I have been testing by building a site from within its project directory, where the public and resource directories do not yet exist.

the user (-u) specification, which you shouldn't need

Without it, everything's owned by root:

$ ls -al public/

total 48
drwxr-xr-x  5 root     root      4096 Sep 27 18:35 .
drwx--x--x 10 jmooring jmooring  4096 Sep 27 18:35 ..
drwxr-xr-x  2 root     root      4096 Sep 27 18:35 categories
-rw-------  1 root     root     15086 Sep 23 10:39 favicon.ico
-rw-r--r--  1 root     root       418 Sep 27 18:35 index.html
-rw-r--r--  1 root     root       643 Sep 27 18:35 index.xml
drwxr-xr-x  3 root     root      4096 Sep 27 18:35 posts
-rw-r--r--  1 root     root       544 Sep 27 18:35 sitemap.xml
drwxr-xr-x  2 root     root      4096 Sep 27 18:35 tags

From the project directory I should be able to build the site like this:

docker run --rm -v .:/site -u $(id -u):$(id -g) ghcr.io/gohugoio/hugo:v0.135.0

But the container has a default flag of --help, so the command above simply prints help. I need to override the default flag with something to get it to build. For example:

docker run --rm -v .:/site -u $(id -u):$(id -g) ghcr.io/gohugoio/hugo:v0.135.0 --minify

Or, as @aarongoldenthal suggests below:

docker run --rm -v .:/site -u $(id -u):$(id -g) --entrypoint "" ghcr.io/gohugoio/hugo:v0.135.0 hugo

The server command is:

docker run --rm -v .:/site -u $(id -u):$(id -g) -p 1313:1313 ghcr.io/gohugoio/hugo:v0.135.0 server --bind 0.0.0.0

We also need to describe what you can't do (write WebP, transpile Sass, use Hugo modules, etc.).
gohugoio/hugo#12885 (comment)

Uh oh!

Document usage of the ghcr.io/gohugoio/hugo Docker image #2727

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