playlists.json

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Your grandmother's recipe for disgustingly-sweet-fudge-cake calls for 3 and 1/3 cups of sugar.  How much sugar do you need to borrow from you robot neighbor?\n\nAdding and subtracting fractions is key.  It might be a good idea to look at the equivalent fractions tutorial before tackling this one.", "relative_url": "/#Adding_and_subtracting_fractions", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Adding and subtracting fractions", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:34Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "awNeTNs5NVCEHQcvU_RNfIAavQc6SHr5f4cXHBC--", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#Adding_and_subtracting_fractions", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/fractions/Adding_and_subtracting_fractions", "standalone_title": "Adding and subtracting fractions", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/fractions/Adding_and_subtracting_fractions", "id": "Adding_and_subtracting_fractions", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You understand that negative numbers represent how far we are \"below zero\".  Now you are ready to add and subtract them!  In this tutorial, we will explain, give examples, and give practice adding and subtracting negative numbers.  \n\nThis is a super-important concept for the rest of your mathematical career so, no pressure, learn it as well as you can!", "relative_url": "/#adding_subtracting_negatives", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Adding and subtracting negative numbers", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:32Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "arseDXt0L2Hg5Zk173n_srOVQVYNOIFiyzBFKrsZB", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#adding_subtracting_negatives", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/absolute-value/adding_subtracting_negatives", "standalone_title": "Adding and subtracting negative numbers", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/absolute-value/adding_subtracting_negatives", "id": "adding_subtracting_negatives", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You feel comfortable with adding and subtracting multi-digit numbers.  Now you can apply some of your skills to solve problems that arise in the real world (often called \"word problems\").", "relative_url": "/#add_sub_word_problems", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Addition and subtraction word problems", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:30Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aX0bSFzNGv24C2jRFpYQRk62L8arHxgWRk0biBl1G", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#add_sub_word_problems", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/add_sub_word_problems", "standalone_title": "Addition and subtraction word problems", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/add_sub_word_problems", "id": "add_sub_word_problems", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, Jay shows the possible products for an addition to a conjugated diene and how the end product can be controlled by changing the reaction conditions.", "relative_url": "/#addition-reactions-conjugated-dienes", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "Addition reactions of conjugated dienes", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:33Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aKwYh3M_lED_ETe2Lh0DnatfiuvehJPkOWamrkPcC", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#addition-reactions-conjugated-dienes", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/organic-chemistry/conjugation-diels-alder-mo-theory/addition-reactions-conjugated-dienes", "standalone_title": "Addition reactions of conjugated dienes", "extended_slug": "science/organic-chemistry/conjugation-diels-alder-mo-theory/addition-reactions-conjugated-dienes", "id": "addition-reactions-conjugated-dienes", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You're somewhat familar with adding, say, 17+12 or 21+32, but what happens for 13+19?  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Some religions ban it, others use it in their sacred rites.  Some of the most stupid acts humanity every committed were done under its influence.  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You knew triangles where cool, but you never imagined they were this cool!  Well, this tutorial will take things even further.  After perpendicular bisectors, angle bisector and medians, the only other thing (that I can think of) is a line that intersects a vertex and the opposite side (called an altitude).  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Very little of the monastery survives today, but thankfully Sluter’s great work, The Well of Moses, can still be seen there.", "relative_url": "/#burgundy", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Burgundy", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a2nV63qfx22g_dGkegUpelfc3OGlF8HjVuYDt87dC", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#burgundy", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/burgundy", "standalone_title": "Art History: Burgundy", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/burgundy", "id": "burgundy", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Today, we know the city of Constantinople as Istanbul (in fact there’s a song about that!). But even before it was Constantinople, it was the ancient city of Byzantium, and it was renamed Constantinople (city of Constantine) by none other than the Emperor Constantine himself (it’s good to be the emperor!). From there a succession of emperors ruled the Byzantine empire as the Roman empire dissolved. For two centuries, the Byzantine empire even included the Italian city of Ravenna, where  many churches decorated with astoundingly beautiful mosaics can still be found. In Byzantine art we see a departure from the naturalism of the ancient Greek and Roman world. Figures float in ethereal gold heavenly spaces in mosaics, and we find intricate carvings made from ivory, a luxurious material imported from Africa.", "relative_url": "/#byzantine", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Byzantine", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "awYTPfPqEtbB7DZHFLG9qVgsefGpOpACHkHaZpryg", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#byzantine", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/byzantine", "standalone_title": "Art History: Byzantine", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/byzantine", "id": "byzantine", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The Spaniard Picasso changed the way we see the world. He could draw with academic perfection at a very young age but he gave it up in order to create a language of representation suited to the modern world. Together with the French artist George Braque, Picasso undertook an analysis of form and vision that would inspire radical new visual forms across Europe and in America. This tutorial explains the underlying principles of Cubism and the abstract experiments that followed including Italian Futurism, Russian Suprematism, and the Dutch movement, de Stijl.", "relative_url": "/#cubism", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Cubism and its Impact", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aNz7Lz9_fy6NdxIQcC5bG3wYKwhGRcPCAitNkA7gj", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#cubism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/cubism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Cubism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/cubism", "id": "cubism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Do we know who we really are? What parts of our mind do we know and what parts are hidden from us? Should art only focus on the rational, the conscious, or should we also pay attention to the irrational, the uncanny, the powerful impulses that remain unarticulated and just beyond the reach of our awareness. Dada was born during WWI when poets, artists, and actors, sickened by the violence around them, chose to celebrate the irrational. They created an anti-art that challenged the cultural assumptions that they felt supported the ruling elite that had, in turn, caused the war. In the years after the war, Dada gave way to Surrealism which reinstituted traditional forms of art-making but focused on Freud’s theories of the unconscious.", "relative_url": "/#dada", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Dada & Surrealism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aeYNMlX4DDVsRvJ82lUCbbZ1m7oONDLQXeE-gsCNG", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#dada", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/dada", "standalone_title": "Art History: Dada", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/dada", "id": "dada", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The first Christians were often persecuted in the Ancient Roman empire, but when—thanks to Constantine—Christianity became legal in the 4th century, Christians could worship openly and the first churches were built in Rome and Christians could be buried in tombs sculpted with Christian imagery. This tutorial takes you on a tour of early Christian churches, and takes a close look at the sarcophagus of a Roman senator who died in 359.", "relative_url": "/#early-christian", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Early Christian", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:53Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aJIjsrP6zUBfVvs6yDcKoBwbRklDs5mGUvubqUGl2", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#early-christian", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/early-christian", "standalone_title": "Art History: Early Christian", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/early-christian", "id": "early-christian", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Britain and America in the Age of Revolutions (Reynolds, Copley, Peale)\n\tIt was hard to be an artist in America during the colonial period, and for decades after too. There were no real art schools, no grand tradition of art, and no wealthy aristocratic patrons to commission heroic subjects. Americans were practical, and they wanted portraits—and not paintings of classical mythology (which didn’t always make American artists, at least those with wider ambitions, happy). As you’ll learn in this tutorial, Copley was the greatest American portrait painter of the period, and Peale, who studied with Copley, painted portraits of American heroes such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, and founded what became the first real American art museum. American artists looked to England for support and inspiration, often to the older Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was the painter to the King, and first President of the Royal Academy in London.", "relative_url": "/#english-portraiture", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Britain & America in the Age of Revolution", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a1aycOe5nolE5IeUEPnfZqUGDhA_4Xho_XwgB5MTq", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#english-portraiture", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/english-portraiture", "standalone_title": "Art History: English Portraiture", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/english-portraiture", "id": "english-portraiture", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Wild Beasts! Les Fauve (wild beasts) is what one critic called the brilliant expressive canvases of Matisse and other artists who exhibited together in 1905. This tutorial traces the work of Henri Matisse from his early Fauvist work with its jarringly bright colors to the stricter geometries he introduced during the First World War. It also tracks Expressionist developments in Germany and Austria with videos on Kirchner, Kandinsky and Jawlensky, artists who adopted a rough, “primitive” style, and on Egon Schiele’s taut, sexually charged paintings from Vienna.", "relative_url": "/#expressionism", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Expressionism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a35Sqyhlp-dwbSzWPqtXUJ3U4b6h0LsAA-Ldd4Sb8", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#expressionism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/expressionism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Expressionism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/expressionism", "id": "expressionism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "This tutorial focuses on the art of Peter Paul Rubens, whose work was in high demand by nearly every King, Queen and aristocrat in Catholic Europe (good thing he had a huge workshop!). Rubens was a master of color, dramatic compositions, and movement. Although he was from Northern Europe, he traveled to Italy and absorbed the art of the Renaissance, of classical antiquity, and of Caravaggio. He painted nearly every type of subject—landscapes, portraits, mythology, and history paintings.", "relative_url": "/#flanders-1", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Flanders", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a2obVwVJWN9hiZFthEAj7Up81Z5ZjRIvYsab4ayRk", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#flanders-1", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/flanders-1", "standalone_title": "Art History: Flanders", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/flanders-1", "id": "flanders-1", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In the 15th century, Flanders (an area that is today part of the Netherlands and Belgium) was ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy. The enormous wealth of the court of the Dukes and the wealth of the merchant class (in the thriving cities of Bruges and Tournai) made for a new interest in art that mimicked the material world, though in a way that was quite different from what was happening concurrently in Florence. Oil paint comes into its own in the work of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, and we see how the artists of the North used it to create stunning illusions of fur, wood, wool, glass, and jewels.", "relative_url": "/#flanders", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Flanders", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "ao3PZfBWDO1tEVT0nUBhGC2dyW-ojAelsewN4s2Mj", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#flanders", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/flanders", "standalone_title": "Art History: Flanders", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/flanders", "id": "flanders", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "When Vasari wrote his enormously influential book, Lives of the Artists, in the 16th century, he credited Giotto, the 14th century Florentine artist with beginning \"the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years.\" In other words, for Vasari, Giotto was the first artist to leave behind the medieval practice of painting what one knows and believes, for the practice of painting what one sees. This tutorial looks at painting and sculpture in both Pisa and Florence to highlight some of the most forward-thinking art of this century.", "relative_url": "/#florence", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Florence", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aCCjQKmH_4xV5qfsUHcUnfLjB-4W60o_uzlMCR6Da", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#florence", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/florence", "standalone_title": "Art History: Florence", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/florence", "id": "florence", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Walking through the streets of Florence in the summer isn’t always easy, it’s jam packed with students and tourists who have come to study and admire the city’s treasures including Michelangelo’s David, Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, and the engineering brilliance of Brunelleschi. Florence in the 15th Century was fabulously wealthy thanks to its banking and manufacturing families. The Medici, the de-facto rulers of the city, were bankers who commissioned some of the most important art of the Renaissance. Florence was also a center of the Humanist revival that in many ways is what separates our Modern world from the Medieval era.", "relative_url": "/#florence-1", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Florence", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:55Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aLAX0wRDV9mq2MpIrxXr8t-sCQuHYYU410TdIUJeX", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#florence-1", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/florence-1", "standalone_title": "Art History: Florence", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/florence-1", "id": "florence-1", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In France, the LeNain Brothers painted scenes of every-day life (genre paintings), often depicting peasants. There was a renewal of interest in their art in the mid-Nineteenth Century, when the art critic, Champfluery wrote that the brothers “considered men in tatters more interesting than courtiers in embroidered garments.” At the same time, Poussin created a very different style—one that was highly intellectual and looked back to Renaissance, and ancient Greek and Roman art.", "relative_url": "/#france", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "France", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:55Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a75FMd9jsmUlscGxStYe5Iy535E-yN75uMZEQAfZM", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#france", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/france", "standalone_title": "Art History: France", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/france", "id": "france", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "No, we’re not talking about the dark subculture we know as Goth! We’re talking about the style of art and architecture In Europe from the 1100s to the beginnings of the Renaissance at about 1400. Hopefully by the end of this tutorial when someone says Gothic, you’ll think of enormous stained-glass windows in churches whose vaulted ceilings reach toward heaven and not black clothing and dark eyeliner!", "relative_url": "/#gothic", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Gothic", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aZfO2aQ897R5ytYydd8dOSJquI0ZckDfamcmiyQzr", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#gothic", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/gothic", "standalone_title": "Art History: Gothic", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/gothic", "id": "gothic", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "We don’t call this the “High” Renaissance for nothing! This period sees hugely ambitious projects, from Michelangelo’s painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the rebuilding of St. Peter’s in Rome, to Raphael’s frescoes in the papal palace. We use this term to refer to the art of the Italian Renaissance, beginning with Leonardo, whose great masterpiece the Last Supper, actually dates to the last decades of the 15th century (history is never neat!). In the painting and sculpture of this period, ideally beautiful figures who move gracefully, often in complex, multi-figure compositions conveying the sense that human beings are an echo of the perfection of God.", "relative_url": "/#high-renaissance", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "High Renaissance", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:55Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aSdRl_p_yWPcPTGleO0R2NItdwX_ZqWZdAKrvQpwC", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#high-renaissance", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/high-renaissance", "standalone_title": "Art History: High Renaissance", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/high-renaissance", "id": "high-renaissance", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In the Protestant Dutch Republic of the 17th century there was an enormous demand for art from a wide cross-section of the public. This was a very good thing, since the institution that had been the main patron for art—the Church—was no longer in the business of commissioning art due to the Protestant Reformation. Dutch artists sought out new subjects of interest to their new clientele, scenes of everyday life (genre paintings), landscapes and still-lifes. There was also an enormous market for portraits. One of the greatest artist of this period, Rembrandt, made his name as a portrait painter, but was also a printmaker, and his work also includes moving interpretations of biblical subjects (though from a Protestant perspective).", "relative_url": "/#holland", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Holland", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aYMAJS6n5d2hvxmVUWXtN3qiIVlL_0-rfeK8ml6F_", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#holland", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/holland", "standalone_title": "Art History: Holland", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/holland", "id": "holland", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Impressionism is both a style, and the name of a group of artists who did something radical—in 1874 they banded together and held their own independent exhibition. These artists described, in fleeting sensations of light, the new leisure pastimes of the city and its suburbs It’s hard to imagine, but at this time in France, the only place of consequence that artists could exhibit their work was the official government-sanctioned exhibitions (called salons), held just once a year, and controlled by a conservative jury. The Impressionists painted modern Paris and landscapes with a loose open brushstrokes, bright colors, and unconventional compositions—none of which was appreciated by the salon jury!", "relative_url": "/#impressionism", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Impressionism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aNHYquJtCgquUEVFLcpkcxNPzzw6LRXa60f6HVim9", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#impressionism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/impressionism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Impressionism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/impressionism", "id": "impressionism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "More than 1 billion people call themselves muslim and this monotheistic religion is now estimated to be the second largest in the world. Islamic culture was among the most advanced and tolerant during the Medieval era. Cities from Isfahan in the East to Grenada in the West became important centers of art and learning. This tutorial looks at the sculpture, tilework, costume and interior spaces of this brilliant culture.", "relative_url": "/#islamic-art", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Islamic Art", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "axrb54TR3WlRwBCMjOfB0YHDTHbHuTAT34JRiFL71", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#islamic-art", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/islamic-art", "standalone_title": "Art History: Islamic Art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/islamic-art", "id": "islamic-art", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Baroque painting, sculpture and architecture in Italy seems to miraculously unite the heavenly and the earthly to deepen the faith of believers. We’ll look at the utterly convincing illusions of heaven on the painted ceilings of Il Gesu and St. Ignazio, and the way Caravaggio painted biblical scenes with a gritty realism that makes them look as though they are taking place on the streets of Rome. And of course we explore the great genius of the period, Bernini, who used every means at his disposal—painting, sculpture and architecture—in works like The Ecstasy of St. Theresa and the Cathedra Petri to bring the viewer closer to the divine.", "relative_url": "/#italy", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Italy", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a8y3wTFLhRrAR-rs60MIzai9Mlr_UbSAye2BMq_W3", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#italy", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/italy", "standalone_title": "Art History: Italy", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/italy", "id": "italy", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "British art saw a return to the classical after the 1860s, not just in terms of style, but also subject matter. Alma Tadema created sensual Victorian visions of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and Leighton too rendered classicizing figures and subjects. Both of these artists, together with Sargent, were influenced by the Aesthetic Movement, where the subject or narrative of a work of art was minimized in favor of a focus on issues of form (color harmonies, line, composition).", "relative_url": "/#late-victorian", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Late Victorian", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "ao8t8kCU_xfRHXOpmXsPmPjD8hj1zeidAyQkLnTVX", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#late-victorian", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/late-victorian", "standalone_title": "Art History: Late Victorian", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/late-victorian", "id": "late-victorian", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You could say that High Renaissance painters had achieved it all—ideally beautiful, graceful figures, rational spaces, and unified compositions with dozens of figures. If you were a young artist in the early decades of the 1500s you might have felt that there was nothing left to accomplish! Renaissance art was always based on the visual world—on representing things as we see them, but Mannerist art was more artificial, it looked to other art rather than to nature, and Mannerist artists purposely looked for complexity and difficulty to showcase their skills. Figures are elongated, the illusion of space that was so important for the Renaissance no longer makes sense, and the human body is often impossibly twisted.", "relative_url": "/#mannerism", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Mannerism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:55Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "axoMBFHX5Ql0R96eDuj6-d_dlGI8YtboAhhKRhjUd", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#mannerism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/mannerism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Mannerism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/mannerism", "id": "mannerism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Watching a soccer game is a lot more interesting if you’ve actually played the game yourself. Similarly, art makes a lot more sense if you understand how it was made. Different materials can have a profound effect on how a work of art looks and how we respond to it. Learn about how artist’s made their own supplies before there were art supply stores! Understand the differences between oil and tempera and how marble is quarried and carved.", "relative_url": "/#media", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Media", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:52Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aKnERZfWrQQhgE2GLmIu4KLHGF5ElIcD4hpCFDoAw", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#media", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/media", "standalone_title": "Art History: Media", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/media", "id": "media", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "“Primary Structures,” “ABC Art,” and “Minimalism” are terms that attempted to categorize the work of Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Sol Lewitt and other artists who produced hard edged, often geometric and seemingly machined objects in the later 1960s and early 1970s. These stark, often cold and cerebral forms were the very antithesis of the deeply emotive gestural art of the Abstract Expressionists and their followers who had dominated the New York art scene since the 1940s. Here was an art that renounced the authentic “hand’ of the artist and sought instead to create forms without reference to the world beyond the object’s own logic except perhaps as Platonic expressions of a pure ideal.", "relative_url": "/#minimalism", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Minimalism & the Land", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aJ7GrQ4gEt0oCRQJJYo9niSsEAIqqKI0JMn4CffsB", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#minimalism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/minimalism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Minimalism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/minimalism", "id": "minimalism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Jacques Louis David, an active supporter of the Revolution of 1789, is the star of this tutorial. David served in the revolutionary government, used his art in the service of its cause—and voted to behead King Louis XVI. He captured the patriotism of the revolution’s early phase and later, memorialized its dead heroes. And when the revolution failed, and Napoleon came to power, David used his great talents to present a heroic image of that military general-turned emperor. David invents a new style for the democratic values of the Enlightenment—one that is the very opposite of the luxuriousness of the Rococo—and that looks back to Renaissance and ancient Greek art, hence the name—Neo-Classicism (new classicism).", "relative_url": "/#neo-classicism", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Neo-Classicism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aYMhQuzHflQTzFofcj15BU0swaRB-zsJGqnCmUmBN", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#neo-classicism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/neo-classicism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Neo-Classicism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/neo-classicism", "id": "neo-classicism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Germany was defeated and exhausted in 1918 at the end of WWI. The equally exhausted victors imposed harsh terms on Germany. It was forced to forfeit its overseas colonial possessions, to cede land to its neighbors, and to pay reparations. As demobilized troops returned, German cities filled with unemployed, often maimed veterans. The Socialists briefly seized power and by the early 1920s hyperinflation further destabilized the nation. Neue Sachlichkeit or the New Objectivity cast a cold sharp eye on Modern Germany’s hypocrisy, aggression, and destitution even as extremists on the political right consolidated power. The National Socialists or Nazi Party won the chancellorship in 1933 and quickly used art and architecture as a means build the myth of a pure German people shaped by the land and unsullied by modern industrial culture. This tutorial looks at the ways that competing political ideologies each used art for its own purposes.", "relative_url": "/#neue-sachlichkeit", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "German Art Between the Wars", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "an88wipXhRCEIxC7q-5cbXzOkiymZjvRHcQ_NilSF", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#neue-sachlichkeit", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/neue-sachlichkeit", "standalone_title": "Art History: Neue Sachlichkeit", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/neue-sachlichkeit", "id": "neue-sachlichkeit", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The Renaissance in the North continues, but now with the impact of the Protestant Reformation, where there was growing concern that images in the church violated the commandment against making likenesses, as part of the prohibition against worshipping idols. The Reformation had a direct impact on some of the greatest painters of this period, including the German artists Durer, who converted, and Cranach, who was a close friend of Luther. There was increasing exchange during this period between artists in Italy and those in Northern Europe in terms of both methods and style, though the two styles remain distinct. Here we see some of the most complex painting in the work of Holbein, some of the most playful in the work of Bruegel and some of the most terrifying in the work of Bosch.", "relative_url": "/#northern-renaissance", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Northern Renaissance", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:55Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aWTFqinpllVxCpgWSDxlDqm0teiqesLhXW0rowwUw", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#northern-renaissance", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/northern-renaissance", "standalone_title": "Art History: Northern Renaissance", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/northern-renaissance", "id": "northern-renaissance", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Can art be an enactment? Can the “art” be relocated from the object crafted by an artist to the more ephemeral reaction of the viewer? Must an artist actually “make” a work of art at all? Conceptual artists recognized that when the 19th Century avant-garde broke with the academies and their emphasis on technical execution (the blending color or compositional clarity for example), they were freer to focus on more conceptual issues such as modern urban life, subjectivity, or pictorial language. Fast forward to the second half of the Twentieth Century when intellectual content became the defining characteristic of art and concept fully eclipsed craft. In the 1960 and 70s the art of Beuys, Haacke and others became increasingly conceptual. These artists used found objects, performance, and installation while de-emphasizing the act of “object making.”", "relative_url": "/#performance-art", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Conceptual Art", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a7qi27of8JTiVzw-y3RzFa1DIXXuFqLKV3BcB5M3w", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#performance-art", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/performance-art", "standalone_title": "Art History: Performance Art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/performance-art", "id": "performance-art", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "When people walk into an art museum they often expect to see treasures of their cultural history—beautifully crafted precious objects that express profound truths—images of God, nature, man’s heroism, but Campbell soup cans hawked on TV? Pop art sought to upend our comfortable understanding of what art is and it did just that. Warhol, Lichtenstein, Oldenburg, and others confronted the visual reality of our commercial consumer culture by focusing on the mechanics of representation and the subject matter of daily life in the middle of the 20th Century.", "relative_url": "/#pop-art", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Pop & After", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aPzxMR45aIjLlSCQscBMyNniUEucu9fyEEH49Ail_", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#pop-art", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/pop-art", "standalone_title": "Art History: Pop Art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/pop-art", "id": "pop-art", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The work of van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne and Seurat together constitute Post-Impressionism and yet their work is so varied and unrelated, we might never otherwise think of these four artists as a group. Certainly van Gogh and Gauguin were friends and they briefly painted together, but each of these artists was concerned with solving particular issues that had to do with their own individual sensibility. Ironically, if anything ties these artists together it is this focus on subjectivity. This tutorial explores the sketchy multiperspectival views of Cézanne, Seurat’s systematized critiques of upper middle-class Paris, Gauguin’s fascination with the primitive and exotic, and van Gogh’s unerring ability to convey deeply human experiences.", "relative_url": "/#post-impressionism", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Post-Impressionism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a3EpKIRjSPWEMN_64VIJB7PkQY0mF_Bl-rIb9G4uQ", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#post-impressionism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/post-impressionism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Post-Impressionism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/post-impressionism", "id": "post-impressionism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "If you’ve done the tutorials on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century art then you likely have an idea that by “Modernism,” art historians are referring to a set of ideas that characterize art and culture after about 1848. Key to understanding Modern art are the ideas of a heroic “avant-garde” that challenges authority and the expression of the individual (one that is invariably white and male). The term “Post-Modernism,” was initially used in the art world in 1979 for architecture that arbitrarily borrowed historical styles with little regard for original meaning or context. The term was quickly and broadly adopted, and came to refer to a strategy to undermine Modernism’s utopian and heroizing tendencies by using multiple yet simultaneous critical perspectives. Post-Modernism was not anti-Modernism, it was instead, an effort to destabilize Modernist narratives with deeply skeptical critical strategies that emphasized the plurality of gender, race, nationality, politics, and economic inequality.", "relative_url": "/#postmodernism", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Postmodernism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "ar9janEq9eVw-RqKBgKNJJf6ONDQGJNrnoU13an_U", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#postmodernism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/postmodernism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Postmodernism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/postmodernism", "id": "postmodernism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In 1848, a small group of young artists banded together and formed “The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood,” a name which sounds intentionally backward-looking and medieval. The Pre-Raphaelites looked back to art before the time of Raphael (before about 1500 that is)—before the art of the Renaissance was reduced to formulas followed for centuries by artists associated with the art academies of Europe. Their idea was that the art before Raphael was more sincere, more true to nature and how we see, and therefore less formulaic. These artists also embraced a wide range of subjects, including modern life, biblical and literary subjects, and even history. By looking backwards, the Pre-Raphaelites led British art into the modern era.", "relative_url": "/#pre-raphaelites", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Pre-Raphaelites", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aD4zFq5YZ13RD-m3WIpLk_bBsaB1-udaJaLueMaUv", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#pre-raphaelites", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/pre-raphaelites", "standalone_title": "Art History: Pre-Raphaelites", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/pre-raphaelites", "id": "pre-raphaelites", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You’ve seen the drawing of human evolution showing a procession of monkey, ape, primitive and modern man? Well, somewhere along that line early man could be shown holding a paint brush and a chisel. Mankind has been making art for at least 100,000 years. Why was the earliest art made? What might it have once meant? This tutorial focuses on what we do and do not know about one of the earliest representations of the human body, The Venus of Willendorf.", "relative_url": "/#prehistoric", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Prehistoric", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:53Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a0pZp9Dm1oyOAKlNL30bTVyPMo2ptsaUXQU06IwQ_", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#prehistoric", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-c-e--ancient-cultures-1/prehistoric", "standalone_title": "Art History: Prehistoric", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-c-e--ancient-cultures-1/prehistoric", "id": "prehistoric", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "By the second half of the 20th Century, the avant-garde had an avant-garde of its own. Even as Pop, Minimal and Concept artists renounced the handmade work of art, a small group of women recognized the subversive value of handicraft in an age of industrial manufacturing and in an art world dominated by male artists and critics who sought theoretical purity. During her short career, Eva Hesse resituated the ancient question of how to meaningfully represent the human body and unleashed decades of experimentation that continues to this day. Judy Chicago, Linda Benglis, Jackie Windsor, Faith Ringgold, and others used the lowly status of craft and its historical association with female artisans to contrast with “high art.” By focusing of the act of making, on process and craft, these women began the process of fracturing Modernism’s reductive and largely male narratives.", "relative_url": "/#process-art", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Process Art", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a78JuyDIHACevABUKtPE4kx-jSCmZY0HC3WRMf8YT", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#process-art", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/process-art", "standalone_title": "Art History: Process Art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/process-art", "id": "process-art", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In the mid-Nineteenth Century, great art was still defined as art that took it’s subjects from religion, history or mythology and its style from ancient Greece and Rome. Hardly what we would consider modern and appropriate for an industrial, commercial, urban culture! Courbet agreed, and so did his friend, the writer Charles Baudelaire who called for an art that would depict, as he called it, the beauty of modern life. Courbet painted the reality of life in the countryside—not the idealized peasants that were the usual fare at the exhibits in Paris. The revolution of 1848, in which both the working class and the middle class played a significant role, set the stage for Realism. Later, Manet and then Degas painted modern life in Paris, a city which was undergoing rapid modernization in the period after 1855 (the Second Empire).", "relative_url": "/#realism", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Realism", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aKz60fttHDaGmGGl5x2zaXUFtcyVmNAgw3iQAfMqh", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#realism", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/realism", "standalone_title": "Art History: Realism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/realism", "id": "realism", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "It’s hard not to like Rococo art. After all, it’s subjects are often about luxury and pleasure, which makes sense since its patrons were the extremely wealthy French aristocracy. This tutorial features two romantic liaisons—Fragonard’s The Swing and The Meeting, portraits and a mythological subject, “Venus Consoling Love.” You get the idea.", "relative_url": "/#rococo", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Rococo", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aepxB4Jbi3ILB5VKZ99okOrdyTjOhytPUaRIbXV2c", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#rococo", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/rococo", "standalone_title": "Art History: Rococo", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/rococo", "id": "rococo", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Visogoths, Ostrogoths, and Vikings, oh my! Western Europe was not a peaceful place during the 600 years after the fall of the Roman Empire. Western Europe (what is now Italy, France, Spain, England, etc.) had been repeatedly invaded. The result was a fractured feudal society with little stability and little economic growth. Charlemagne and the Ottonians had partially and briefly unified the West, and of course the Church was a stabilizing institution, but it was only in the 11th Century that everything changed. Now there was finally enough peace and prosperity to allow for travel and for the widespread construction of large buildings. These were, with rare exceptions, the first large structures to be built in the West since the fall of the Romans so many centuries before. We call the period Romanesque (Roman-like) because the masons of this period looked back to the architecture of ancient Rome. The relative calm of the Romanesque period also meant it was possible to travel, and the faithful set out on pilgrimages in great numbers to visit holy relics in churches across Europe. This meant that ideas and styles also traveled, towns grew and churches were built and enlarged.", "relative_url": "/#romanesque", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Romanesque", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aHz83POPQjyTbUDgX9to6QSF6Nr-64__O1AZYGXRn", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#romanesque", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/romanesque", "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanesque", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/romanesque", "id": "romanesque", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "As the industrial revolution transformed the British countryside, replacing fields with factories, painters turned to landscape. Constable painted his native suffolk, where he spent his childhood, and imbued it with a sense of affection for rural life. Turner, on the other hand, created dramatic and sublime landscapes with a sense of the heroic or even the tragic. What both of these artists have in common is a desire to make landscape painting—understood as a low subject by the Academy which dictated official views on art—carry serious meaning.", "relative_url": "/#romanticism-in-england", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Romanticism in England", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "auloevV0MAqDg6Wf5cszbq99KmE1DNZFUrZD_u47L", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#romanticism-in-england", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-england", "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in England", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-england", "id": "romanticism-in-england", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Romanticism begins in France with the violent and exotic battle scenes of Gros and the famous shipwreck, the Raft of the Medusa, painted by Gericault. Soon after, two distinct trends emerge in French painting, one—represented by the artist Delacroix—was rebellious, and emphasized emotion, color and loose brushwork. The other—which can be seen in the art of Ingres—upheld tradition, and emphasized line and a highly finished surface.  Of course, things were more complicated—but those were battle lines!", "relative_url": "/#romanticism-in-france", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Romanticism in France", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aEYd_HkEi-t-mAPoSCxLz73uiLkyXd6L-tL6iU-S6", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#romanticism-in-france", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-france", "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in France", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-france", "id": "romanticism-in-france", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "This tutorial focuses exclusively on the art of Caspar David Friedrich, whose work best exemplifies Romanticism’s interest in the big questions of man’s mortality and place in the universe. The world had changed dramatically since the time of Michelangelo, Bernini and Rembrandt, and as a result, Friedrich approached these big questions without the Christian narratives that dominated the art of the past. And like his English counterparts during this period, he imbues nature and the landscape with symbolic and often spiritual meaning.", "relative_url": "/#romanticism-in-germany", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Romanticism in Germany", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a3t5L-_K6NLAwLhT-dA3L59xyAZHH56yqxVwDKP6o", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#romanticism-in-germany", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-germany", "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in Germany", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-germany", "id": "romanticism-in-germany", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The great artist Francisco Goya is the focus of this tutorial. Goya began his career designing tapestries for the royal residences, and eventually became court painter to the King of Spain. But after Napoleon’s army occupied Spain and deposed the King, Goya documented the horrors he witnessed. His work following the occupation, including the Third of May 1808, remains some of the most powerful anti-war images ever created. His later years were spent largely in a house outside Madrid which he painted with haunting scenes. Saturn Devouring his sons belongs to this late series, known as the “Black Paintings.”", "relative_url": "/#romanticism-in-spain", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Romanticism in Spain", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aEFlF5_Bf_kaAcaLB_2A8nCa1JpDo7HxivWsY1BKk", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#romanticism-in-spain", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-spain", "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in Spain", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-spain", "id": "romanticism-in-spain", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "", "relative_url": "/#romanticism-in-the-united-states", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Romanticism in the United States", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:57Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aZFJnksFR8RUP73vyYAABtPO21tSFcTX5YWGxDl44", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#romanticism-in-the-united-states", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-the-united-states", "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in the United States", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-the-united-states", "id": "romanticism-in-the-united-states", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Despite the brief dismantling of the Royal Academy during the French Revolution, art remained an extension of the power of the French State which regularly purchased art that it favored (often art that supported its political objectives). Through the Royal Academy (originally been founded by Louis XIV), the state extended its reach to the official exhibitions (salons) and to matters of style and subject matter through the École des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts). These were not just the official institutions of art, they were, in essence, the only institutions available for living artists to train and to make their work known. This tutorial looks at a crucial moment for painting, on the eve of the Revolution of 1848. We also examine one of the great State commissions of the Second Empire, The Opera House, as well as The Dance, a sculpture that adorned its façade.", "relative_url": "/#second-empire", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Art & the French State", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:58Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aTNP1d8F1kpBf1xk_BqO-dzM0TuniQ7f8lps9nRlh", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#second-empire", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/second-empire", "standalone_title": "Art History: Second Empire", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/second-empire", "id": "second-empire", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "When we think of the Renaissance, we tend to think of Florence (and Rome). But the city of Siena also deserves our attention. Today, the lovely walled city of Siena is one of the best preserved Medieval cities in Europe and it was chosen by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site. In the 14th Century, Siena was an independent nation and often at war with its neighbor, Florence. Some of  the most important art of the 14th Century was commissioned for Siena’s Cathedral and town hall. Duccio and his students, the Lorenzetti Brothers and Simone Martini produced large-scale painting with an intricacy and subtle coloration that is unique in the Renaissance.", "relative_url": "/#siena", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Siena", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a6l5W0P4flcuJ4NKkdlbj5UbAQNjLNj1NG1aNUmXU", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#siena", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/siena", "standalone_title": "Art History: Siena", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/siena", "id": "siena", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The main focus of this tutorial, and a leading artist at this time is the great Diego Velazquez, who spent most of his career as the court painter to the King of Spain painting official portraits. But in the hands of Velazquez, even mundane portraits became masterpieces of brushwork and color. His early work was influenced by the realism of Caravaggio. Get up close to the princess in his later masterpiece, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), and you’ll see broad brushstrokes of red, pink, black and white, but step back and they magically resolve to create a perfect illusion of the silk of her dress and the light moving across her face and hair. No other artist, except perhaps Titian and Rubens, revealed so honestly the alchemy of painting—how paint can be turned into reality.", "relative_url": "/#spain", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Spain", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:56Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "azKGOzcb7l_kkFRStFvtN9CCxYnqdnTxUWrtofQMU", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#spain", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/spain", "standalone_title": "Art History: Spain", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/spain", "id": "spain", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The 1880s saw a shift away from the modern-life focus of Impressionism, as artists turned toward the interior self, to dreams, and myth. There was a sense that Impressionism had been too tied up with the materialism of middle-class culture. In some ways, van Gogh and Gauguin can also be seen as Symbolists. Many Symbolist belonged to groups of artists who broke away (or seceded) from the art establishment in their respective countries, to hold their own exhibitions. 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How can we find meaning in abstract art?", "relative_url": "/#the-basics", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "The Basics", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:52Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "aELPUO7U_PDHbUGOINgXBnw7b2OKMyMeSpwxh0j3e", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#the-basics", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/the-basics", "standalone_title": "Art History: The Basics", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/the-basics", "id": "the-basics", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Artists first represented the human body more than 30,000 years ago and haven’t stopped since. Figurative art has been a continuous tradition through human history. Even in societies where the biblical law forbidding the graven image is most strictly interpreted (Judaism and Islam for example), there have always been instances of figural art. The same is true for the era of modernist abstraction when artists found new ways to portray the body on canvas or with the lens of a camera that could profoundly describe the human condition in , and abstraction the post-holocaust era.", "relative_url": "/#the-postwar-figure", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "The Postwar Figure", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "a4XUCRSFue3t4fT85x_cRHKvEluUhFj45LC_1Npu0", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#the-postwar-figure", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/the-postwar-figure", "standalone_title": "Art History: The Postwar Figure", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/the-postwar-figure", "id": "the-postwar-figure", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Currently this tutorial contains the work of only one artist, Michael Pacher. 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The Venetians favored the sumptuous, the exotic and the poetic and created art for a society that had grown wealthy trading with distant lands.", "relative_url": "/#venice-1", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Venice", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:55Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": null, "assessment_progress_key": "api18ORolWI7WoItUs3dC7JO-41cqUpHXdGXJ7aRc", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#venice-1", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/venice-1", "standalone_title": "Art History: Venice", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/venice-1", "id": "venice-1", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Renaissance Venice was a city of merchants that traded with the Byzantine and Islamic Empires to the East, with the Germanic nations North of the Alps, and with Kingdoms to the West. 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Depending on how you view it, multiplication is about repeated addition or scaling a number or seeing what number you get when you have another number multiple times.  If that last sentence made little sense, you might enjoy this tutorial.", "relative_url": "/#multiplication_fun", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Multiplication fun", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:30Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aFyImYBJe83jQKv7U8trcWzHeWseAUmXAeidgWP5U", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#multiplication_fun", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multiplication_fun", "standalone_title": "Multiplication fun", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/multiplication_fun", "id": "multiplication_fun", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "What is 2/3 of 2/3?  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So awesome that you are feeling embarrassed to think how excited you are about them!\n\nWell, the journey is just beginning.  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If you don't know how to multiply these decimals, then you won't be able to do all the powerful things that multiplication can do in the real world (figure out your commission as a robot possum salesperson, determining how much shag carpet you need for your secret lair, etc.).", "relative_url": "/#multiplying_decimals", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Multiplying decimals", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:33Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aZOq7zgt8h6BlaJ1UgbYLRdq7h0-2IB9eeMEAQwyu", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#multiplying_decimals", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/decimals/multiplying_decimals", "standalone_title": "Multiplying decimals", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/decimals/multiplying_decimals", "id": "multiplying_decimals", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "No algebraic arsenal is complete without the ability to multiply expressions.  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The distributive property is FAR more powerful and general.", "relative_url": "/#multiplying_polynomials", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Multiplying monomials, binomials and polynomials in general", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:42Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "av3ne_F_i-A2H5ex-Np9YmsgIpykZpJCarTK96GQu", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#multiplying_polynomials", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/polynomials/multiplying_polynomials", "standalone_title": "Multiplying monomials, binomials and polynomials in general", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/polynomials/multiplying_polynomials", "id": "multiplying_polynomials", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "If we're not in the mood to research and pick our own stocks, mutual funds and/or ETFs might be a good option.  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A military genius with a ginormous ego, some people consider him a hero or a tyrant or both.\n\nFrance has successfully overthrown Louis XVI in 1789.  It has gone through a many-year period of bloodshed and instability.  The monarch's of Europe are not happy about this \"overthrow-your-king\" business.  A 5'6'' Corsican establishes himself as a strong military tactician during the wars with other European powers and soon comes to power in France.\n\nThis tutorial covers the rise and fall of one of the most famous men in all of history: Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I).", "relative_url": "/#napoleon-bonaparte", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Napoleon Bonaparte", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:52Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "abP0qsmHIJdpAPkFikqmh9HEsF4bb8TSgXYJiC_2Q", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#napoleon-bonaparte", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/humanities/history/euro-hist/napoleon-bonaparte", "standalone_title": "Napoleon Bonaparte", "extended_slug": "humanities/history/euro-hist/napoleon-bonaparte", "id": "napoleon-bonaparte", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "If you haven't watched the movie \"A Beautiful Mind\", you should.  It is about John Nash (played by Russell Crowe) who won the Nobel Prize in economics for his foundational contributions to game theory.  This is what this tutorial is about.\n\nNash put some structure around how players in a \"game\" can optimize their outcomes (if the movie is to be fully believed, this insight struck him when he realize that if all his friends hit on the most pretty girl, he should hit on the second-most pretty one).  In this tutorial, we use the classic \"prisoner's dilemma\" to highlight this concept.", "relative_url": "/#nash-eq-tutorial", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Nash equilibrium", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:43Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "awc7tHAZ4f1ylgrLvIXyIgyBYA5IqxIZrLA-lL7UA", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#nash-eq-tutorial", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/microeconomics/nash-equilibrium-tutorial/nash-eq-tutorial", "standalone_title": "Nash equilibrium", "extended_slug": "science/microeconomics/nash-equilibrium-tutorial/nash-eq-tutorial", "id": "nash-eq-tutorial", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "e is a special number that shows up throughout nature (you will appreciate this more and more as you develop your mathematical understanding).  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Not only will this tutorial expand your mind, it could be the basis of a lot of fun at your next dinner party!", "relative_url": "/#new_operators", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "New operator definitions", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:41Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "ayWRUy1iTEI3Yfky_g3JTmiELOUqzEuz5ut-s8AUt", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#new_operators", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/algebra-functions/new_operators", "standalone_title": "New operator definitions", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/algebra-functions/new_operators", "id": "new_operators", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Why are you sticking to your chair (ignoring the spilled glue)?  Why does the earth orbit the sun (or does it)? 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Good for someone new to these ideas.  For a student in high school or college looking to learn statistics, it might make sense to skip (although it might not hurt either).", "relative_url": "/#reading_data", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Reading and interpreting data", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:36Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aL__qcZ5BZR2F6UYl8vhFYYDUoKwSdIqwsQttX9EL", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#reading_data", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/interpreting-data-topic/reading_data", "standalone_title": "Reading and interpreting data", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/interpreting-data-topic/reading_data", "id": "reading_data", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The value of a currency is constantly changing (usually going down in terms of what you can buy).  Given this, how can we compare GDP measured in dollars in one year to another year? This tutorial answers that question by introducing you to real GDP and GDP deflators.", "relative_url": "/#real-nominal-gdp-tutorial", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Real and nominal GDP", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:44Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "axwWwIP2xawBzljPG1CtKbVM63zS3Gr4DrbHA9VN4", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#real-nominal-gdp-tutorial", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/macroeconomics/gdp-topic/real-nominal-gdp-tutorial", "standalone_title": "Real and nominal GDP", "extended_slug": "science/macroeconomics/gdp-topic/real-nominal-gdp-tutorial", "id": "real-nominal-gdp-tutorial", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "If the value of money is constantly changing, can we compare investment return in the future or past to that earned in the present?  This tutorial focuses on how to do this (another good tutorial to watch is the one on \"present value\").", "relative_url": "/#real-nominal-return-tut", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Real and nominal return", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:37Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "a-cNVC7pj4YXgH2bljDAOxX9-LKcgBbKKYyTTu4lC", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#real-nominal-return-tut", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/core-finance/inflation-tutorial/real-nominal-return-tut", "standalone_title": "Real and nominal return", "extended_slug": "science/core-finance/inflation-tutorial/real-nominal-return-tut", "id": "real-nominal-return-tut", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "We think we're getting a certain return on our investments, but can we put it in terms of real purchasing power since the value of money is constantly changing?  The answer is yes and this tutorial shows you how.", "relative_url": "/#real-nominal-return-tutorial", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Real and nominal return", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:44Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "afTMXnsVom4-hP22mQVKJO-17wMp6t_8D1WI5yTgk", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#real-nominal-return-tutorial", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/macroeconomics/inflation-topic/real-nominal-return-tutorial", "standalone_title": "Real and nominal return", "extended_slug": "science/macroeconomics/inflation-topic/real-nominal-return-tutorial", "id": "real-nominal-return-tutorial", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You've probably already appreciated that there are many ways to solve a system of equations.  Well, we'll introduce you to another one in this tutorial.  Reduced row echelon form has us performing operations on matrices to get them in a form that helps us solve the system.", "relative_url": "/#reduced_row_echelon", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Reduced row echelon form", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:45Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "ajwAoFYFZRYDSlyWaEhpNYe0DpTcQKZCQGZrvUyEn", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#reduced_row_echelon", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/algebra-matrices/reduced_row_echelon", "standalone_title": "Reduced row echelon form", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/algebra-matrices/reduced_row_echelon", "id": "reduced_row_echelon", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Relationships can be any association between sets of numbers while functions have only one output for a given input.  This tutorial works through a bunch of examples of testing whether something is a valid function.  As always, we really encourage you to pause the videos and try the problems before Sal does!", "relative_url": "/#relationships_functions", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Relationships and valid functions", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:41Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aw1Kl_aRBIeVnjvx2NMY8UmRt2QoGsh2dEJG4D3hS", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#relationships_functions", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/algebra/algebra-functions/relationships_functions", "standalone_title": "Relationships and functions", "extended_slug": "math/algebra/algebra-functions/relationships_functions", "id": "relationships_functions", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Is it always better to buy than rent?  What if home prices go up dramatically and rents don't?  How can we compare home prices to rents to figure out what to do.\n\nThis older tutorial (low-res, bad handwriting) walks us through this.  It is about housing but similar thinking can be applied to any rent-vs-buy decision (spoiler alert, Sal did eventually buy a home).", "relative_url": "/#renting-v-buying", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Renting vs. buying a home", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:36Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aXH8KV81Y6B2Z1KSfua_B5XE-eeyV5PQUTKVUjGCq", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#renting-v-buying", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/core-finance/housing/renting-v-buying", "standalone_title": "Renting vs. buying a home", "extended_slug": "science/core-finance/housing/renting-v-buying", "id": "renting-v-buying", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "The government apparently wants us to save for retirement (not always obvious because it also wants us to spend as much as possible to pump the economy going into the next election cycle).  To encourage this, it has created some ways to save that avoid or defer taxes: IRAs and 401ks.", "relative_url": "/#ira-401ks", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "Retirement accounts: IRAs and 401ks", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:39Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aLmHyIwAvEfb9PiJVzeMMzUjoHrHnj5pV3WO88w2V", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#ira-401ks", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/core-finance/investment-vehicles-tutorial/ira-401ks", "standalone_title": "Retirement accounts: IRAs and 401ks", "extended_slug": "science/core-finance/investment-vehicles-tutorial/ira-401ks", "id": "ira-401ks", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, we'll think about how we can find the area under a curve.  We'll first approximate this with rectangles (and trapezoids)--generally called Riemann sums.  We'll then think about find the exact area by having the number of rectangles approach infinity (they'll have infinitesimal widths) which we'll use the definite integral to denote.", "relative_url": "/#riemann-sums", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Riemann sums and definite integration", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:09Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "a8s_zLrzMl1FSZUHRV3J7-NY-NQkqIxUcDFsA99OB", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#riemann-sums", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/calculus/integral-calculus/riemann-sums", "standalone_title": "Riemann sums and definite integration", "extended_slug": "math/calculus/integral-calculus/riemann-sums", "id": "riemann-sums", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, Sal and Jay show the SN1 and SN2 ring opening reactions of epoxides.", "relative_url": "/#ring-opening-reactions-epoxides", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "Ring-opening reactions of epoxides", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:33Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aRNoAT8nFGeFrnC4vUcCadj4-ziQ_6GLN02-BjWfQ", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#ring-opening-reactions-epoxides", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/ring-opening-reactions-epoxides", "standalone_title": "Ring-opening reactions of epoxides", "extended_slug": "science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/ring-opening-reactions-epoxides", "id": "ring-opening-reactions-epoxides", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "If you're looking to create an army of robot dogs, will it really make a difference if you have 10,300 dogs, 9,997 dogs or 10,005 dogs?  Probably not.  All you really care about is how many dogs you have to, say, the nearest thousand (10,000 dogs).\n\nIn this tutorial, you'll learn about conventions for rounding whole numbers.  Very useful when you might not need to (or cannot) be completely precise.", "relative_url": "/#rounding_whole_numbers", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": false, "title": "Rounding whole numbers", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:31Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aBUZ6DIaM1dcEEw6QedcRsubaMdQkxQgCV0qBrJim", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#rounding_whole_numbers", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/rounding_whole_numbers", "standalone_title": "Rounding whole numbers", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/multiplication-division/rounding_whole_numbers", "id": "rounding_whole_numbers", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Sal works through every problem in the first edition of the College Board \"Official SAT Study Guide\" (ISBN Number: 0-87447-718-2 published in 2004).  You should take the practice tests on your own, grade them and then use these videos to understand the problems you didn't get or to review.  Have fun!\n\nIf you're using the second edition of the study guide with 10 practice tests, you can still use some of these videos. Practice tests 4-10 in the newer book correspond to tests 2-8 below.", "relative_url": "/#sat-math", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "SAT Math", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:09:00Z", "render_type": "UncuratedTutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "auuisqDfqZH2ucKpr25v55NPRlAQvtv0DE8rhgpW4", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#sat-math", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/test-prep/sat-math", "standalone_title": "SAT Preparation", "extended_slug": "test-prep/sat-math", "id": "sat-math", "tags": ["SAT", "prep", "math"], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, Jay covers the definitions of nucleophile/electrophile, The Schwartz Rules (may the Schwartz be with you!), and the differences between SN1 and SN2 reactions.", "relative_url": "/#sn1-sn2-tutorial", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "SN1 and SN2", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:31Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aE8onrrjbL6m9eMgDglU5sRYxWe8fLZ_Mn-_mYzV9", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#sn1-sn2-tutorial", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial", "standalone_title": "SN1 and SN2", "extended_slug": "science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial", "id": "sn1-sn2-tutorial", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, Sal analyzes the differences between SN1 and SN2 reactions.", "relative_url": "/#sn1-sn2-sal", "is_dirty": true, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "SN1 vs SN2", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:31Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aVdK7nAQM7L9tc9ldXE6GBqGYk92Wy55B_c5xJeAL", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#sn1-sn2-sal", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-sal", "standalone_title": "SN1 vs SN2", "extended_slug": "science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-sal", "id": "sn1-sn2-sal", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, Jay discusses the strength of a nucleophile and the differences between SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions.", "relative_url": "/#sn1-sn2-e1-e2-jay", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "SN1/SN2/E1/E2", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:31Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "amCPVjjpk40SxSUs7E-1YtKEqxZjudNxp9CsLZ5j8", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#sn1-sn2-e1-e2-jay", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-e1-e2-jay", "standalone_title": "SN1/SN2/E1/E2", "extended_slug": "science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-e1-e2-jay", "id": "sn1-sn2-e1-e2-jay", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "In this tutorial, Sal compares the differences between E2, E1, SN2, and SN1 reactions.", "relative_url": "/#sn1-sn2-e1-e2-sal", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": true, "title": "SN1/SN2/E1/E2", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:31Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "awDgZ1s33Yq1FYguFt3tZqx9Pd50I5spx1FZgHxGT", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#sn1-sn2-e1-e2-sal", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-e1-e2-sal", "standalone_title": "SN1/SN2/E1/E2", "extended_slug": "science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-e1-e2-sal", "id": "sn1-sn2-e1-e2-sal", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "Everything in this tutorial is covered (with better resolution and handwriting) in the \"other\" Maclaurin and Taylor series tutorial, but this one has a bit of old-school charm so we are keeping it here for historical reasons.", "relative_url": "/#old_maclaurin_series", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Sal's old Maclaurin and Taylor series tutorial", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:08:10Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aVaeEqRqcOLAgERdAObOq83IFDOQBl7xrqbXw2mYL", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#old_maclaurin_series", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/calculus/sequences_series_approx_calc/old_maclaurin_series", "standalone_title": "Sal's old Maclaurin and Taylor series tutorial", "extended_slug": "math/calculus/sequences_series_approx_calc/old_maclaurin_series", "id": "old_maclaurin_series", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "These are some of the classic, original angle video that Sal had done way back when (like 2007).  Other tutorials are more polished than this one, but this one has charm.  Also not bad if you're looking for more examples of angles between intersected lines, transversals and parallel lines.", "relative_url": "/#old_angles", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Sal's old angle videos", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:46Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "au7hECeozxkgxUhUDlCc_ENDNrHPQrpgRpGmMl4EU", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#old_angles", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/geometry/parallel-and-perpendicular-lines/old_angles", "standalone_title": "Sal's old angle videos", "extended_slug": "math/geometry/parallel-and-perpendicular-lines/old_angles", "id": "old_angles", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "This tutorial covers central tendency and dispersion.  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If you  precisely measure one dimension of a carpet to be 3.256 meters and eyeball the other dimensional to be \"roughly 2 meters\", can you really claim that the area is  7.512 square meters (3.256 x 2)?  Isn't that a little misleading?  \n\nThis tutorial gets us thinking about this conundrum and gives us the best practices that scientists and engineers use to not mislead each other.", "relative_url": "/#significant_figures_tutorial", "is_dirty": false, "in_topic_browser": null, "title": "Significant figures", "y_pos": 0.0, "backup_timestamp": "2013-02-16T00:07:33Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "init_custom_stack": "", "assessment_progress_key": "aQquYA5X_3DCdufPdTzmoUQ0kf5caAuJ-jkDeKXeS", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/#significant_figures_tutorial", "x_pos": 0.0, "topic_page_url": "/math/arithmetic/decimals/significant_figures_tutorial", "standalone_title": "Significant figures", "extended_slug": "math/arithmetic/decimals/significant_figures_tutorial", "id": "significant_figures_tutorial", "tags": [], "in_knowledge_map": false}, {"icon_src": "", "kind": "Topic", "hide": false, "description": "You feel good about your rapidly developing equation-solving ability.  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