Using sdbus-c++ library

Table of contents

Introduction
Integrating sdbus-c++ into your project
Solving libsystemd dependency
Distributing sdbus-c++
Header files and namespaces
Error signalling and propagation
Design of sdbus-c++
Multiple layers of sdbus-c++ API
An example: Number concatenator
Implementing the Concatenator example using basic sdbus-c++ API layer
Implementing the Concatenator example using convenience sdbus-c++ API layer
Implementing the Concatenator example using sdbus-c++-generated stubs
Asynchronous server-side methods
Asynchronous client-side methods
Using D-Bus properties
Standard D-Bus interfaces
Conclusion

Introduction

sdbus-c++ is a C++ D-Bus library built on top of sd-bus, a lightweight D-Bus client library implemented within systemd project. It provides D-Bus functionality on a higher level of abstraction, trying to employ C++ type system to shift as much work as possible from the developer to the compiler.

Although sdbus-c++ covers most of sd-bus API, it does not (yet) fully cover every sd-bus API detail. The focus is put on the most widely used functionality: D-Bus connections, object, proxies, synchronous and asynchronous method calls, signals, and properties. If you are missing a desired functionality, you are welcome to submit an issue, or, best, to contribute to sdbus-c++ by submitting a pull request.

Integrating sdbus-c++ into your project

The library build system is based on CMake. The library provides a config and an export file, so integrating it into your CMake project is sooo simple:

# First, find sdbus-c++
find_package(sdbus-c++ REQUIRED)

# Use the sdbus-c++ target in SDBusCpp namespace
add_executable(exe exe.cpp)
target_link_libraries(exe PRIVATE SDBusCpp::sdbus-c++)

The library also supports pkg-config, so it easily be integrated into e.g. an Autotools project:

PKG_CHECK_MODULES(SDBUSCPP, [sdbus-c++ >= 0.6],,
    AC_MSG_ERROR([You need the sdbus-c++ library (version 0.6 or newer)]
    [http://www.kistler.com/])
)

Note: sdbus-c++ library uses a number of modern C++17 features. Please make certain you have a recent compiler (gcc >= 7, clang >= 6).

Solving libsystemd dependency

sdbus-c++ depends on libsystemd, a C library that is part of systemd and that contains underlying sd-bus implementation.

Minimum required libsystemd shared library version is 0.20.0 (which corresponds to minimum systemd version 236).

If your target Linux distribution is already based on systemd ecosystem of version 236 and higher, then there is no additional effort, just make sure you have corresponding systemd header files available (provided by libsystemd-dev package on Debian/Ubuntu, for example), and you may go on building sdbus-c++ seamlessly.

However, sdbus-c++ can perfectly be used in non-systemd environments as well. There are two ways to approach this:

Building and distributing libsystemd as a shared library yourself

Fortunately, libsystemd is rather self-contained and can be built and used independently of the rest of systemd ecosystem. To build libsystemd shared library for sdbus-c++:

$ git clone https://github.com/systemd/systemd
$ cd systemd
$ git checkout v242  # or any other recent stable version
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ meson --buildtype=release .. # solve systemd dependencies if any pop up, e.g. libmount-dev, libcap, librt...
$ ninja version.h # building version.h target is only necessary in systemd version >= 241
$ ninja libsystemd.so.0.26.0  # or another version number depending which systemd version you have
# finally, manually install the library, header files and libsystemd.pc pkgconfig file

Building and distributing libsystemd as part of sdbus-c++

sdbus-c++ provides BUILD_LIBSYSTEMD configuration option. When turned on, sdbus-c++ will automatically download and build libsystemd as a static library and make it an opaque part of sdbus-c++ shared library for you. This is the most convenient and effective approach to build, distribute and use sdbus-c++ as a self-contained, systemd-independent library in non-systemd enviroments. Just make sure your build machine has all dependencies needed by libsystemd build process. That includes meson, ninja, git programs and mainly libraries and library headers for libmount, libcap and librt (part of glibc). Also when distributing, make sure these dependency libraries are installed on the production machine.

You may additionally set the LIBSYSTEMD_VERSION configuration flag to fine-tune the version of systemd to be taken in. (The default value is 242).

Distributing sdbus-c++

Yocto

There are Yocto recipes for sdbus-c++ available in the meta-oe layer of the meta-openembedded project. There are two recipes:

One for sdbus-c++ itself. It detects whether systemd feature is turned on in the poky linux configuration. If so, it simply depends on systemd and makes use of libsystemd shared library available in the target system. Otherwise it automatically downloads and builds libsystemd static library and links it into the sdbus-c++ shared library. The recipe also supports ptest.
One for sdbus-c++ native tools, namely sdbus-c++ code generator to generate C++ adaptor and proxy binding classes.

Tip: If you get ERROR: Program or command 'getent' not found or not executable when building sdbus-c++ in Yocto, please make sure you've added getent to HOSTTOOLS. For example, you can add HOSTTOOLS_NONFATAL += "getent" into your local.conf file.

Contributors willing to help with bringing sdbus-c++ to other popular package systems are welcome.

Header files and namespaces

All sdbus-c++ header files reside in the sdbus-c++ subdirectory within the standard include directory. Users can either include individual header files, like so:

#include <sdbus-c++/IConnection.h>
#include <sdbus-c++/IProxy.h>

or just include the global header file that pulls in everything:

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>

All public types and functions of sdbus-c++ reside in the sdbus namespace.

Error signalling and propagation

sdbus::Error exception is used to signal errors in sdbus-c++. There are two types of errors:

D-Bus related errors, like call timeouts, failed socket allocation, etc. These are raised by the D-Bus library or D-Bus daemon itself.
user-defined errors, i.e. errors signalled and propagated from remote methods back to the caller. So these are issued by sdbus-c++ users.

sdbus::Error is a carrier for both types of errors, carrying the error name and error message with it.

Design of sdbus-c++

The following diagram illustrates the major entities in sdbus-c++.

IConnection represents the concept of a D-Bus connection. You can connect to either the system bus or a session bus. Services can assign unique service names to those connections. An I/O event loop should be run on the bus connection.

IObject represents the concept of an object that exposes its methods, signals and properties. Its responsibilities are:

registering (possibly multiple) interfaces and methods, signals, properties on those interfaces,
emitting signals.

IProxy represents the concept of the proxy, which is a view of the Object from the client side. Its responsibilities are:

invoking remote methods of the corresponding object, in both synchronous and asynchronous way,
registering handlers for signals,

Message class represents a message, which is the fundamental DBus concept. There are three distinctive types of message that are derived from the Message class:

MethodCall (be it synchronous or asynchronous method call, with serialized parameters),
MethodReply (with serialized return values),
Signal (with serialized parameters),
PropertySetCall (with serialized parameter value to be set)
PropertyGetReply (where property value shall be stored)
PlainMessage (for internal purposes).

Thread safety in sdbus-c++

sdbus-c++ is completely thread-aware by design. Though sdbus-c++ is not thread-safe in general, there are situations where sdbus-c++ provides and guarantees API-level thread safety by design. It is safe to do these operations (operations within the bullet points, not across them) from multiple threads at the same time:

Making or destroying distinct Object/Proxy instances simultaneously (even on a shared connection that is running an event loop already, see below). Under making here is meant a complete sequence of construction, registration of method/signal/property callbacks and export of the Object/Proxy so it is ready to issue/receive messages. This sequence must be completely done within the context of one thread.
Creating and sending asynchronous method replies on an Object instance.
Creating and emitting signals on an Object instance.
Creating and sending method calls (both synchronously and asynchronously) on an Proxy instance. (But it's generally better that our threads use their own exclusive instances of proxy, to minimize shared state and contention.)

sdbus-c++ is designed such that all the above operations are thread-safe also on a connection that is running an event loop (usually in a separate thread) at that time. It's an internal thread safety. For example, a signal arrives and is processed by sdbus-c++ even loop at an appropriate Proxy instance, while the user is going to destroy that instance in their application thread. The user cannot explicitly control these situations (or they could, but that would be very limiting and cubersome on the API level).

However, other combinations, that the user invokes explicitly from within more threads are NOT thread-safe in sdbus-c++ by design, and the user should make sure by their design that these cases never occur. For example, destroying an Object instance in one thread while emitting a signal on it in another thread is not thread-safe. In this specific case, the user should make sure in their application that all threads stop working with a specific instance before a thread proceeds with deleting that instance.

Multiple layers of sdbus-c++ API

sdbus-c++ API comes in two layers:

the basic layer, which is a simple wrapper layer on top of sd-bus, using mechanisms that are native to C++ (e.g. serialization/deserialization of data from messages),
the convenience layer, building on top of the basic layer, which aims at alleviating users from unnecessary details and enables them to write shorter, safer, and more expressive code.

sdbus-c++ also ships with a stub generator tool that converts D-Bus IDL in XML format into stub code for the adaptor as well as the proxy part. Hierarchically, these stubs provide yet another layer of convenience (the "stubs layer"), making it possible for D-Bus RPC calls to completely look like native C++ calls on a local object.

An example: Number concatenator

Let's have an object /org/sdbuscpp/concatenator that implements the org.sdbuscpp.concatenator interface. The interface exposes the following:

a concatenate method that takes a collection of integers and a separator string and returns a string that is the concatenation of all integers from the collection using given separator,
a concatenated signal that is emitted at the end of each successful concatenation.

In the following sections, we will elaborate on the ways of implementing such an object on both the server and the client side.

Implementing the Concatenator example using basic sdbus-c++ API layer

In the basic API layer, we already have abstractions for D-Bus connections, objects and object proxies, with which we can interact via their interface classes (IConnection, IObject, IProxy), but, analogously to the underlying sd-bus C library, we still work on the level of D-Bus messages. We need to

create them,
serialize/deserialize arguments to/from them (thanks to many overloads of C++ insertion/extraction operators, this is very simple),
send them over to the other side.

This is how a simple Concatenator service implemented upon the basic sdbus-c++ API could look like:

Server side

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

// Yeah, global variable is ugly, but this is just an example and we want to access 
// the concatenator instance from within the concatenate method handler to be able
// to emit signals.
sdbus::IObject* g_concatenator{};

void concatenate(sdbus::MethodCall call)
{
    // Deserialize the collection of numbers from the message
    std::vector<int> numbers;
    call >> numbers;
    
    // Deserialize separator from the message
    std::string separator;
    call >> separator;
    
    // Return error if there are no numbers in the collection
    if (numbers.empty())
        throw sdbus::Error("org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator.Error", "No numbers provided");
    
    std::string result;
    for (auto number : numbers)
    {
        result += (result.empty() ? std::string() : separator) + std::to_string(number);
    }
    
    // Serialize resulting string to the reply and send the reply to the caller
    auto reply = call.createReply();
    reply << result;
    reply.send();
    
    // Emit 'concatenated' signal
    const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
    auto signal = g_concatenator->createSignal(interfaceName, "concatenated");
    signal << result;
    g_concatenator->emitSignal(signal);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    // Create D-Bus connection to the system bus and requests name on it.
    const char* serviceName = "org.sdbuscpp.concatenator";
    auto connection = sdbus::createSystemBusConnection(serviceName);

    // Create concatenator D-Bus object.
    const char* objectPath = "/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator";
    auto concatenator = sdbus::createObject(*connection, objectPath);
    
    g_concatenator = concatenator.get();
    
    // Register D-Bus methods and signals on the concatenator object, and exports the object.
    const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
    concatenator->registerMethod(interfaceName, "concatenate", "ais", "s", &concatenate);
    concatenator->registerSignal(interfaceName, "concatenated", "s");
    concatenator->finishRegistration();

    // Run the I/O event loop on the bus connection.
    connection->enterEventLoop();
}

We establish a D-Bus sytem connection and request org.sdbuscpp.concatenator D-Bus name on it. This name will be used by D-Bus clients to find the service. We then create an object with path /org/sdbuscpp/concatenator on this connection. We register interfaces, its methods, signals that the object provides, and, through finishRegistration(), export the object (i.e., make it visible to clients) on the bus. Then we need to make sure to run the event loop upon the connection, which handles all incoming, outgoing and other requests.

The callback for any D-Bus object method on this level is any callable of signature void(sdbus::MethodCall call). The call parameter is the incoming method call message. We need to deserialize our method input arguments from it. Then we can invoke the logic of the method and get the results. Then for the given call, we create a reply message, pack results into it and send it back to the caller through send(). (If we had a void-returning method, we'd just send an empty reply back.) We also fire a signal with the results. To do this, we need to create a signal message via object's createSignal(), serialize the results into it, and then send it out to subscribers by invoking object's emitSignal().

Please note that we can create and destroy D-Bus objects on a connection dynamically, at any time during runtime, even while there is an active event loop upon the connection. So managing D-Bus objects' lifecycle (creating, exporting and destroying D-Bus objects) is completely thread-safe.

Client side

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>

void onConcatenated(sdbus::Signal& signal)
{
    std::string concatenatedString;
    signal >> concatenatedString;
    
    std::cout << "Received signal with concatenated string " << concatenatedString << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    // Create proxy object for the concatenator object on the server side. Since here
    // we are creating the proxy instance without passing connection to it, the proxy
    // will create its own connection automatically, and it will be system bus connection.
    const char* destinationName = "org.sdbuscpp.concatenator";
    const char* objectPath = "/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator";
    auto concatenatorProxy = sdbus::createProxy(destinationName, objectPath);
    
    // Let's subscribe for the 'concatenated' signals
    const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
    concatenatorProxy->registerSignalHandler(interfaceName, "concatenated", &onConcatenated);
    concatenatorProxy->finishRegistration();
    
    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3};
    std::string separator = ":";
    
    // Invoke concatenate on given interface of the object
    {
        auto method = concatenatorProxy->createMethodCall(interfaceName, "concatenate");
        method << numbers << separator;
        auto reply = concatenatorProxy->callMethod(method);
        std::string result;
        reply >> result;
        assert(result == "1:2:3");
    }
    
    // Invoke concatenate again, this time with no numbers and we shall get an error
    {
        auto method = concatenatorProxy->createMethodCall(interfaceName, "concatenate");
        method << std::vector<int>() << separator;
        try
        {
            auto reply = concatenatorProxy->callMethod(method);
            assert(false);
        }
        catch(const sdbus::Error& e)
        {
            std::cerr << "Got concatenate error " << e.getName() << " with message " << e.getMessage() << std::endl;
        }
    }
    
    // Give sufficient time to receive 'concatenated' signal from the first concatenate invocation
    sleep(1);
    
    return 0;
}

In simple cases, we don't need to create D-Bus connection explicitly for our proxies. Unless a connection is provided to a proxy object explicitly via factory parameter, the proxy will create a connection of his own, and it will be a system bus connection. This is the case in the example above. (This approach is not scalable and resource-saving if we have plenty of proxies; see section Working with D-Bus connections for elaboration.) So, in the example, we create a proxy for object /org/sdbuscpp/concatenator publicly available at bus org.sdbuscpp.concatenator. We register signal handlers, if any, and finish the registration, making the proxy ready for use.

The callback for a D-Bus signal handler on this level is any callable of signature void(sdbus::Signal& signal). The one and only parameter signal is the incoming signal message. We need to deserialize arguments from it, and then we can do our business logic with it.

Subsequently, we invoke two RPC calls to object's concatenate() method. We create a method call message by invoking proxy's createMethodCall(). We serialize method input arguments into it, and make a synchronous call via proxy's callMethod(). As a return value we get the reply message as soon as it arrives. We deserialize return values from that message, and further use it in our program. The second concatenate() RPC call is done with invalid arguments, so we get a D-Bus error reply from the service, which as we can see is manifested via sdbus::Error exception being thrown.

Please note that we can create and destroy D-Bus object proxies dynamically, at any time during runtime, even when they share a common D-Bus connection and there is an active event loop upon the connection. So managing D-Bus object proxies' lifecycle (creating and destroying D-Bus object proxies) is completely thread-safe.

Working with D-Bus connections in sdbus-c++

The design of D-Bus connections in sdbus-c++ allows for certain flexibility and enables users to choose simplicity over scalability or scalability (at a finer granularity of user's choice) at the cost of slightly decreased simplicity.

How shall we use connections in relation to D-Bus objects and object proxies?

A D-Bus connection is represented by a IConnection instance. Each connection needs an event loop being run upon it. So it needs a thread handling the event loop. This thread serves all incoming and outgoing messages and all communication towards D-Bus daemon. One process can have one but also multiple D-Bus connections (we just have to make certain that the connections with assigned bus names don't share a common name; the name must be unique).

A typical use case for most services is one D-Bus connection in the application. The application runs event loop on that connection. When creating objects or proxies, the application provides reference of that connection to those objects and proxies. This means all these objects and proxies share the same connection. This is nicely scalable, because with whatever number of objects or proxies, there is only one connection and one event loop thread. Yet, services that provide objects at various bus names have to create and maintain multiple D-Bus connections, each with the unique bus name.

The connection is thread-safe and objects and proxies can invoke operations on it from multiple threads simultaneously, but the operations are serialized. This means, for example, that if an object's callback for an incoming remote method call is going to be invoked in an event loop thread, and in another thread we use a proxy to call remote method in another process, the threads are contending and only one can go on while the other must wait and can only proceed after the first one has finished, because both are using a shared resource -- the connection.

We should bear that in mind when designing more complex, multi-threaded services with high parallelism. If we have undesired contention on a connection, creating a specific, dedicated connection for a hot spot helps to increase concurrency. sdbus-c++ provides us freedom to create as many connections as we want and assign objects and proxies to those connections at our will. We, as application developers, choose whatever approach is more suitable to us at quite a fine granularity.

So, more technically, how can we use connections from the server and the client perspective?

Using D-Bus connections on the server side

On the server side, we generally need to create D-Bus objects and publish their APIs. For that we first need a connection with a unique bus name. We need to create the D-Bus connection manually ourselves, request bus name on it, and manually launch its event loop:

either in a blocking way, through enterEventLoop(),
or in a non-blocking async way, through enterEventLoopAsync(),
or, when we have our own implementation of an event loop (e.g. we are using sd-event event loop), we can ask the connection for its underlying fd, I/O events and timeouts through getEventLoopPollData() and use that data in our event loop mechanism.

Of course, at any time before or after running the event loop on the connection, we can create and "hook", as well as remove, objects and proxies upon that connection.

Using D-Bus connections on the client side

On the client side we have more options when creating D-Bus proxies. That corresponds to three overloads of the createProxy() factory:

In case we (the application) already maintain a D-Bus connection, e.g. because we a D-Bus service anyway, the simple and typical approach is to create proxy upon that connection. The proxy will share the connection with others. So we pass connection reference to proxy factory. With this approach we must of course ensure that the connection exists as long as the proxy exists.
Or -- and this is typical when we have a simple D-Bus client application -- we have another option: we let proxy maintain its own connection (and an associated thread):
- We either create the connection ourselves and std::move it to the proxy object factory. The proxy becomes an owner of this connection, and will run the event loop on that connection. This had the advantage that we may choose the type of connection (system, session, remote).
- Or we don't bother about any connection at all when creating a proxy (the factory overload with no connection parameter). Under the hood, the proxy creates its own system bus connection, creates a separate thread and runs an event loop in it. This is the simplest approach for non-complex D-Bus clients. For more complex ones, with big number of proxies, this hurts scalability but may improve concurrency (see discussion higher above), so we should make a conscious choice.

Stopping I/O event loops graciously

A connection with an asynchronous event loop (i.e. one initiated through enterEventLoopAsync()) will stop and join its event loop thread automatically in its destructor. An event loop that blocks in the synchronous enterEventLoop() call can be unblocked through leaveEventLoop() call on the respective bus connection issued from a different thread or from an OS signal handler.

Implementing the Concatenator example using convenience sdbus-c++ API layer

One of the major sdbus-c++ design goals is to make the sdbus-c++ API easy to use correctly, and hard to use incorrectly.

The convenience API layer abstracts the concept of underlying D-Bus messages away completely. It abstracts away D-Bus signatures. The interface uses small, focused functions, with a few parameters only, to form a chained function statement that reads like a human language sentence. To achieve that, sdbus-c++ utilizes the power of the C++ type system, which deduces and resolves a lot of things at compile time, and the run-time performance cost compared to the basic layer is close to zero.

Thus, in the end of the day, the code written using the convenience API is:

more expressive,
at a higher level of abstraction (closer to the abstraction level of the problem being solved),
significantly shorter,
almost as fast as one written using the basic API layer.

The code written using this layer expresses in a declarative way what it does, rather then how. Let's look at code samples.

Server side

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

// Yeah, global variable is ugly, but this is just an example and we want to access 
// the concatenator instance from within the concatenate method handler to be able
// to emit signals.
sdbus::IObject* g_concatenator{};

std::string concatenate(const std::vector<int> numbers, const std::string& separator)
{
    // Return error if there are no numbers in the collection
    if (numbers.empty())
        throw sdbus::Error("org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator.Error", "No numbers provided");
    
    std::string result;
    for (auto number : numbers)
    {
        result += (result.empty() ? std::string() : separator) + std::to_string(number);
    }
    
    // Emit 'concatenated' signal
    const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
    g_concatenator->emitSignal("concatenated").onInterface(interfaceName).withArguments(result);
    
    return result;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    // Create D-Bus connection to the system bus and requests name on it.
    const char* serviceName = "org.sdbuscpp.concatenator";
    auto connection = sdbus::createSystemBusConnection(serviceName);

    // Create concatenator D-Bus object.
    const char* objectPath = "/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator";
    auto concatenator = sdbus::createObject(*connection, objectPath);
    
    g_concatenator = concatenator.get();
    
    // Register D-Bus methods and signals on the concatenator object, and exports the object.
    const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
    concatenator->registerMethod("concatenate").onInterface(interfaceName).implementedAs(&concatenate);
    concatenator->registerSignal("concatenated").onInterface(interfaceName).withParameters<std::string>();
    concatenator->finishRegistration();

    // Run the loop on the connection.
    connection->enterEventLoop();
}

Client side

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>

void onConcatenated(const std::string& concatenatedString)
{
    std::cout << "Received signal with concatenated string " << concatenatedString << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    // Create proxy object for the concatenator object on the server side
    const char* destinationName = "org.sdbuscpp.concatenator";
    const char* objectPath = "/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator";
    auto concatenatorProxy = sdbus::createProxy(destinationName, objectPath);
    
    // Let's subscribe for the 'concatenated' signals
    const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
    concatenatorProxy->uponSignal("concatenated").onInterface(interfaceName).call([](const std::string& str){ onConcatenated(str); });
    concatenatorProxy->finishRegistration();
    
    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3};
    std::string separator = ":";
    
    // Invoke concatenate on given interface of the object
    {
        std::string concatenatedString;
        concatenatorProxy->callMethod("concatenate").onInterface(interfaceName).withArguments(numbers, separator).storeResultsTo(concatenatedString);
        assert(concatenatedString == "1:2:3");
    }
    
    // Invoke concatenate again, this time with no numbers and we shall get an error
    {
        try
        {
            concatenatorProxy->callMethod("concatenate").onInterface(interfaceName).withArguments(std::vector<int>(), separator);
            assert(false);
        }
        catch(const sdbus::Error& e)
        {
            std::cerr << "Got concatenate error " << e.getName() << " with message " << e.getMessage() << std::endl;
        }
    }
    
    // Give sufficient time to receive 'concatenated' signal from the first concatenate invocation
    sleep(1);
    
    return 0;
}

When registering methods, calling methods or emitting signals, multiple lines of code have shrunk into simple one-liners. Signatures of provided callbacks are introspected and types of provided arguments are deduced at compile time, so the D-Bus signatures as well as serialization and deserialization of arguments to and from D-Bus messages are generated for us completely by the compiler.

sdbus-c++ users shall prefer the convenience API to the lower level, basic API. When feasible, using generated adaptor and proxy stubs is even better. These stubs provide yet another, higher API level built on top of the convenience API. They are described in the following section.

Tip: When registering a D-Bus object, we can additionally provide names of input and output parameters of its methods and names of parameters of its signals. When the object is introspected, these names are listed in the resulting introspection XML, which improves the description of object's interfaces:

    concatenator->registerMethod("concatenate").onInterface(interfaceName).withInputParamNames("numbers", "separator").withOutputParamNames("concatenatedString").implementedAs(&concatenate);
    concatenator->registerSignal("concatenated").onInterface(interfaceName).withParameters<std::string>("concatenatedString");

Implementing the Concatenator example using sdbus-c++-generated stubs

sdbus-c++ ships with the native stub generator tool called sdbus-c++-xml2cpp. The tool is very similar to dbusxx-xml2cpp tool that comes with the dbus-c++ library.

The generator tool takes D-Bus XML IDL description of D-Bus interfaces on its input, and can be instructed to generate one or both of these: an adaptor header file for use on the server side, and a proxy header file for use on the client side. Like this:

sdbus-c++-xml2cpp database-bindings.xml --adaptor=database-server-glue.h --proxy=database-client-glue.h

The adaptor header file contains classes that can be used to implement interfaces described in the IDL (these classes represent object interfaces). The proxy header file contains classes that can be used to make calls to remote objects (these classes represent remote object interfaces).

XML description of the Concatenator interface

As an example, let's look at an XML description of our Concatenator's interfaces.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<node name="/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator">
    <interface name="org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator">
        <method name="concatenate">
            <arg type="ai" name="numbers" direction="in" />
            <arg type="s" name="separator" direction="in" />
            <arg type="s" name="concatenatedString" direction="out" />
        </method>
        <signal name="concatenated">
            <arg type="s" name="concatenatedString" />
        </signal>
    </interface>
</node>

After running this through the stubs generator, we get the stub code that is described in the following two subsections.

concatenator-server-glue.h

For each interface in the XML IDL file the generator creates one class that represents it. The class is de facto an interface which shall be implemented by the class inheriting it. The class' constructor takes care of registering all methods, signals and properties. For each D-Bus method there is a pure virtual member function. These pure virtual functions must be implemented in the child class. For each signal, there is a public function member that emits this signal.

/*
 * This file was automatically generated by sdbus-c++-xml2cpp; DO NOT EDIT!
 */

#ifndef __sdbuscpp__concatenator_server_glue_h__adaptor__H__
#define __sdbuscpp__concatenator_server_glue_h__adaptor__H__

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>

namespace org {
namespace sdbuscpp {

class Concatenator_adaptor
{
public:
    static constexpr const char* INTERFACE_NAME = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";

protected:
    Concatenator_adaptor(sdbus::IObject& object)
        : object_(object)
    {
        object_.registerMethod("concatenate").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).withInputParamNames("numbers", "separator").withOutputParamNames("concatenatedString").implementedAs([this](const std::vector<int32_t>& numbers, const std::string& separator){ return this->concatenate(numbers, separator); });
        object_.registerSignal("concatenated").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).withParameters<std::string>("concatenatedString");
    }

    ~Concatenator_adaptor() = default;

public:
    void emitConcatenated(const std::string& concatenatedString)
    {
        object_.emitSignal("concatenated").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).withArguments(concatenatedString);
    }

private:
    virtual std::string concatenate(const std::vector<int32_t>& numbers, const std::string& separator) = 0;

private:
    sdbus::IObject& object_;
};

}} // namespaces

#endif

concatenator-client-glue.h

Analogously to the adaptor classes described above, there is one class generated for one interface in the XML IDL file. The class is de facto a proxy to the concrete single interface of a remote object. For each D-Bus signal there is a pure virtual member function whose body must be provided in a child class. For each method, there is a public function member that calls the method remotely.

/*
 * This file was automatically generated by sdbus-c++-xml2cpp; DO NOT EDIT!
 */

#ifndef __sdbuscpp__concatenator_client_glue_h__proxy__H__
#define __sdbuscpp__concatenator_client_glue_h__proxy__H__

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>

namespace org {
namespace sdbuscpp {

class Concatenator_proxy
{
public:
    static constexpr const char* INTERFACE_NAME = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";

protected:
    Concatenator_proxy(sdbus::IProxy& proxy)
        : proxy_(proxy)
    {
        proxy_.uponSignal("concatenated").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).call([this](const std::string& concatenatedString){ this->onConcatenated(concatenatedString); });
    }

    ~Concatenator_proxy() = default;

    virtual void onConcatenated(const std::string& concatenatedString) = 0;

public:
    std::string concatenate(const std::vector<int32_t>& numbers, const std::string& separator)
    {
        std::string result;
        proxy_.callMethod("concatenate").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).withArguments(numbers, separator).storeResultsTo(result);
        return result;
    }

private:
    sdbus::IProxy& proxy_;
};

}} // namespaces

#endif

Providing server implementation based on generated adaptors

To implement a D-Bus object that implements all its D-Bus interfaces, we now need to create a class representing the D-Bus object. This class must inherit from all corresponding *_adaptor classes (a-ka object interfaces, because these classes are as-if interfaces) and implement all pure virtual member functions.

How do we do that technically? Simply, our object class just needs to inherit from AdaptorInterfaces variadic template class. We fill its template arguments with a list of all generated interface classes. The AdaptorInterfaces is a convenience class that hides a few boiler-plate details. For example, in its constructor, it creates an Object instance, and it takes care of proper initialization of all adaptor superclasses.

In our object class we need to:

Give an implementation to the D-Bus object's methods by overriding corresponding virtual functions,
call registerAdaptor() in the constructor, which makes the adaptor (the D-Bus object underneath it) available for remote calls,
call unregisterAdaptor(), which, conversely, unregisters the adaptor from the bus.

Calling registerAdaptor() and unregisterAdaptor() was not necessary in previous sdbus-c++ versions, as it was handled by the parent class. This was convenient, but suffered from a potential pure virtual function call issue. Only the class that implements virtual functions can do the registration, hence this slight inconvenience on user's shoulders.

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include "concatenator-server-glue.h"

class Concatenator : public sdbus::AdaptorInterfaces<org::sdbuscpp::Concatenator_adaptor /*, more adaptor classes if there are more interfaces*/>
{
public:
    Concatenator(sdbus::IConnection& connection, std::string objectPath)
        : sdbus::AdaptorInterfaces(connection, std::move(objectPath))
    {
        registerAdaptor();
    }

    ~Concatenator()
    {
        unregisterAdaptor();
    }

protected:
    std::string concatenate(const std::vector<int32_t>& numbers, const std::string& separator) override
    {
        // Return error if there are no numbers in the collection
        if (numbers.empty())
            throw sdbus::Error("org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator.Error", "No numbers provided");
        
        // Concatenate the numbers
        std::string result;
        for (auto number : numbers)
        {
            result += (result.empty() ? std::string() : separator) + std::to_string(number);
        }
        
        // Emit the 'concatenated' signal with the resulting string
        emitConcatenated(result);
        
        // Return the resulting string
        return result;
    }
};

That's it. We now have an implementation of a D-Bus object implementing org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator interface. Let's now create a service publishing the object.

#include "Concatenator.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    // Create D-Bus connection to the system bus and requests name on it.
    const char* serviceName = "org.sdbuscpp.concatenator";
    auto connection = sdbus::createSystemBusConnection(serviceName);

    // Create concatenator D-Bus object.
    const char* objectPath = "/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator";
    Concatenator concatenator(*connection, objectPath);

    // Run the loop on the connection.
    connection->enterEventLoop();
}

Now we have a service with a unique bus name and a D-Bus object available on it. Let's write a client.

Providing client implementation based on generated proxies

To implement a proxy for a remote D-Bus object, we shall create a class representing the proxy object. This class must inherit from all corresponding *_proxy classes (a-ka remote object interfaces, because these classes are as-if interfaces) and -- if applicable -- implement all pure virtual member functions.

How do we do that technically? Simply, our proxy class just needs to inherit from ProxyInterfaces variadic template class. We fill its template arguments with a list of all generated interface classes. The ProxyInterfaces is a convenience class that hides a few boiler-plate details. For example, in its constructor, it can create a Proxy instance for us, and it takes care of proper initialization of all generated interface superclasses.

In our proxy class we need to:

Give an implementation to signal handlers and asynchronous method reply handlers (if any) by overriding corresponding virtual functions,
call registerProxy() in the constructor, which makes the proxy (the D-Bus proxy object underneath it) ready to receive signals and async call replies,
call unregisterProxy(), which, conversely, unregisters the proxy from the bus.

Calling registerProxy() and unregisterProxy() was not necessary in previous versions of sdbus-c++, as it was handled by the parent class. This was convenient, but suffered from a potential pure virtual function call issue. Only the class that implements virtual functions can do the registration, hence this slight inconvenience on user's shoulders.

#include <sdbus-c++/sdbus-c++.h>
#include "concatenator-client-glue.h"

class ConcatenatorProxy : public sdbus::ProxyInterfaces<org::sdbuscpp::Concatenator_proxy /*, more proxy classes if there are more interfaces*/>
{
public:
    ConcatenatorProxy(std::string destination, std::string objectPath)
        : sdbus::ProxyInterfaces(std::move(destination), std::move(objectPath))
    {
        registerProxy();
    }

    ~Concatenator()
    {
        unregisterProxy();
    }

protected:
    void onConcatenated(const std::string& concatenatedString) override
    {
        std::cout << "Received signal with concatenated string " << concatenatedString << std::endl;
    }
};

In the above example, a proxy is created that creates and maintains its own system bus connection. However, there are ProxyInterfaces class template constructor overloads that also take the connection from the user as the first parameter, and pass that connection over to the underlying proxy. The connection instance is used by all interfaces listed in the ProxyInterfaces template parameter list.

Note however that there are multiple ProxyInterfaces constructor overloads, and they differ in how the proxy behaves towards the D-Bus connection. These overloads precisely map the sdbus::createProxy overloads, as they are actually implemented on top of them. See Proxy and D-Bus connection for more info. We can even create a IProxy instance on our own, and inject it into our proxy class -- there is a constructor overload for it in ProxyInterfaces. This can help if we need to provide mocked implementations in our unit tests.

Now let's use this proxy to make remote calls and listen to signals in a real application.

#include "ConcatenatorProxy.h"
#include <unistd.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    // Create proxy object for the concatenator object on the server side
    const char* destinationName = "org.sdbuscpp.concatenator";
    const char* objectPath = "/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator";
    ConcatenatorProxy concatenatorProxy(destinationName, objectPath);

    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3};
    std::string separator = ":";
    
    // Invoke concatenate with some numbers
    auto concatenatedString = concatenatorProxy.concatenate(numbers, separator);
    assert(concatenatedString == "1:2:3");
    
    // Invoke concatenate again, this time with no numbers and we shall get an error
    try
    {
        auto concatenatedString = concatenatorProxy.concatenate(std::vector<int>(), separator);
        assert(false);
    }
    catch(const sdbus::Error& e)
    {
        std::cerr << "Got concatenate error " << e.getName() << " with message " << e.getMessage() << std::endl;
    }
    
    // Give sufficient time to receive 'concatenated' signal from the first concatenate invocation
    sleep(1);
    
    return 0;
}

Asynchronous server-side methods

So far in our tutorial, we have only considered simple server methods that are executed in a synchronous way. Sometimes the method call may take longer, however, and we don't want to block (potentially starve) other clients (whose requests may take relative short time). The solution is to execute the D-Bus methods asynchronously, and return the control quickly back to the D-Bus dispatching thread. sdbus-c++ provides API supporting async methods, and gives users the freedom to come up with their own concrete implementation mechanics (one worker thread? thread pool? ...).

Using basic sdbus-c++ API

This is how the concatenate method would look like if wrote it as an asynchronous D-Bus method using the basic, lower-level API of sdbus-c++:

void concatenate(sdbus::MethodCall call)
{
    // Deserialize the collection of numbers from the message
    std::vector<int> numbers;
    call >> numbers;
    
    // Deserialize separator from the message
    std::string separator;
    call >> separator;
    
    // Launch a thread for async execution...
    std::thread([numbers = std::move(numbers), separator = std::move(separator), call = std::move(call)]()
    {
        // Return error if there are no numbers in the collection
        if (numbers.empty())
        {
            // Let's send the error reply message back to the client
            auto reply = call.createErrorReply({"org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator.Error", "No numbers provided"});
            reply.send();
            return;
        }
        
        std::string result;
        for (auto number : numbers)
        {
            result += (result.empty() ? std::string() : separator) + std::to_string(number);
        }
        
        // Let's send the reply message back to the client
        auto reply = call.createReply();
        reply << result;
        reply.send();
        
        // Emit 'concatenated' signal (creating and emitting signals is thread-safe)
        const char* interfaceName = "org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator";
        auto signal = g_concatenator->createSignal(interfaceName, "concatenated");
        signal << result;
        g_concatenator->emitSignal(signal);
    }).detach();
}

There are a few slight differences compared to the synchronous version. Notice that we std::move the call message to the worker thread (btw we might also do input arguments deserialization in the worker thread, we don't have to do it in the current thread and then move input arguments to the worker thread...). We need the call message there to create the reply message once we have the (normal or error) result. Creating and sending replies, as well as creating and emitting signals is thread-safe by design. Also notice that, unlike in sync methods, sending back errors cannot be done by throwing Error, since we are now in the context of the worker thread, not that of the D-Bus dispatcher thread. Instead, we pass the Error object to the createErrorReply() method of the call message (this way of sending back errors, in addition to throwing, we can actually use also in classic synchronous D-Bus methods).

Method callback signature is the same in sync and async version. That means sdbus-c++ doesn't care how we execute our D-Bus method. We might very well in run-time decide whether we execute it synchronously, or whether (perhaps in case of longer, more complex calculations) we move the execution to a worker thread.

Convenience API

Callbacks of async methods based on convenience sdbus-c++ API have slightly different signature. They take a result object parameter in addition to other input parameters. The requirements are:

The result holder is of type Result<Types...>&&, where Types... is a list of method output argument types.
The result object must be the first physical parameter of the callback taken by r-value ref. Result class template is move-only.
The callback itself is physically a void-returning function.
Method input arguments are taken by value rathern than by const ref, because we usually want to std::move them to the worker thread. Moving is usually a lot cheaper than copying, and it's idiomatic. For non-movable types, this falls back to copying.

So the concatenate callback signature would change from std::string concatenate(const std::vector<int32_t>& numbers, const std::string& separator) to void concatenate(sdbus::Result<std::string>&& result, std::vector<int32_t> numbers, std::string separator):

void concatenate(sdbus::Result<std::string>&& result, std::vector<int32_t> numbers, std::string separator) override
{
    // Launch a thread for async execution...
    std::thread([this, methodResult = std::move(result), numbers = std::move(numbers), separator = std::move(separator)]()
    {
        // Return error if there are no numbers in the collection
        if (numbers.empty())
        {
            // Let's send the error reply message back to the client
            methodResult.returnError({"org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator.Error", "No numbers provided"});
            return;
        }
        
        std::string result;
        for (auto number : numbers)
        {
            result += (result.empty() ? std::string() : separator) + std::to_string(number);
        }
        
        // Let's send the reply message back to the client
        methodResult.returnReply(result);
        
        // Emit the 'concatenated' signal with the resulting string
        this->emitConcatenated(result);
    }).detach();
}

The Result is a convenience class that represents a future method result, and it is where we write the results (returnReply()) or an error (returnError()) which we want to send back to the client.

Registraion (implementedAs()) doesn't change. Nothing else needs to change.

Marking server-side async methods in the IDL

sdbus-c++ stub generator can generate stub code for server-side async methods. We just need to annotate the method with the annotate element having the "org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.Async" name. The element value must be either "server" (async method on server-side only) or "clientserver" (async method on both client- and server-side):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<node name="/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator">
    <interface name="org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator">
        <method name="concatenate">
            <annotation name="org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.Async" value="server" />
            <arg type="ai" name="numbers" direction="in" />
            <arg type="s" name="separator" direction="in" />
            <arg type="s" name="concatenatedString" direction="out" />
        </method>
        <signal name="concatenated">
            <arg type="s" name="concatenatedString" />
        </signal>
    </interface>
</node>

For a real example of a server-side asynchronous D-Bus method, please look at sdbus-c++ stress tests.

Asynchronous client-side methods

sdbus-c++ also supports asynchronous approach at the client (the proxy) side. With this approach, we can issue a D-Bus method call without blocking current thread's execution while waiting for the reply. We go on doing other things, and when the reply comes, a given callback is invoked within the context of the D-Bus dispatcher thread.

Lower-level API

Considering the Concatenator example based on lower-level API, if we wanted to call concatenate in an async way, we'd have to pass a callback to the proxy when issuing the call, and that callback gets invoked when the reply arrives:

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    /* ...  */
    
    auto callback = [](MethodReply& reply, const sdbus::Error* error)
    {
        if (error == nullptr) // No error
        {
            std::string result;
            reply >> result;
            std::cout << "Got concatenate result: " << result << std::endl;
        }
        else // We got a D-Bus error...
        {
            std::cerr << "Got concatenate error " << error->getName() << " with message " << error->getMessage() << std::endl;
        }
    }

    // Invoke concatenate on given interface of the object
    {
        auto method = concatenatorProxy->createMethodCall(interfaceName, "concatenate");
        method << numbers << separator;
        concatenatorProxy->callMethod(method, callback);
        // When the reply comes, we shall get "Got concatenate result 1:2:3" on the standard output
    }
    
    // Invoke concatenate again, this time with no numbers and we shall get an error
    {
        auto method = concatenatorProxy->createMethodCall(interfaceName, "concatenate");
        method << std::vector<int>() << separator;
        concatenatorProxy->callMethod(method, callback);
        // When the reply comes, we shall get concatenation error message on the standard error output
    }

    /* ... */

    return 0;
}

The callback is a void-returning function taking two arguments: a reference to the reply message, and a pointer to the prospective sdbus::Error instance. Zero Error pointer means that no D-Bus error occurred while making the call, and the reply message contains valid reply. Non-zero Error pointer, however, points to the valid Error instance, meaning that an error occurred. Error name and message can then be read out by the client from that instance.

Convenience API

On the convenience API level, the call statement starts with callMethodAsync(), and ends with uponReplyInvoke() that takes a callback handler. The callback is a void-returning function that takes at least one argument: pointer to the sdbus::Error instance. All subsequent arguments shall exactly reflect the D-Bus method output arguments. A concatenator example:

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    /* ...  */
    
    auto callback = [](const sdbus::Error* error, const std::string& concatenatedString)
    {
        if (error == nullptr) // No error
            std::cout << "Got concatenate result: " << concatenatedString << std::endl;
        else // We got a D-Bus error...
            std::cerr << "Got concatenate error " << error->getName() << " with message " << error->getMessage() << std::endl;
    }

    // Invoke concatenate on given interface of the object
    {
        concatenatorProxy->callMethodAsync("concatenate").onInterface(interfaceName).withArguments(numbers, separator).uponReplyInvoke(callback);
        // When the reply comes, we shall get "Got concatenate result 1:2:3" on the standard output
    }

    // Invoke concatenate again, this time with no numbers and we shall get an error
    {
        concatenatorProxy->callMethodAsync("concatenate").onInterface(interfaceName).withArguments(std::vector<int>{}, separator).uponReplyInvoke(callback);
        // When the reply comes, we shall get concatenation error message on the standard error output
    }

    /* ... */

    return 0;
}

When the Error pointer is zero, it means that no D-Bus error occurred while making the call, and subsequent arguments are valid D-Bus method return values. Non-zero Error pointer, however, points to the valid Error instance, meaning that an error occurred during the call (and subsequent arguments are simply default-constructed). Error name and message can then be read out by the client from Error instance.

Marking client-side async methods in the IDL

sdbus-c++ stub generator can generate stub code for client-side async methods. We just need to annotate the method with the annotate element having the "org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.Async" name. The element value must be either "client" (async on the client-side only) or "clientserver" (async method on both client- and server-side):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<node name="/org/sdbuscpp/concatenator">
    <interface name="org.sdbuscpp.Concatenator">
        <method name="concatenate">
            <annotation name="org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.Async" value="client" />
            <arg type="ai" name="numbers" direction="in" />
            <arg type="s" name="separator" direction="in" />
            <arg type="s" name="concatenatedString" direction="out" />
        </method>
        <signal name="concatenated">
            <arg type="s" name="concatenatedString" />
        </signal>
    </interface>
</node>

For each client-side async method, a corresponding on<MethodName>Reply pure virtual function, where is capitalized D-Bus method name, is generated in the generated proxy class. This function is the callback invoked when the D-Bus method reply arrives, and must be provided a body by overriding it in the implementation class.

So in the specific example above, the stub generator will generate a Concatenator_proxy class similar to one shown in a dedicated section above, with the difference that it will also generate an additional virtual void onConcatenateReply(const sdbus::Error* error, const std::string& concatenatedString); method, which we shall override in derived ConcatenatorProxy.

For a real example of a client-side asynchronous D-Bus method, please look at sdbus-c++ stress tests.

Using D-Bus properties

Defining and working with D-Bus properties using XML description is quite easy.

Defining a property in the IDL

A property element has no arg child element. It just has the attributes name, type and access, which are all mandatory. The access attribute allows the values ‘readwrite’, ‘read’, and ‘write’.

An example of a read-write property status:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<node name="/org/sdbuscpp/propertyprovider">
    <interface name="org.sdbuscpp.PropertyProvider">
        <!--...-->
        <property name="status" type="u" access="readwrite"/>
        <!--...-->
    </interface>
</node>

Generated stubs

This is how generated adaptor and proxy classes would look like with the read-write status property. The adaptor:

class PropertyProvider_adaptor
{
    /*...*/

public:
    PropertyProvider_adaptor(sdbus::IObject& object)
        : object_(object)
    {
        object_.registerProperty("status").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).withGetter([this](){ return this->status(); }).withSetter([this](const uint32_t& value){ this->status(value); });
    }

    ~PropertyProvider_adaptor() = default;

private:
    // property getter
    virtual uint32_t status() = 0;
    // property setter
    virtual void status(const uint32_t& value) = 0;

    /*...*/
};
#endif

The proxy:

class PropertyProvider_proxy
{
    /*...*/

public:
    // getting the property value
    uint32_t status()
    {
        return object_.getProperty("status").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME);
    }

    // setting the property value
    void status(const uint32_t& value)
    {
        object_.setProperty("status").onInterface(INTERFACE_NAME).toValue(value);
    }

    /*...*/
};

When implementing the adaptor, we simply need to provide the body for status getter and setter method by overriding them. Then in the proxy, we just call them.

Standard D-Bus interfaces

sdbus-c++ provides support for standard D-Bus interfaces. These are:

org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer
org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable
org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties
org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager

The implementation of methods that these interfaces define is provided by the library. Peer, Introspectable and Properties are automatically part of interfaces of every D-Bus object. ObjectManager is not automatically present and has to be enabled by the client when using IObject API. When using generated ObjectManager_adaptor, ObjectManager is enabled automatically in its constructor.

Pre-generated *_proxy and *_adaptor convenience classes for these standard interfaces are located in sdbus-c++/StandardInterfaces.h. We add them simply as additional parameters of sdbus::ProxyInterfaces or sdbus::AdaptorInterfaces class template, and our proxy or adaptor class inherits convenience functions from those interface classes.

For example, to conveniently emit a PropertyChanged signal under org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties interface, we just issue emitPropertiesChangedSignal function of our adaptor object.

Note that signals of afore-mentioned standard D-Bus interfaces are not emitted by the library automatically. It's clients who are supposed to emit them.

Conclusion

There is no conclusion. Happy journeys by D-Bus with sdbus-c++!

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using-sdbus-c++.md

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using-sdbus-c++.md

File metadata and controls

Using sdbus-c++ library

Introduction

Integrating sdbus-c++ into your project

Solving libsystemd dependency

Building and distributing libsystemd as a shared library yourself

Building and distributing libsystemd as part of sdbus-c++

Distributing sdbus-c++

Yocto

Header files and namespaces

Error signalling and propagation

Design of sdbus-c++

Thread safety in sdbus-c++

Multiple layers of sdbus-c++ API

An example: Number concatenator

Implementing the Concatenator example using basic sdbus-c++ API layer

Server side

Client side

Working with D-Bus connections in sdbus-c++

Using D-Bus connections on the server side

Using D-Bus connections on the client side

Stopping I/O event loops graciously

Implementing the Concatenator example using convenience sdbus-c++ API layer

Server side

Client side

Implementing the Concatenator example using sdbus-c++-generated stubs

XML description of the Concatenator interface

concatenator-server-glue.h

concatenator-client-glue.h

Providing server implementation based on generated adaptors

Providing client implementation based on generated proxies

Asynchronous server-side methods

Using basic sdbus-c++ API

Convenience API

Marking server-side async methods in the IDL

Asynchronous client-side methods

Lower-level API

Convenience API

Marking client-side async methods in the IDL

Using D-Bus properties

Defining a property in the IDL

Generated stubs

Standard D-Bus interfaces

Conclusion