1 Language-item-property Role a language-item takes in syntax. dc:source "Original" - Complement 2 Syntactic-role The constituent selected by a head. dc:source "Original" - Syntactic-object 3 Complement Complement of a verbal head. dc:source "Original" - Direct-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action. dc:source "Original" - Indirect-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer. dc:source "Original" - Modifier 2 Syntactic-role Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct. dc:source "Original" - Adjunct 3 Modifier Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred. dc:source "Original" - Predicate 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it. dc:source "Original" - Secondary-predicate 3 Predicate Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object). dc:source "Original" - Subject 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative). dc:source "Original" - Syntactic-Head 2 Syntactic-role Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" - Language-property 0 Property rooted=Property A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people. dc:source "Original" - Morphological-language-type 1 Language-property Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people. dc:source "Original" - Analytic-language-type 2 Morphological-language-type Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio. dc:source "Original" - Morphological-isolating-type 3 Analytic-language-type Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language" - Morphological-polysynthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word. dc:source "Original" - Morphological-synthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Having a higher morpheme per word ratio. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language" - Morphological-agglutinating-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination" - Morphological-fusional-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language" - Orthographic-type 1 Language-property The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Classification of writing systems is complex, and these categories are not universally accepted, mainly because most writing systems have characteristics of multiple of these categories. However, most writing systems have an overall tendency towards one of these categories, and so the categories can be useful to see how large differences are managed by the individuals who speak them. But it is normal that a writing system does not cleanly fit into any of these categories." - Logographic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing an entire spoken word per character. dc:source "Original" - Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing approximately phoneme per character. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "These can be further subdivided based on other characteristics but these are most commonly used in cognition research, and relevant in research into dyslexia" - Deep-orthographical-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_depth" - Shallow-orthographic-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_depth" - Syllabary-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing one syllable or mora per character. dc:source "Original" - Linguistic-relation 0 Relation rooted=Relation Related based on a linguistic property to. dc:source "Original" - Grammatical-relation 1 Linguistic-relation Grammatical relationship between language items. dc:source "Original" - Agreement-with 2 Grammatical-relation Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of. dc:source "Original" - Orthographic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of writing or spelling. dc:source "Original" - Orthographic-distance-to 2 Orthographic-relatedness-to Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography). dc:source "Original" - Hamming-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length. dc:source "Original" - Hamming-distance-to-# 4 Hamming-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Hamming-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) - Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of single-character edits to change into. dc:source "Original" - Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) - Phonological-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of sound. dc:source "Original" - Phonological-distance-to 2 Phonological-relatedness-to Removed in sounding from. dc:source "Original" - Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Phonological-distance-to The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into. dc:source "Original" - Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) dc:source "Original" - Semantic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of meaning to. dc:source "Original" - Antonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning the opposite as. dc:source "Original" - Semantic-distance-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Removed in meaning from. dc:source "Original" - Semantic-distance-to-# 3 Semantic-distance-to - Synonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning exactly or nearly the same as. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062001 Language 0 Item rooted=Item A specific system of communication, with a vocabulary and grammar, which is used by a particular community or in a country. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Langue, has been suggested as a term to refer to a specific language, while the term language in general refers to the high level concept of language and its general properties. However, this has never been widely adopted. In context of the HED Language as a Item works." +HED_0062002 Afroasiatic-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: afro1255" +HED_0062003 Arabic 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language spoken mainly in Northern Africa and Western Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: arab1395" +HED_0062004 Hebrew 2 Afroasiatic-language An Afroasiatic language mainly spoken in Israel. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: hebr1245" +HED_0062005 Atlantic-Congo-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in South, and parts of Central and West Africa. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: atla1278" +HED_0062006 Swahili 2 Atlantic-Congo-language An atlantic congo language mainly spoken in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: swah1253" +HED_0062007 Austroasiatic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode:aust1305" +HED_0062008 Vietnamese 2 Austroasiatic An Austroasiatic language mainly spoken in Vietnam. rdfs:comment "Glottocode:viet1252" +HED_0062009 Austronesian-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asi, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: aust1307" +HED_0062010 Malay 2 Austronesian-language An Austronesian language mainly spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, East Timor and parts of Thailand. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1806" +HED_0062011 Dravidian 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southern India, Northeast Sri Lanka Southwest Pakistan and some regions of Nepal. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: drav1251" +HED_0062012 Tamil 2 Dravidian A Dravidian Language spoken the Indian state Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Sri Lanka and Singapore. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: tami1289" +HED_0062013 Indo-European-language 1 Language suggestedTag=Language-property A system of communication belonging to the family of languages native to the majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Language and (suggestedTag some Language-property) dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: indo1319" +HED_0062014 Baltic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northeastern Europe. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: east2280" +HED_0062015 Latvian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Latvia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: latv1249" +HED_0062016 Lithuanian 3 Baltic-language A baltic language spoken mainly in Lithuania. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: lith1251" +HED_0062017 Germanic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia, currently spoken mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: germ1287" +HED_0062018 Danish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language, mainly spoken in Denmark. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: dani1285" +HED_0062019 Dutch 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in parts of Western Europe, South America and the Caribbean islands. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: dutc1256" +HED_0062020 English 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is spoken in the United Kingdom, parts of North America, and Oceania and is used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania as an administrative language. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1293" +HED_0062021 German 3 Germanic-language A Germanic Language which is mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1295" +HED_0062022 Icelandic 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: icel1247" +HED_0062023 Norwegian 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Norway. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: norw1258" +HED_0062024 Swedish 3 Germanic-language A Germanic language mainly spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: swed1254" +HED_0062025 Romance-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages directly descending from Vulgar Latin. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: roma1334" +HED_0062026 Catalan 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Andorra, and several autonomous communities in Eastern Spain as well as a department in Southern France. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1289" +HED_0062027 French 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in parts of Western Europe, North America and Africa, and is used as an administrative or official language in parts of the world. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1290" +HED_0062028 Galician 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Galicia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: gali1258" +HED_0062029 Gallo-Rhaetian-language 3 Romance-language A group of historically related Romance varieties spoken in Switzerland and Northern Italy. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: gall1280" +HED_0062030 Italian 3 Romance-language A Romance language mainly spoken in Italy and parts of Switzerland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ital1282" +HED_0062031 Portuguese 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Portugal and part of South America (Brazil) and is used as administrative language in other parts of the world. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: port1283" +HED_0062032 Romanian 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova as well as small communities in Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: roma1327" +HED_0062033 Spanish 3 Romance-language A Romance language spoken in Spain and large parts of the Americas. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: stan1288" +HED_0062034 Slavic-language 2 Indo-European-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages originating in Eastern Europe. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: slav1255" +HED_0062035 Bulgarian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: bulg1262" +HED_0062036 Croatian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: croa1245" +HED_0062037 Czech 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in the Czech Republic. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: czec1258" +HED_0062038 Macedonian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in North Macedonia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: mace1250" +HED_0062039 Polish 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Poland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: poli1260" +HED_0062040 Russian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Europe and used in parts of Eastern Europe, West and Central Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: russ1263" +HED_0062041 Slovak 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Slovakia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: slov1269" +HED_0062042 Ukrainian 3 Slavic-language A Slavic language spoken mainly in Ukraine. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ukra1253" +HED_0062043 Japonic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: japo1237" +HED_0062044 Japanese 2 Japonic A Japonic language mainly spoken in Japan. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1643" +HED_0062045 Koreanic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Korea. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: kore1284" +HED_0062046 Korean 2 Koreanic A Koreanic language mainly spoken in Korea. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: kore1280" +HED_0062047 Sino-Tibetan-language 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: sino1245" +HED_0062048 Burmo-Qiangic-language 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of language mainly spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: burm1265" +HED_0062049 Burmese 3 Burmo-Qiangic-language A Burmo Qiangic language mainly spoken in Myanmar. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1310" +HED_0062050 Sinitic 2 Sino-Tibetan-language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in China. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: sini1245" +HED_0062051 Gan-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Jiangxi province , and parts of Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ganc1239" +HED_0062052 Mandarin-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: mand1471" +HED_0062053 Standard-Chinese 4 Mandarin-Chinese A modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese which is the official Language of mainland China. +HED_0062054 Wu-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: wuch1236" +HED_0062055 Xiang-Chinese 3 Sinitic A Sinitic language mainly spoken in Hunan province, northern Guangxi and parts of Guizhou, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: xian1251" +HED_0062056 Yue-Chinese 3 Sinitic A group of Sinitic languages mainly spoken Southern China. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: yuec1235" +HED_0062057 Cantonese 4 Yue-Chinese A Sinitic Language mainly spoken southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: cant1236" +HED_0062058 Tai-Kadai 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in Southeast Asia, Southern China, and Northeastern India. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: taik1256" +HED_0062059 Thai 2 Tai-Kadai A Tai Kadai language mainly spoken in Central Thailand. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: thai1261" +HED_0062060 Turkic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages spoken in parts of Eurasia such as Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia and West Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode:turk1311" +HED_0062061 Turkish 2 Turkic A Turkish language mainly spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: nucl1301" +HED_0062062 Uralic 1 Language A system of communication belonging to the family of languages mainly spoken in part of Europe and North Asia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: ural1272" +HED_0062063 Estonian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Estonia. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: esto1258" +HED_0062064 Finnish 2 Uralic An Uralic language mainly spoken in Finland. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: finn1318" +HED_0062065 Hungarian 2 Uralic An Uralic Language mainly spoken in Hungary. rdfs:comment "Glottocode: hung1274" +HED_0062066 Bigram 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A pair of two consecutive written units such as letters, syllables, or words. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram", rdfs:comment "Glottocode: hung1274" +HED_0062067 Letter-character 0 Character rooted=Character A character that is the smallest meaningful or functional unit in an alphabetic writing system. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062068 Logogram 0 Character rooted=Character A character representing a morpheme, word or phrase, such as those used in shorthand and some writing systems. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062069 Noncharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A character which does not hold any meaning or contain any regularity in a writing system. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Chen, J., Sun, D., Wang, P., Lv, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Brain mechanism of Chinese character processing in rapid stream stimulation. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 63, 101084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101084" +HED_0062070 Pseudocharacter 0 Character rooted=Character A logogram-like character that contains components/radicals of existing logograms but which is not a known logogram. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Derivation changes the meaning of a word, for instance, reverses the meaning, or changes intensity. We do not cover all the semantic types of changes that can be the result of morphological changes, but instead give a higher level categorization. Further specification might depend on a more semantic schema." +HED_0062071 Grapheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The smallest contrastive or meaningful unit in writing which matches either a phoneme, a syllable or a morpheme. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Has different definitions, but this one is used in the domain of neuroimaging and useful as such as it is distinct from a character in an alphabetic language (letter) but useful. See Bouhani paper and https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17586801.2019.1697412 (a combined definition and interesting discussion)" +HED_0062072 Lemma 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item The canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" +HED_0062073 Mora 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A basic timing unit in the phonology of some spoken languages, equal to or shorter than a syllable. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" +HED_0062074 Morpheme 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, suggestedTag=Morpheme-property A meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided. Language-item and (suggestedTag some Morpheme-property) dc:source "Original" +HED_0062075 Phone 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item, relatedTag=Phoneme A minimal speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties. Language-item and (relatedTag some Phoneme) dc:source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(linguistics) +HED_0062076 Consonant 1 Phone A basic speech sound which is produced with an obstructed vocal tract and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable, or which can form itself or together with another consonant a syllable. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062077 Vowel 1 Phone A speech sound which is produced with a relatively open vocal tract and vibration of the vocal cords. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062078 Diphthong 2 Vowel A sound formed by the combination of two vowels. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062079 Long-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a long form. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062080 Short-vowel 2 Vowel A vowel sound that is pronounced in a short form. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062081 Radical 0 Language-item rooted=Language-item A graphical component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" +HED_0062082 Language-item-property 0 Property rooted=Property, requireChild=True A property of a language item within a framework of language analysis. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "All these properties should be grouped with a language item" +HED_0062083 Clause-type 1 Language-item-property The type of a clause. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062084 Dependent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb and cannot be a sentence on its own. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062085 Independent-clause 2 Clause-type Containing a subject and verb but can be a sentence on its own. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062086 Grammatical-category 1 Language-item-property Grammatical category of a word, usually marked through inflection. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Features in Eagles, Olia has no top level features" +HED_0062087 Aspect 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that describes the internal temporal contour of an event and presents it for instance as ongoing or completed. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062088 Imperfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting an ongoing or unfolding or repeated or habitual event. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062089 Perfective-aspect 3 Aspect Presenting a completed event. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062090 Case 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners) that identifies their syntactic function. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062091 Ablative 3 Case Used to express motion away from something, among other uses. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case" +HED_0062092 Accusative 3 Case Used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casedc:source" +HED_0062093 Dative 3 Case Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case" +HED_0062094 Genitive 3 Case Used to indicate attributive relations between nouns among other uses. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case" +HED_0062095 Nominative 3 Case Generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicate nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case" +HED_0062096 Countability 2 Grammatical-category A grammatical category that determines how the quantity of a concept is expressed. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Countability feature in olia no definition" +HED_0062097 Countable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that can be modified by quantities (expressed by grammatical number, e.g. singular, plural). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062098 Uncountable 3 Countability Syntactic property of nouns that makes their referents undifferentiated units. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062099 Grammatical-number 2 Grammatical-category Formal feature of several word classes (e.g., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs) that expresses or marks count distinctions, such as one vs. two vs. three or more. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062100 Collective 3 Grammatical-number Not representing a specific number. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062101 Dual 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly two instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062102 Paucal 3 Grammatical-number Representing a few, or small number of instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062103 Plural 3 Grammatical-number Representing multiple instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062104 Singular 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062105 Singulative 3 Grammatical-number Representing one instance of a concept through modifying the standard collective. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062106 Trial 3 Grammatical-number Representing exactly three instances of a concept. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" +HED_0062107 Mood 2 Grammatical-category Non-deictic category of verbal morphology that expresses speakers attitudes as regards the possibility, probability/likelihood, desirability, necessity, factuality etc. of the event. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062108 Conditional 3 Mood Used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood" +HED_0062109 Imperative 3 Mood Expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood" +HED_0062110 Progressive 3 Mood Expresses an incomplete state or action. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" +HED_0062111 Subjunctive 3 Mood Used in dependent clauses to discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests, among a broad range of other uses across languages. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood" +HED_0062112 Noun-class 2 Grammatical-category Formal category of nouns based on characteristic features of their referents, such as gender, animacy, shape, location or directionality. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_class", rdfs:comment "Eagles only has gender as does olia. In Olia gender feature also encompasses animacy." +HED_0062113 Tense 2 Grammatical-category Deictic category of verbal morphology that situates an event (on an imaginary timeline) as either anterior, posterior or simultaneous to a reference point, prototypically time of speech. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062114 Future-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event posterior to time of speech. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062115 Future-perfect 4 Future-tense Referring to a future event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062116 Near-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event shortly after time of speech. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062117 Remote-future-tense 4 Future-tense Referring to an event in the remote future. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062118 Non-future-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a past or present event. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062119 Non-past-tense 3 Tense Referring to both a present or future event. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062120 Past-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event anterior to time of speech. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062121 Pluperfect 4 Past-tense Referring to a past event relative to another reference point (not the time of speech). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062122 Recent-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the recent past. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062123 Remote-past-tense 4 Past-tense Referring to an event in the distant past. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062124 Present-tense 3 Tense Referring to an event that takes place at time of speech. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062125 Language-item-form 1 Language-item-property The form of a language item. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Following https://www.w3.org/2016/05/ontolex/ (which is not an ontology for language annotation but an ontology for lexical entries in ontologies) we do not make the form of language inherent to language items but instead attach it separately. The word itself is a concept, but it can be expressed in multiple forms. The same is true for a sentence, phrase, clause. For some units it is more complicated, but there is a spoken form of a letter, grapheme, etc. and depending on the writing system there might be a written form of a vowel or consonant. This distinction increases flexibility." +HED_0062126 Spoken-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-spoken-form The expression of a language item as a sound produced by a human or artificially made to sound as if produced by a human. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-spoken-form) dc:source "Original" +HED_0062127 Canonical-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form The regular spoken form of a language item. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Should be commonly used, although there is no language without accent, only use regional spoken form when this is relevant in context of the dataset." +HED_0062128 Mispronounced-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A mispronunciation of a language item which can still be identified. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062129 Regional-spoken-form 3 Spoken-form A spoken form of a language item pronounced with a regional accent. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Use when relevant in context of dataset." +HED_0062130 Written-form 2 Language-item-form relatedTag=Canonical-written-form The expression of a language item through a system of writing. Language-item-form and (relatedTag some Canonical-written-form) dc:source "Original" +HED_0062131 Canonical-written-form 3 Written-form The accepted spelling of a word in a given language. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062132 Incorrect-written-form 3 Written-form An incorrect written form that does not correspond to the canonical or the pronounced form of a word, but from which the word can still be identified as such. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062133 Pseudohomophone-form 3 Written-form A deliberate generated written-form of a word that is not in accordance with an orthographic system but is pronounced as the word based on direct grapheme to phoneme conversion. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062134 Language-item-frequency 1 Language-item-property The frequency with which a language item occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062135 Bigram-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a bigram occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062136 Word-frequency 2 Language-item-frequency The frequency with which a word occurs in a language, or a particular context for that language e.g. formal, news articles, children's television, etc. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062137 Language-item-probability 1 Language-item-property The probability of a specific language item occurring in a specific context. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062138 Cloze-probability 2 Language-item-probability The proportion of people who fill a gap in given sentence with a given word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062139 Lexical-role 1 Language-item-property The role a language item takes in a vocabulary, like part of speech. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Sometimes applies to a word, or to a phrase that fulfills a lexical role." +HED_0062140 Adjective 2 Lexical-role A word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" +HED_0062141 Adposition 2 Lexical-role Accompanying an noun to express a spatial or temporal relation. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" +HED_0062142 Circumposition 3 Adposition Appearing before and after a noun or noun phrase expressing spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062143 Postposition 3 Adposition Appearing after a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062144 Preposition 3 Adposition Preceding a noun or noun phrase expressing a spatial or temporal relation to another word or element in the clause. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062145 Adverb 2 Lexical-role Modifying or qualifying an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" +HED_0062146 Classifier 2 Lexical-role An item that accompanies nouns and can be considered to classify a noun depending on the type of its referent. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)", rdfs:comment "Classifiers are subdivided by GOLD into Nominal, Noun and Numeral classifiers. OLIA lists classifier under morphosyntactic category unique, a class for categories with unique or small membership. Classifiers can have different functions across languages. In Chinese specifically, count and mass Classifiers are distinguished. Given that these might be language specific and there is no agreement in existing standards we have not added subcategories for now." +HED_0062147 Conjunction 2 Lexical-role Connecting clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062148 Complementizer 3 Conjunction Marks a finite or non- finite clause as functioning as a complement. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062149 Coordinating-conjunction 3 Conjunction Coordinates elements that are equal to each other. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062150 Negation-word 3 Conjunction Expressing falsity of a clause or sentence. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062151 Determiner 2 Lexical-role Determining the kind of reference a noun or noun group has. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062152 Article 3 Determiner A class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)" +HED_0062153 Possessive-determiner 3 Determiner Determining the ownership of a noun or noun phrase. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062154 Interjection 2 Lexical-role A word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection#cite_note-1" +HED_0062155 Noun 2 Lexical-role Referring to a specific object or set of objects (living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, ideas etc. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" +HED_0062156 Numeral 2 Lexical-role Expressing a number or relation to a number. dc:source "Adapted from D. Terence Langendoen, General ontology of Linguistic description, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold" +HED_0062157 Particle 2 Lexical-role Must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle#cite_note-Glossary_Particle-3", rdfs:comment "In Olia they use the term Unique and recommends not using particle because of differing definitions. Particle has an older use but the modern definition is well defined, and word particle is used in neuroimaging studies (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11347875/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22341872/)" +HED_0062158 Pronoun 2 Lexical-role A word or a group of words that may stand for a noun or noun phrase. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062159 Demonstrative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner" +HED_0062160 Indefinite-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun lacking a specific referent or having generic meaning. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062161 Interrogative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun which prompts a question. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062162 Personal-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun associated with a grammatical person. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_pronoun" +HED_0062163 Possessive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun referring to the possession of a grammatical person. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062164 Reflexive-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" +HED_0062165 Relative-pronoun 3 Pronoun Pronoun that marks a relative clause. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun" +HED_0062166 Quantifier 2 Lexical-role Expressing a reference definite or indefinite number or amount. dc:source "Adapted from D. Terence Langendoen, General ontology of Linguistic description, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold" +HED_0062167 Verb 2 Lexical-role suggestedTag=Tense, suggestedTag=Mood, suggestedTag=Aspect Generally conveying an action, occurrence, or state of being and makes up the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Lexical-role and (suggestedTag some Tense) and (suggestedTag some Mood) and (suggestedTag some Aspect) dc:source "Extended from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" +HED_0062168 Auxiliary-verb 3 Verb A verb devoid of lexical content that combines with another verb to realize certain grammatical functions (e.g. expression of tense, passive voice, negation, interrogation). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062169 Modal-verb 4 Auxiliary-verb An auxiliary verb that combines with another verb and expresses necessity, wish or possibility. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062170 Intransitive-verb 3 Verb A verb that does not require an object. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062171 Psychological-verb 3 Verb A verb that takes two arguments, an experiencer and a theme. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062172 Transitive-verb 3 Verb suggestedTag=Object A verb that requires one or more objects to receive the action. Verb and (suggestedTag some Object) dc:source "Original" +HED_0062173 Unaccusative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is a theme (i.e. affected by the process the verb expresses). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062174 Unergative-verb 3 Verb An intransitive verb whose subject is an agent. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062175 Morpheme-property 1 Language-item-property A property of a morpheme. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Morphemes can be categorized based on position, function, and type. A morpheme property can be applied to a Morpheme" +HED_0062176 Morpheme-function 2 Morpheme-property The function of a morpheme. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062177 Inflective-morphological-function 3 Morpheme-function suggestedTag=Grammatical-category Changing the grammatical function. Morpheme-function and (suggestedTag some Grammatical-category) dc:source "Original" +HED_0062178 Conjugate 4 Inflective-morphological-function Identifying the voice, mood, tense, number, gender, and person of a verb. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Combine with grammatical category what the morpheme adjusted (can be multiple in aggulating languages)" +HED_0062179 Decline 4 Inflective-morphological-function Marking the number, case, gender, or class of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Combine with grammatical category what the morpheme adjusted (can be multiple in aggulating languages)" +HED_0062180 Word-formation-function 3 Morpheme-function Creating a new word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062181 Compound 4 Word-formation-function To join with another free morpheme to form a more complex word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062182 Derivation 4 Word-formation-function Changing the meaning of a word, usually by adding an affix. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Derivation changes the meaning of a word, for instance, reverses the meaning, or changes intensity. We do not cover all the semantic types of changes that can be the result of morphological changes, but instead give a higher level categorization. Further specification might depend on a more semantic schema." +HED_0062183 Change-word-class 5 Derivation suggestedTag=Lexical-role Changing the word class or part of speech a word belongs to. Derivation and (suggestedTag some Lexical-role) dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Combine with Lexical-role to express what the process has resulted in. Follows Category-changer concept in GOLD, but instead of extending further HED can fulfil the same function by tagging it together with a lexical role." +HED_0062184 Morpheme-type 2 Morpheme-property The type of a morpheme. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062185 Bound-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that cannot be a word itself, such as prefixes and suffixes. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062186 Free-morpheme-type 3 Morpheme-type A morpheme type that can function as a word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062187 Morphological-position 2 Morpheme-property The position a morpheme takes relative to the free morpheme of a word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062188 Affix 3 Morphological-position A morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Affix is a categorization of morpheme based on its position. In OLIA this is a subclass of Morpheme. However, there are other categorizations of morphemes, based on how they change the stem of the word, which are categorized in OLIA as Morphological processes, such as Clitization, reduplication. However, since these all say something about how the morpheme is applied to the word, we believe these fit better together under the position tag." +HED_0062189 Circumfix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme split in two parts, one placed at the start of a word, the other at the end. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062190 Infix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme in the middle of a word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062191 Non-concatenative-morphology 3 Morphological-position Process of word formation and inflection in which the stem may be modified (without stringing morphemes together sequentially). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062192 Apophony 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Regular vowel variation. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062193 Clitic-morphological-position 4 Non-concatenative-morphology A morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but which is phonologically dependent on another word. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic" +HED_0062194 Conversion 4 Non-concatenative-morphology No change (where a morphological change might be expected based on regular grammar). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062195 Reduplication 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Duplication of all or part of the root word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062196 Transfixation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Interdigitation of vowel and consonant morphemes. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062197 Truncation 4 Non-concatenative-morphology Removal of phonological material from root. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062198 Prefix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the beginning of a word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062199 Suffix 3 Morphological-position Position of a morpheme at the end of a word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062200 Orthographic-neighborhood-size 1 Language-item-property The number of closely resembling word-forms. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062201 Phrase-role 1 Language-item-property The role of phrase. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062202 Adjective-phrase 2 Phrase-role Headed by an adjective. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062203 Adpostional-phrase 2 Phrase-role Consisting of an adposition and its complement. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062204 Postpositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a postposition and its complement. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062205 Prepositional-phrase 3 Adpostional-phrase Consisting of a preposition and its complement. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062206 Adverb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning as an adverb in a sentence. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062207 Noun-phrase 2 Phrase-role Functioning in a sentence as subject, object, or prepositional object. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062208 Verb-phrase 2 Phrase-role Containing the verb and any direct or indirect object, but not the subject. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062209 Syntactic-role 1 Language-item-property Role a language-item takes in syntax. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062210 Complement 2 Syntactic-role The constituent selected by a head. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062211 Syntactic-object 3 Complement Complement of a verbal head. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062212 Direct-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent which receives the action of the verb or comes into existence by this action. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062213 Indirect-syntactic-object 4 Syntactic-object A constituent representing a secondary or passive participant, often a goal, a beneficiary or an experiencer. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062214 Modifier 2 Syntactic-role Optional element in a phrase or a clause that specifies a noun or acts as an adjunct. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062215 Adjunct 3 Modifier Optional element in a clause or sentence that provides information about the temporal, local (etc.) circumstances under which an event occurred. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062216 Predicate 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause that expresses a property or condition of the subject or an action performed by it. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062217 Secondary-predicate 3 Predicate Adjectival or prepositional predicate that is not the main (verbal) predicate of the clause and refers to the subject or the object, as either depictive (indicating a state) or resultative (indicating the event's result on the object). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062218 Subject 2 Syntactic-role Basic constituent of a clause about which something is said; typically, but not necessarily, associated with a specific case (most often nominative). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062219 Syntactic-Head 2 Syntactic-role Word that determines the syntactic category of a phrase. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" +HED_0062220 Language-property 0 Property rooted=Property A property relating to a system of communication used by a particular group of people. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062221 Morphological-language-type 1 Language-property Morphological property relating to a specific system of communication used by a particular group of people. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062222 Analytic-language-type 2 Morphological-language-type Rarely using affixes, resulting in a low morpheme per word ratio. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062223 Morphological-isolating-type 3 Analytic-language-type Having a morpheme per word ratio close to one. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language" +HED_0062224 Morphological-polysynthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Can encode multiple constituents such as subject, verb, object, etc. into a single word. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062225 Morphological-synthetic-type 2 Morphological-language-type Having a higher morpheme per word ratio. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language" +HED_0062226 Morphological-agglutinating-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Words are formed by stringing together morphemes whereby each one corresponds to a single grammatical feature. dc:source "Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination" +HED_0062227 Morphological-fusional-type 3 Morphological-synthetic-type Have a tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features. dc:source "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language" +HED_0062228 Orthographic-type 1 Language-property The type of language item each symbol serves to represent in written language. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "Classification of writing systems is complex, and these categories are not universally accepted, mainly because most writing systems have characteristics of multiple of these categories. However, most writing systems have an overall tendency towards one of these categories, and so the categories can be useful to see how large differences are managed by the individuals who speak them. But it is normal that a writing system does not cleanly fit into any of these categories." +HED_0062229 Logographic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing an entire spoken word per character. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062230 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing approximately phoneme per character. dc:source "Original", rdfs:comment "These can be further subdivided based on other characteristics but these are most commonly used in cognition research, and relevant in research into dyslexia" +HED_0062231 Deep-orthographical-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Not having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_depth" +HED_0062232 Shallow-orthographic-type 3 Segmental-or-Alphabetic-type Having a one-to-one correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) that represent them. dc:source "Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_depth" +HED_0062233 Syllabary-type 2 Orthographic-type Representing one syllable or mora per character. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062234 Linguistic-relation 0 Relation rooted=Relation Related based on a linguistic property to. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062235 Grammatical-relation 1 Linguistic-relation Grammatical relationship between language items. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062236 Agreement-with 2 Grammatical-relation Inflectional adjustment to match grammatical category (e.g. case, number, gender) of. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062237 Orthographic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of writing or spelling. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062238 Orthographic-distance-to 2 Orthographic-relatedness-to Removed in orthographic or written form (e.g. a measure of how far cat is removed from rat in orthography). dc:source "Original" +HED_0062239 Hamming-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into another string of equal length. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062240 Hamming-distance-to-# 4 Hamming-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Hamming-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) +HED_0062241 Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Orthographic-distance-to The minimum number of single-character edits to change into. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062242 Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) +HED_0062243 Phonological-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of sound. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062244 Phonological-distance-to 2 Phonological-relatedness-to Removed in sounding from. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062245 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to 3 Phonological-distance-to The minimum number of single-phoneme edits to change into. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062246 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to-# 4 Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to takesValue=true, valueClass=numericClass Integers 0 and up. Phonological-Levenshtein-distance-to and (valueClass some numericClass) dc:source "Original" +HED_0062247 Semantic-relatedness-to 1 Linguistic-relation Connected on the basis of meaning to. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062248 Antonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning the opposite as. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062249 Semantic-distance-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Removed in meaning from. dc:source "Original" +HED_0062250 Semantic-distance-to-# 3 Semantic-distance-to +HED_0062251 Synonymous-to 2 Semantic-relatedness-to Meaning exactly or nearly the same as. dc:source "Original"