arguments.py

# Copyright (c) 2023, NVIDIA CORPORATION. All rights reserved.

"""Megatron arguments."""

import argparse
import dataclasses
import json
import os
import torch
import types

import torch.nn.functional as F
from megatron.global_vars import set_retro_args, get_retro_args
from tools.retro.utils import get_args_path as get_retro_args_path

from megatron.core.models.retro import RetroConfig
from megatron.core.transformer import TransformerConfig


def parse_args(extra_args_provider=None, ignore_unknown_args=False):
    """Parse all arguments."""
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Megatron-LM Arguments',
                                     allow_abbrev=False)

    # Standard arguments.
    parser = _add_network_size_args(parser)
    parser = _add_regularization_args(parser)
    parser = _add_training_args(parser)
    parser = _add_initialization_args(parser)
    parser = _add_learning_rate_args(parser)
    parser = _add_checkpointing_args(parser)
    parser = _add_mixed_precision_args(parser)
    parser = _add_distributed_args(parser)
    parser = _add_validation_args(parser)
    parser = _add_data_args(parser)
    parser = _add_autoresume_args(parser)
    parser = _add_biencoder_args(parser)
    parser = _add_vision_args(parser)
    parser = _add_logging_args(parser)
    parser = _add_inference_args(parser)
    parser = _add_transformer_engine_args(parser)
    parser = _add_retro_args(parser)
    parser = _add_experimental_args(parser)

    # Custom arguments.
    if extra_args_provider is not None:
        parser = extra_args_provider(parser)

    # Parse.
    if ignore_unknown_args:
        args, _ = parser.parse_known_args()
    else:
        args = parser.parse_args()

    # Args from environment
    args.rank = int(os.getenv('RANK', '0'))
    args.world_size = int(os.getenv("WORLD_SIZE", '1'))

    return args

def validate_args(args, defaults={}):
    # Tensor model parallel size.
    args.tensor_model_parallel_size = min(
        args.tensor_model_parallel_size, args.world_size)
    assert args.world_size % args.tensor_model_parallel_size == 0, 'world size'\
        ' ({}) is not divisible by tensor model parallel size ({})'.format(
            args.world_size, args.tensor_model_parallel_size)
    # Pipeline model parallel size.
    args.pipeline_model_parallel_size = min(
        args.pipeline_model_parallel_size,
        (args.world_size // args.tensor_model_parallel_size))
    args.transformer_pipeline_model_parallel_size = (
        args.pipeline_model_parallel_size - 1
        if args.standalone_embedding_stage else
        args.pipeline_model_parallel_size
    )
    # Checks.
    model_parallel_size = args.pipeline_model_parallel_size * \
                          args.tensor_model_parallel_size
    assert args.world_size % (model_parallel_size * args.context_parallel_size) == 0, \
        'world size ({}) is not divisible by tensor parallel size ({}) times ' \
        'pipeline parallel size ({}) times context parallel size ({})'.format(
        args.world_size, args.tensor_model_parallel_size,
        args.pipeline_model_parallel_size, args.context_parallel_size)
    args.data_parallel_size = args.world_size // (model_parallel_size * args.context_parallel_size)
    if args.rank == 0:
        print('using world size: {}, data-parallel size: {}, '
              'context-parallel size: {} '
              'tensor-model-parallel size: {}, '
              'pipeline-model-parallel size: {} '.format(
                  args.world_size, args.data_parallel_size,
                  args.context_parallel_size,
                  args.tensor_model_parallel_size,
                  args.pipeline_model_parallel_size), flush=True)
    if args.pipeline_model_parallel_size > 1:
        if args.pipeline_model_parallel_split_rank is not None:
            assert args.pipeline_model_parallel_split_rank < \
                    args.pipeline_model_parallel_size, 'split rank needs'\
                    ' to be less than pipeline model parallel size ({})'.format(
                            args.pipeline_model_parallel_size)

    if args.tp_comm_overlap:
        assert args.sequence_parallel == True, 'Tensor parallel communication/GEMM overlap can happen only when sequence parallelism is enabled'


    # Deprecated arguments
    assert args.batch_size is None, '--batch-size argument is no longer ' \
        'valid, use --micro-batch-size instead'
    del args.batch_size
    assert args.warmup is None, '--warmup argument is no longer valid, use ' \
        '--lr-warmup-fraction instead'
    del args.warmup
    assert args.model_parallel_size is None, '--model-parallel-size is no ' \
        'longer valid, use --tensor-model-parallel-size instead'
    del args.model_parallel_size

    if args.checkpoint_activations:
        if args.rank == 0:
            print('--checkpoint-activations is no longer valid, use --recompute-activations, '
                  'or, for more control, --recompute-granularity and --recompute-method.')
        exit()
    del args.checkpoint_activations

    if args.recompute_activations:
        args.recompute_granularity = 'selective'
    del args.recompute_activations

    # Set input defaults.
    for key in defaults:
        # For default to be valid, it should not be provided in the
        # arguments that are passed to the program. We check this by
        # ensuring the arg is set to None.
        if getattr(args, key, None) is not None:
            if args.rank == 0:
                print('WARNING: overriding default arguments for {key}:{v} \
                       with {key}:{v2}'.format(key=key, v=defaults[key],
                                               v2=getattr(args, key)),
                                               flush=True)
        else:
            setattr(args, key, defaults[key])

    # Batch size.
    assert args.micro_batch_size is not None
    assert args.micro_batch_size > 0
    if args.global_batch_size is None:
        args.global_batch_size = args.micro_batch_size * args.data_parallel_size
        if args.rank == 0:
            print('setting global batch size to {}'.format(
                args.global_batch_size), flush=True)
    assert args.global_batch_size > 0
    if args.num_layers_per_virtual_pipeline_stage is not None:
        assert args.pipeline_model_parallel_size > 2, \
            'pipeline-model-parallel size should be greater than 2 with ' \
            'interleaved schedule'
        assert args.num_layers % args.transformer_pipeline_model_parallel_size == 0, \
            'number of layers should be divisible by the pipeline parallel size'
        num_layers_per_pipeline_stage = args.num_layers // args.transformer_pipeline_model_parallel_size
        assert num_layers_per_pipeline_stage % args.num_layers_per_virtual_pipeline_stage == 0, \
            'number of layers per pipeline stage must be divisible number of layers per virtual pipeline stage'
        args.virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size = num_layers_per_pipeline_stage // \
            args.num_layers_per_virtual_pipeline_stage
    else:
        args.virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size = None
        # Overlap P2P communication is disabled if not using the interleaved schedule.
        args.overlap_p2p_comm = False
        if args.rank == 0:
            print('WARNING: Setting args.overlap_p2p_comm to False since non-interleaved '
                  'schedule does not support overlapping p2p communication')

    if args.overlap_param_gather:
        assert args.use_distributed_optimizer, \
            '--overlap-param-gather only supported with distributed optimizer'

    # Parameters dtype.
    args.params_dtype = torch.float
    if args.fp16:
        assert not args.bf16
        args.params_dtype = torch.half
    if args.bf16:
        assert not args.fp16
        args.params_dtype = torch.bfloat16
        # bfloat16 requires gradient accumulation and all-reduce to
        # be done in fp32.
        if not args.accumulate_allreduce_grads_in_fp32:
            args.accumulate_allreduce_grads_in_fp32 = True
            if args.rank == 0:
                print('accumulate and all-reduce gradients in fp32 for '
                      'bfloat16 data type.', flush=True)

    if args.rank == 0:
        print('using {} for parameters ...'.format(args.params_dtype),
              flush=True)

    if args.dataloader_type is None:
        args.dataloader_type = 'single'

    # Consumed tokens.
    args.consumed_train_samples = 0
    args.consumed_valid_samples = 0

    # Support for variable sequence lengths across batches/microbatches.
    # set it if the dataloader supports generation of variable sequence lengths
    # across batches/microbatches. Due to additional communication overhead
    # during pipeline parallelism, it should not be set if sequence length
    # is constant during training.
    args.variable_seq_lengths = False

    # Iteration-based training.
    if args.train_iters:
        # If we use iteration-based training, make sure the
        # sample-based options are off.
        assert args.train_samples is None, \
            'expected iteration-based training'
        assert args.lr_decay_samples is None, \
            'expected iteration-based learning rate decay'
        assert args.lr_warmup_samples == 0, \
            'expected iteration-based learning rate warmup'
        assert args.rampup_batch_size is None, \
            'expected no batch-size rampup for iteration-based training'
        if args.lr_warmup_fraction is not None:
            assert args.lr_warmup_iters == 0, \
                'can only specify one of lr-warmup-fraction and lr-warmup-iters'

    # Sample-based training.
    if args.train_samples:
        # If we use sample-based training, make sure the
        # iteration-based options are off.
        assert args.train_iters is None, \
            'expected sample-based training'
        assert args.lr_decay_iters is None, \
            'expected sample-based learning rate decay'
        assert args.lr_warmup_iters == 0, \
            'expected sample-based learnig rate warmup'
        if args.lr_warmup_fraction is not None:
            assert args.lr_warmup_samples == 0, \
                'can only specify one of lr-warmup-fraction ' \
                'and lr-warmup-samples'

    if args.num_layers is not None:
        assert args.encoder_num_layers is None, \
            'cannot have both num-layers and encoder-num-layers specified'
        args.encoder_num_layers = args.num_layers
    else:
        assert args.encoder_num_layers is not None, \
            'either num-layers or encoder-num-layers should be specified'
        args.num_layers = args.encoder_num_layers

    # Check required arguments.
    required_args = ['num_layers', 'hidden_size', 'num_attention_heads',
                     'max_position_embeddings']
    for req_arg in required_args:
        _check_arg_is_not_none(args, req_arg)

    # Checks.
    if args.ffn_hidden_size is None:
        if args.swiglu:
            # reduce the dimnesion for MLP since projections happens on
            # two linear layers. this keeps the number of paramters in
            # the same ballpark as the counterpart with 4*h size
            # we keep it a multiple of 64, which means the actual tensor size
            # will be a multiple of 64 / tp_size
            args.ffn_hidden_size = int((4 * args.hidden_size * 2 / 3) / 64) * 64
        else:
            args.ffn_hidden_size = 4 * args.hidden_size

    if args.kv_channels is None:
        assert args.hidden_size % args.num_attention_heads == 0
        args.kv_channels = args.hidden_size // args.num_attention_heads

    if args.seq_length is not None:
        assert args.encoder_seq_length is None
        args.encoder_seq_length = args.seq_length
    else:
        assert args.encoder_seq_length is not None
        args.seq_length = args.encoder_seq_length

    if args.seq_length is not None:
        assert args.max_position_embeddings >= args.seq_length
    if args.decoder_seq_length is not None:
        assert args.max_position_embeddings >= args.decoder_seq_length
    if args.lr is not None:
        assert args.min_lr <= args.lr
    if args.save is not None:
        assert args.save_interval is not None
    # Mixed precision checks.
    if args.fp16_lm_cross_entropy:
        assert args.fp16, 'lm cross entropy in fp16 only support in fp16 mode.'
    if args.fp32_residual_connection:
        assert args.fp16 or args.bf16, \
            'residual connection in fp32 only supported when using fp16 or bf16.'

    if args.weight_decay_incr_style == 'constant':
        assert args.start_weight_decay is None
        assert args.end_weight_decay is None
        args.start_weight_decay = args.weight_decay
        args.end_weight_decay = args.weight_decay
    else:
        assert args.start_weight_decay is not None
        assert args.end_weight_decay is not None

    TORCH_MAJOR = int(torch.__version__.split('.')[0])
    TORCH_MINOR = int(torch.__version__.split('.')[1])
    # Persistent fused layer norm.
    if TORCH_MAJOR < 1 or (TORCH_MAJOR == 1 and TORCH_MINOR < 11):
        args.no_persist_layer_norm = True
        if args.rank == 0:
            print('Persistent fused layer norm kernel is supported from '
                  'pytorch v1.11 (nvidia pytorch container paired with v1.11). '
                  'Defaulting to no_persist_layer_norm=True')

    # Activation recomputing.
    if args.distribute_saved_activations:
        assert args.tensor_model_parallel_size > 1, 'can distribute ' \
            'recomputed activations only across tensor model ' \
            'parallel groups'
        assert args.recompute_granularity == 'full', \
            'distributed recompute activations is only '\
            'application to full recompute granularity'
        assert args.recompute_method is not None, \
            'for distributed recompute activations to work you '\
            'need to use a recompute method '
        assert (TORCH_MAJOR, TORCH_MINOR) >= (1, 10), \
            'distributed recompute activations are supported for pytorch ' \
            'v1.10 and above (Nvidia Pytorch container >= 21.07). Current ' \
            'pytorch version is v%s.%s.' % (TORCH_MAJOR, TORCH_MINOR)

    if args.recompute_granularity == 'selective':
        assert args.recompute_method is None, \
            'recompute method is not yet supported for ' \
            'selective recomputing granularity'

    # disable sequence parallelism when tp=1
    # to avoid change in numerics when
    # sequence_parallelism is enabled.
    if args.tensor_model_parallel_size == 1:
        args.sequence_parallel = False

    # disable async_tensor_model_parallel_allreduce when
    # model parallel memory optimization is enabled
    if args.sequence_parallel:
        args.async_tensor_model_parallel_allreduce = False

    if os.environ.get('CUDA_DEVICE_MAX_CONNECTIONS') != "1":
        if args.sequence_parallel:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Using sequence parallelism requires setting the environment variable "
                "CUDA_DEVICE_MAX_CONNECTIONS to 1")
        if args.async_tensor_model_parallel_allreduce:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Using async gradient all reduce requires setting the environment "
                "variable CUDA_DEVICE_MAX_CONNECTIONS to 1")

    # Disable bias gelu fusion if we are disabling bias altogether
    if not args.add_bias_linear:
        args.bias_gelu_fusion = False

    # Retro checks.
    if args.retro_add_retriever:

        # Sequence parallelism unsupported.
        assert not args.sequence_parallel, \
            "retro currently does not support sequence parallelism."

        # Pipeline parallelism unsupported.
        assert args.pipeline_model_parallel_size == 1, \
            "retro currently does not support pipeline parallelism."

        # Load retro args.
        retro_args_path = get_retro_args_path(args.retro_workdir)
        assert os.path.exists(retro_args_path), "retro workdir missing args.json"
        with open(retro_args_path) as f:
            retro_args = types.SimpleNamespace(**json.load(f))
            retro_args.retro_return_doc_ids = args.retro_return_doc_ids
            retro_args.retro_gpt_retrieved_length = \
                args.retro_num_retrieved_chunks * \
                retro_args.retro_gpt_chunk_length
            set_retro_args(retro_args)

    # Legacy RoPE arguments
    if args.use_rotary_position_embeddings:
        args.position_embedding_type = 'rope'

    # Would just need to add 'NoPE' as a position_embedding_type to support this, but for now
    # don't allow it to keep things simple
    if not args.add_position_embedding and args.position_embedding_type != 'rope':
        raise RuntimeError('--no-position-embedding is deprecated, use --position-embedding-type')

    # MoE Spec check
    if args.num_experts is not None:
        assert args.spec is None, "Model Spec must be None when using MoEs"

    # Expert parallelism check
    if args.expert_model_parallel_size  > 1:
        assert args.num_experts is not None, "num_experts must be non None to use expert model parallelism"
        assert args.num_experts % args.expert_model_parallel_size == 0, \
            "Number of experts should be a multiple of expert model parallel_size."
        assert not args.use_distributed_optimizer, \
            "Expert parallelism is not suppored with distributed optimizer."
        assert not args.fp16, \
            "Expert parallelism is not supported with fp16 training."
        if args.tensor_model_parallel_size > 1:
            assert args.sequence_parallel, \
                "When using expert parallelism and tensor parallelism, sequence parallelism must be used."

    # Print arguments.
    _print_args("arguments", args)
    retro_args = get_retro_args()
    if retro_args and args != retro_args:
        _print_args("retro arguments", types.SimpleNamespace(**{k:v for k,v in vars(retro_args).items() if k.startswith("retro")}, rank=args.rank))

    return args


def _print_args(title, args):
    """Print arguments."""
    if args.rank == 0:
        print(f'------------------------ {title} ------------------------',
              flush=True)
        str_list = []
        for arg in vars(args):
            dots = '.' * (48 - len(arg))
            str_list.append('  {} {} {}'.format(arg, dots, getattr(args, arg)))
        for arg in sorted(str_list, key=lambda x: x.lower()):
            print(arg, flush=True)
        print(f'-------------------- end of {title} ---------------------',
              flush=True)


def _check_arg_is_not_none(args, arg):
    assert getattr(args, arg) is not None, '{} argument is None'.format(arg)

def core_transformer_config_from_args(args):

    # Translate args to core transformer configuration
    kw_args = {}
    for f in dataclasses.fields(TransformerConfig):
        if hasattr(args, f.name):
            kw_args[f.name] = getattr(args, f.name)
    kw_args['persist_layer_norm'] = not args.no_persist_layer_norm
    kw_args['layernorm_zero_centered_gamma'] = args.apply_layernorm_1p
    kw_args['layernorm_epsilon'] = args.norm_epsilon
    kw_args['deallocate_pipeline_outputs'] = True
    kw_args['pipeline_dtype'] = args.params_dtype
    kw_args['batch_p2p_comm'] = not args.overlap_p2p_comm
    kw_args['num_moe_experts'] = args.num_experts
    if args.swiglu:
        kw_args['activation_func'] = F.silu
        kw_args['gated_linear_unit'] = True
        kw_args['bias_gelu_fusion'] = False
    if args.squared_relu:
        assert not args.swiglu
        def squared_relu(x):
            return torch.pow(F.relu(x), 2)
        kw_args['activation_func'] = squared_relu
    if args.init_method_xavier_uniform:
        kw_args['init_method'] = torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_
        kw_args['scaled_init_method'] = torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_
    if args.group_query_attention:
        kw_args['num_query_groups'] = args.num_query_groups
    else:
        kw_args['num_query_groups'] = None

    # If using Retro, return Retro config.
    retro_args = get_retro_args()
    if retro_args:
        kw_args['retro_preprocess'] = retro_args
        return RetroConfig(**kw_args)

    # Return Transformer config.
    return TransformerConfig(**kw_args)


def _add_transformer_engine_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='Transformer-Engine')

    group.add_argument('--fp8-format', default=None,
                       choices=['e4m3', 'hybrid'],
                       help='Which fp8 format scheme to use for FP8 tensors in the forward and backward pass',
                       dest='fp8')
    group.add_argument('--fp8-margin', type=int, default=0,
                       help='Scaling margin for fp8',
                       dest='fp8_margin')
    group.add_argument('--fp8-interval', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Scaling update interval for fp8',
                       dest='fp8_interval')
    group.add_argument('--fp8-amax-history-len', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Number of steps for which amax history is recorded per tensor',
                       dest='fp8_amax_history_len')
    group.add_argument('--fp8-amax-compute-algo', default='most_recent',
                       choices=['most_recent', 'max'],
                       help='Algorithm for computing amax from history',
                       dest='fp8_amax_compute_algo')
    group.add_argument('--no-fp8-wgrad', action='store_false',
                       help='Execute wgrad in higher precision even for FP8 runs',
                       dest='fp8_wgrad')
    group.add_argument('--transformer-impl', default='local',
                       choices=['local', 'transformer_engine'],
                       help='Which Transformer implementation to use.')

    return parser

def _add_inference_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='inference')

    group.add_argument('--inference-batch-times-seqlen-threshold',
                       type=int, default=512,
                       help='During inference, if batch-size times '
                       'sequence-length is smaller than this threshold '
                       'then we will not use pipelining, otherwise we will.')
    group.add_argument('--max-tokens-to-oom',
                       type=int, default=12000,
                       help='Maximum number of tokens during inference'
                       'tokens here is # in prompt + # to generate'
                       'Allows us to throw an error before OOM crashes server')
    group.add_argument('--output-bert-embeddings', action='store_true',
                       help='Output Bert embeddings (via mean pooling) from '
                       'model, rather than its binary head output or entire '
                       'hidden batch.')
    group.add_argument('--bert-embedder-type', default="megatron",
                       choices=["megatron", "huggingface"],
                       help='Select either Megatron or Huggingface as the '
                       'Bert embedder.')

    return parser


def _add_retro_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='retro')

    group.add_argument('--retro-workdir', default=None,
                       help='Retro working directory, which contains the '
                       'preprocessed data for for pretraining. This directory '
                       'is built during preprocessing (see '
                       'tools/retro/README.md), and contains subdirectories '
                       'for the chunk database and pretraining neighbors.')
    group.add_argument('--retro-add-retriever',
                       action='store_true', default=False,
                       help='Add a retriever to the transformer, for use in '
                       'pretraining a Retro model.')
    group.add_argument('--retro-cyclic-train-iters', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Set number of training iterations for cyclic '
                       'Retro training.')
    group.add_argument('--retro-encoder-layers', type=int, default=2,
                       help='Number of layers to use for the retrieval '
                       'encoder.')
    group.add_argument('--retro-encoder-hidden-dropout',
                       type=float, default=0.1, help='Hidden dropout for '
                       'retrieval encoder.')
    group.add_argument('--retro-encoder-attention-dropout',
                       type=float, default=0.1, help='Attention dropout for '
                       'retrieval encoder.')
    group.add_argument("--retro-num-neighbors", type=int, default=2,
                       help='Number of neighbors to retrieve during '
                       'pretraining.')
    group.add_argument("--retro-num-retrieved-chunks", type=int, default=2,
                       help='Number of chunks to retrieve from the retrieval '
                       'database.')
    group.add_argument("--retro-return-doc-ids", action="store_true",
                       help="Turn this on when preprocessing retro data.")
    group.add_argument("--retro-no-verify-neighbor-count", action="store_false",
                       dest="retro_verify_neighbor_count",
                       help="Skip verifying that len(GPT dataset) == len(saved "
                       "neighbors).")

    # Enforce argument naming convention.
    for action in group._group_actions:
        prefix = action.dest.split("_")[0]
        assert prefix == "retro", \
            "Retro args must be prefixed with '--retro-*', for consistent " \
            "styling. Please fix '%s'." % ", ".join(action.option_strings)

    return parser


def _add_network_size_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='network size')

    group.add_argument('--num-layers', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of transformer layers.')
    group.add_argument('--encoder-num-layers', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of encoder transformer layers.')
    group.add_argument('--decoder-num-layers', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of decoder transformer layers.')
    group.add_argument('--hidden-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Tansformer hidden size.')
    group.add_argument('--ffn-hidden-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Transformer Feed-Forward Network hidden size. '
                       'This is set to 4*hidden-size if not provided')
    group.add_argument('--num-attention-heads', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of transformer attention heads.')
    group.add_argument('--kv-channels', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Projection weights dimension in multi-head '
                       'attention. This is set to '
                       '   args.hidden_size // args.num_attention_heads '
                       'if not provided.')
    group.add_argument('--group-query-attention', action='store_true',
                          help='Use group-query attention.')
    group.add_argument('--num-query-groups', type=int, default=1)

    group.add_argument('--max-position-embeddings', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Maximum number of position embeddings to use. '
                       'This is the size of position embedding.')
    group.add_argument('--position-embedding-type', type=str, default='learned_absolute',
                       choices=['learned_absolute', 'rope'],
                       help='Position embedding type.')
    group.add_argument('--use-rotary-position-embeddings', action='store_true',
                       help='Use rotary positional embeddings or not. '
                       'Deprecated: use --position-embedding-type')
    group.add_argument('--rotary-percent', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='Percent of rotary dimension to use, default 100%%')
    group.add_argument('--rotary-seq-len-interpolation-factor', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Sequence length interpolation factor for rotary embeddings.')
    group.add_argument('--no-position-embedding',
                       action='store_false',
                       help='Disable position embedding. Deprecated: use --position-embedding-type',
                       dest='add_position_embedding')
    group.add_argument('--make-vocab-size-divisible-by', type=int, default=128,
                       help='Pad the vocab size to be divisible by this value.'
                       'This is added for computational efficieny reasons.')
    group.add_argument('--normalization', default='LayerNorm',
                       choices=['LayerNorm', 'RMSNorm'],
                       help='Which normalization technique to use.')
    group.add_argument('--norm-epsilon', type=float, default=1e-5,
                       help='Epsilon for layer norm and RMS norm.')
    group.add_argument('--apply-layernorm-1p', action='store_true',
                       help='Adjust LayerNorm weights such that they are centered '
                       'around zero. This improves numerical stability.')
    group.add_argument('--apply-residual-connection-post-layernorm',
                       action='store_true',
                       help='If set, use original BERT residula connection '
                       'ordering.')
    group.add_argument('--openai-gelu', action='store_true',
                       help='Use OpenAIs GeLU implementation. This option'
                       'should not be used unless for backward compatibility'
                       'reasons.')
    group.add_argument('--squared-relu', action='store_true',
                       help='Use squared relu activation instead of default gelu')
    group.add_argument('--swiglu', action='store_true',
                       help='Use gated linear units and SiLU activation instead of default gelu')
    group.add_argument('--onnx-safe', type=bool, required=False,
                       help='Use workarounds for known problems with '
                       'Torch ONNX exporter')
    group.add_argument('--bert-no-binary-head', action='store_false',
                       help='Disable BERT binary head.',
                       dest='bert_binary_head')
    group.add_argument('--num-experts', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of Experts in Switch Transformer (None means no Switch)')
    group.add_argument('--untie-embeddings-and-output-weights', action='store_true',
                       help='Untie embeddings and output weights.'),
    return parser


def _add_logging_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='logging')

    group.add_argument('--log-params-norm', action='store_true',
                       help='If set, calculate and log parameters norm.')
    group.add_argument('--log-num-zeros-in-grad', action='store_true',
                       help='If set, calculate and log the number of zeros in gradient.')
    group.add_argument('--timing-log-level', type=int,
                       default=0, choices=range(0,3),
                       help='Granularity level to measure and report timing. '
                       '   0: report only iteration time and make sure timing '
                       '      does not introduce extra overhead.'
                       '   1: report timing for operations that are executed '
                       '      very limited times (basically once) during '
                       '      each iteration (such as gradient all-reduce) '
                       '   2: report timing for operations that migh be '
                       '      executed numerous times during each iteration. '
                       'Note that setting the level to 1 or 2 might '
                       'cause increase in iteration time.')
    group.add_argument('--no-barrier-with-level-1-timing', action='store_false',
                       help='If not set, use barrier with level 1 time '
                       'measurements. Note that this is up to the user '
                       'to make sure calling barrier with their timers '
                       'will not result in hangs. This can happen if for '
                       'example the user adds a level 1 timer that is not '
                       'called by all ranks.',
                       dest='barrier_with_L1_time')
    group.add_argument('--timing-log-option', type=str, default='minmax',
                       choices=['max', 'minmax', 'all'],
                       help='Options for logging timing:'
                       '  max: report the max timing across all ranks'
                       '  minmax: report min and max timings across all ranks'
                       '  all: report timings of all ranks.')
    group.add_argument('--tensorboard-log-interval', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Report to tensorboard interval.')
    group.add_argument('--tensorboard-queue-size', type=int, default=1000,
                       help='Size of the tensorboard queue for pending events '
                       'and summaries before one of the ‘add’ calls forces a '
                       'flush to disk.')
    group.add_argument('--log-timers-to-tensorboard', action='store_true',
                       help='If set, write timers to tensorboard.')
    group.add_argument('--log-batch-size-to-tensorboard', action='store_true',
                       help='If set, write batch-size to tensorboard.')
    group.add_argument('--no-log-learnig-rate-to-tensorboard',
                       action='store_false',
                       help='Disable learning rate logging to tensorboard.',
                       dest='log_learning_rate_to_tensorboard')
    group.add_argument('--no-log-loss-scale-to-tensorboard',
                       action='store_false',
                       help='Disable loss-scale logging to tensorboard.',
                       dest='log_loss_scale_to_tensorboard')
    group.add_argument('--log-validation-ppl-to-tensorboard',
                       action='store_true',
                       help='If set, write validation perplexity to '
                       'tensorboard.')
    group.add_argument('--log-memory-to-tensorboard',
                       action='store_true',
                       help='Enable memory logging to tensorboard.')
    group.add_argument('--log-world-size-to-tensorboard',
                       action='store_true',
                       help='Enable world size logging to tensorboard.')
    group.add_argument('--wandb-project', type=str, default='',
                       help='The wandb project name. Ignore wandb by default.')
    group.add_argument('--wandb-exp-name', type=str, default='',
                       help='The wandb experiment name.')
    group.add_argument('--wandb-save-dir', type=str, default='',
                       help='Path to save the wandb results locally.')
    return parser


def _add_regularization_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='regularization')

    group.add_argument('--attention-dropout', type=float, default=0.1,
                       help='Post attention dropout probability.')
    group.add_argument('--hidden-dropout', type=float, default=0.1,
                       help='Dropout probability for hidden state transformer.')
    group.add_argument('--weight-decay', type=float, default=0.01,
                       help='Weight decay coefficient for L2 regularization.')
    group.add_argument('--start-weight-decay', type=float,
                       help='Initial weight decay coefficient for L2 regularization.')
    group.add_argument('--end-weight-decay', type=float,
                       help='End of run weight decay coefficient for L2 regularization.')
    group.add_argument('--weight-decay-incr-style', type=str, default='constant',
                       choices=['constant', 'linear', 'cosine'],
                       help='Weight decay increment function.')
    group.add_argument('--clip-grad', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='Gradient clipping based on global L2 norm.')
    group.add_argument('--adam-beta1', type=float, default=0.9,
                       help='First coefficient for computing running averages '
                       'of gradient and its square')
    group.add_argument('--adam-beta2', type=float, default=0.999,
                       help='Second coefficient for computing running averages '
                       'of gradient and its square')
    group.add_argument('--adam-eps', type=float, default=1e-08,
                       help='Term added to the denominator to improve'
                       'numerical stability')
    group.add_argument('--sgd-momentum', type=float, default=0.9,
                       help='Momentum factor for sgd')
    return parser


def _add_training_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='training')

    group.add_argument('--micro-batch-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Batch size per model instance (local batch size). '
                       'Global batch size is local batch size times data '
                       'parallel size times number of micro batches.')
    group.add_argument('--batch-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Old batch size parameter, do not use. '
                       'Use --micro-batch-size instead')
    group.add_argument('--global-batch-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Training batch size. If set, it should be a '
                       'multiple of micro-batch-size times data-parallel-size. '
                       'If this value is None, then '
                       'use micro-batch-size * data-parallel-size as the '
                       'global batch size. This choice will result in 1 for '
                       'number of micro-batches.')
    group.add_argument('--rampup-batch-size', nargs='*', default=None,
                       help='Batch size ramp up with the following values:'
                       '  --rampup-batch-size <start batch size> '
                       '                      <batch size incerement> '
                       '                      <ramp-up samples> '
                       'For example:'
                       '   --rampup-batch-size 16 8 300000 \ '
                       '   --global-batch-size 1024'
                       'will start with global batch size 16 and over '
                       ' (1024 - 16) / 8 = 126 intervals will increase'
                       'the batch size linearly to 1024. In each interval'
                       'we will use approximately 300000 / 126 = 2380 samples.')
    group.add_argument('--recompute-activations', action='store_true',
                       help='recompute activation to allow for training '
                       'with larger models, sequences, and batch sizes.')
    group.add_argument('--recompute-granularity', type=str, default=None,
                       choices=['full', 'selective'],
                       help='Checkpoint activations to allow for training '
                       'with larger models, sequences, and batch sizes. '
                       'It is supported at two granularities 1) full: '
                       'whole transformer layer is recomputed, '
                       '2) selective: core attention part of the transformer '
                       'layer is recomputed.')
    group.add_argument('--no-check-for-nan-in-loss-and-grad', action='store_false',
                       help='Check for NaNs in loss and grad',
                       dest='check_for_nan_in_loss_and_grad')
    group.add_argument('--distribute-saved-activations',
                       action='store_true',
                       help='If set, distribute recomputed activations '
                       'across model parallel group.')
    group.add_argument('--recompute-method', type=str, default=None,
                       choices=['uniform', 'block'],
                       help='1) uniform: uniformly divide the total number of '
                       'Transformer layers and recompute the input activation of '
                       'each divided chunk at specified granularity, '
                       '2) recompute the input activations of only a set number of '
                       'individual Transformer layers per pipeline stage and do the '
                       'rest without any recomputing at specified granularity'
                       'default) do not apply activations recompute to any layers')
    group.add_argument('--recompute-num-layers', type=int, default=None,
                       help='1) uniform: the number of Transformer layers in each '
                       'uniformly divided recompute unit, '
                       '2) block: the number of individual Transformer layers '
                       'to recompute within each pipeline stage.')
    group.add_argument('--no-clone-scatter-output-in-embedding', action='store_false',
                       help='If not set, clone the output of the scatter in embedding layer to GC original tensor.',
                       dest='clone_scatter_output_in_embedding')
    group.add_argument('--profile', action='store_true',
                       help='Enable nsys profiling. When using this option, nsys '
                       'options should be specified in commandline. An example '
                       'nsys commandline is `nsys profile -s none -t nvtx,cuda '
                       '-o <path/to/output_file> --force-overwrite true '
                       '--capture-range=cudaProfilerApi '
                       '--capture-range-end=stop`.')
    group.add_argument('--profile-step-start', type=int, default=10,
                       help='Global step to start profiling.')
    group.add_argument('--profile-step-end', type=int, default=12,
                       help='Global step to stop profiling.')
    group.add_argument('--profile-ranks', nargs='+', type=int, default=[0],
                       help='Global ranks to profile.')
    group.add_argument('--tp-comm-overlap', action='store_true', help = 'Enables the '
                       ' overlap of Tensor parallel communication and GEMM kernels.')
    group.add_argument('--tp-comm-overlap-cfg', type=str, default=None, 
                       help = 'Config file when tp_comm_overlap is enabled.')
    group.add_argument('--disable-tp-comm-split-ag', action='store_false', 
                       help = 'Disables the All-Gather overlap with fprop GEMM.',
                       dest='tp_comm_split_ag')
    group.add_argument('--disable-tp-comm-split-rs', action='store_false', 
                       help = 'Disables the Reduce-Scatter overlap with fprop GEMM.',
                       dest='tp_comm_split_rs')
    group.add_argument('--disable-tp-comm-bulk-dgrad', action='store_false', 
                       help = 'Disables the All-Gather overlap with bprop activation gradient GEMM.',
                       dest='tp_comm_bulk_dgrad')
    group.add_argument('--disable-tp-comm-bulk-wgrad', action='store_false', 
                       help = 'Disables the Reduce-Scatter overlap with bprop weight gradient GEMM.',
                       dest='tp_comm_bulk_wgrad')


    # deprecated
    group.add_argument('--checkpoint-activations', action='store_true',
                       help='Checkpoint activation to allow for training '
                       'with larger models, sequences, and batch sizes.')
    group.add_argument('--train-iters', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Total number of iterations to train over all '
                       'training runs. Note that either train-iters or '
                       'train-samples should be provided.')
    group.add_argument('--train-samples', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Total number of samples to train over all '
                       'training runs. Note that either train-iters or '
                       'train-samples should be provided.')
    group.add_argument('--log-interval', type=int, default=100,
                       help='Report loss and timing interval.')
    group.add_argument('--exit-interval', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Exit the program after the iteration is divisible '
                       'by this value.')
    group.add_argument('--exit-duration-in-mins', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Exit the program after this many minutes.')
    group.add_argument('--exit-signal-handler', action='store_true',
                       help='Dynamically save the checkpoint and shutdown the '
                       'training if SIGTERM is received')
    group.add_argument('--tensorboard-dir', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Write TensorBoard logs to this directory.')
    group.add_argument('--no-masked-softmax-fusion',
                       action='store_false',
                       help='Disable fusion of query_key_value scaling, '
                       'masking, and softmax.',
                       dest='masked_softmax_fusion')
    group.add_argument('--no-bias-gelu-fusion', action='store_false',
                       help='Disable bias and gelu fusion.',
                       dest='bias_gelu_fusion')
    group.add_argument('--no-bias-dropout-fusion', action='store_false',
                       help='Disable bias and dropout fusion.',
                       dest='bias_dropout_fusion')
    group.add_argument('--use-flash-attn', action='store_true',
                       help='use FlashAttention implementation of attention. '
                       'https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.14135')
    group.add_argument('--disable-bias-linear', action='store_false',
                       help='Disable bias in the linear layers',
                       dest='add_bias_linear')
    group.add_argument('--optimizer', type=str, default='adam',
                       choices=['adam', 'sgd'],
                       help='Optimizer function')
    group.add_argument('--dataloader-type', type=str, default=None,
                       choices=['single', 'cyclic'],
                       help='Single pass vs multiple pass data loader')
    group.add_argument('--no-async-tensor-model-parallel-allreduce',
                       action='store_false',
                       help='Disable asynchronous execution of '
                       'tensor-model-parallel all-reduce with weight '
                       'gradient compuation of a column-linear layer.',
                       dest='async_tensor_model_parallel_allreduce')
    group.add_argument('--no-persist-layer-norm', action='store_true',
                       help='Disable using persistent fused layer norm kernel. '
                       'This kernel supports only a set of hidden sizes. Please '
                       'check persist_ln_hidden_sizes if your hidden '
                       'size is supported.')
    group.add_argument('--sequence-parallel', action='store_true',
                       help='Enable sequence parallel optimization.')
    group.add_argument('--no-gradient-accumulation-fusion',
                       action='store_false',
                       help='Disable fusing gradient accumulation to weight '
                       'gradient computation of linear layers',
                       dest='gradient_accumulation_fusion')
    group.add_argument('--use-mcore-models', action='store_true',
                       help='Use the implementation from megatron core')
    group.add_argument('--manual-gc', action='store_true',
                       help='Disable the threshold-based default garbage '
                       'collector and trigger the garbage collection manually. '
                       'Manual garbage collection helps to align the timing of '
                       'the collection across ranks which mitigates the impact '
                       'of CPU-associated jitters. When the manual gc is enabled, '
                       'garbage collection is performed only at the start and the '
                       'end of the validation routine by default.')
    group.add_argument('--manual-gc-interval', type=int, default=0,
                       help='Training step interval to trigger manual garbage '
                       'collection. When the value is set to 0, garbage '
                       'collection is not triggered between training steps.')
    group.add_argument('--no-manual-gc-eval', action='store_false',
                       help='When using manual garbage collection, disable '
                       'garbage collection at the start and the end of each '
                       'evaluation run.', dest='manual_gc_eval')

    return parser


def _add_initialization_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='initialization')

    group.add_argument('--seed', type=int, default=1234,
                       help='Random seed used for python, numpy, '
                       'pytorch, and cuda.')
    group.add_argument('--data-parallel-random-init', action='store_true',
                       help='Enable random initialization of params '
                       'across data parallel ranks')
    group.add_argument('--init-method-std', type=float, default=0.02,
                       help='Standard deviation of the zero mean normal '
                       'distribution used for weight initialization.')
    group.add_argument('--init-method-xavier-uniform', action='store_true',
                       help='Enable Xavier uniform parameter initialization')

    return parser


def _add_learning_rate_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='learning rate')

    group.add_argument('--lr', type=float, default=None,
                       help='Initial learning rate. Depending on decay style '
                       'and initial warmup, the learing rate at each '
                       'iteration would be different.')
    group.add_argument('--lr-decay-style', type=str, default='linear',
                       choices=['constant', 'linear', 'cosine', 'inverse-square-root'],
                       help='Learning rate decay function.')
    group.add_argument('--lr-decay-iters', type=int, default=None,
                       help='number of iterations to decay learning rate over,'
                       ' If None defaults to `--train-iters`')
    group.add_argument('--lr-decay-samples', type=int, default=None,
                       help='number of samples to decay learning rate over,'
                       ' If None defaults to `--train-samples`')
    group.add_argument('--lr-warmup-fraction', type=float, default=None,
                       help='fraction of lr-warmup-(iters/samples) to use '
                       'for warmup (as a float)')
    group.add_argument('--lr-warmup-iters', type=int, default=0,
                       help='number of iterations to linearly warmup '
                       'learning rate over.')
    group.add_argument('--lr-warmup-samples', type=int, default=0,
                       help='number of samples to linearly warmup '
                       'learning rate over.')
    group.add_argument('--lr-warmup-init', type=float, default=0.0,
                       help='Initial value for learning rate warmup. The '
                       'scheduler starts warmup from this value.')
    group.add_argument('--warmup', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Old lr warmup argument, do not use. Use one of the'
                       '--lr-warmup-* arguments above')
    group.add_argument('--min-lr', type=float, default=0.0,
                       help='Minumum value for learning rate. The scheduler'
                       'clip values below this threshold.')
    group.add_argument('--override-opt_param-scheduler', action='store_true',
                       help='Reset the values of the scheduler (learning rate,'
                       'warmup iterations, minimum learning rate, maximum '
                       'number of iterations, and decay style from input '
                       'arguments and ignore values from checkpoints. Note'
                       'that all the above values will be reset.')
    group.add_argument('--use-checkpoint-opt_param-scheduler', action='store_true',
                       help='Use checkpoint to set the values of the scheduler '
                       '(learning rate, warmup iterations, minimum learning '
                       'rate, maximum number of iterations, and decay style '
                       'from checkpoint and ignore input arguments.')

    return parser


def _add_checkpointing_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='checkpointing')

    group.add_argument('--save', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Output directory to save checkpoints to.')
    group.add_argument('--save-interval', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of iterations between checkpoint saves.')
    group.add_argument('--no-save-optim', action='store_true', default=None,
                       help='Do not save current optimizer.')
    group.add_argument('--no-save-rng', action='store_true', default=None,
                       help='Do not save current rng state.')
    group.add_argument('--load', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Directory containing a model checkpoint.')
    group.add_argument('--no-load-optim', action='store_true', default=None,
                       help='Do not load optimizer when loading checkpoint.')
    group.add_argument('--no-load-rng', action='store_true', default=None,
                       help='Do not load rng state when loading checkpoint.')
    group.add_argument('--finetune', action='store_true',
                       help='Load model for finetuning. Do not load optimizer '
                       'or rng state from checkpoint and set iteration to 0. '
                       'Assumed when loading a release checkpoint.')
    group.add_argument('--no-initialization', action='store_false',
                       help='Do not perform initialization when building model, '
                       'can reduce startup time when definitely loading from a '
                       'checkpoint',
                       dest='perform_initialization')
    group.add_argument('--use-checkpoint-args', action='store_true',
                       help='Override any command line arguments with arguments '
                       'from the checkpoint')
    group.add_argument('--exit-on-missing-checkpoint', action='store_true',
                       help="If '--load' is set, but checkpoint is not found "
                       "(e.g., path typo), then exit instead of random "
                       "initialization.")

    return parser


def _add_mixed_precision_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='mixed precision')

    group.add_argument('--fp16', action='store_true',
                       help='Run model in fp16 mode.')
    group.add_argument('--bf16', action='store_true',
                       help='Run model in bfloat16 mode.')
    group.add_argument('--loss-scale', type=float, default=None,
                       help='Static loss scaling, positive power of 2 '
                       'values can improve fp16 convergence. If None, dynamic'
                       'loss scaling is used.')
    group.add_argument('--initial-loss-scale', type=float, default=2**32,
                       help='Initial loss-scale for dynamic loss scaling.')
    group.add_argument('--min-loss-scale', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='Minimum loss scale for dynamic loss scale.')
    group.add_argument('--loss-scale-window', type=float, default=1000,
                       help='Window over which to raise/lower dynamic scale.')
    group.add_argument('--hysteresis', type=int, default=2,
                       help='hysteresis for dynamic loss scaling')
    group.add_argument('--fp32-residual-connection', action='store_true',
                       help='Move residual connections to fp32.')
    group.add_argument('--apply-query-key-layer-scaling', action='store_true',
                       help='Scale Q * K^T by 1 / layer-number. '
                       'Useful for fp16 training.')
    group.add_argument('--attention-softmax-in-fp32', action='store_true',
                       help='Run attention masking and softmax in fp32. '
                       'This flag is ignored unless '
                       '--no-query-key-layer-scaling is specified.')
    group.add_argument('--accumulate-allreduce-grads-in-fp32',
                       action='store_true',
                       help='Gradient accumulation and all-reduce in fp32.')
    group.add_argument('--fp16-lm-cross-entropy', action='store_true',
                       help='Move the cross entropy unreduced loss calculation'
                       'for lm head to fp16.')

    return parser


def _add_distributed_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='distributed')

    group.add_argument('--tensor-model-parallel-size', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Degree of tensor model parallelism.')
    group.add_argument('--pipeline-model-parallel-size', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Degree of pipeline model parallelism.')
    group.add_argument('--pipeline-model-parallel-split-rank',
                       type=int, default=None,
                       help='Rank where encoder and decoder should be split.')
    group.add_argument('--model-parallel-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Old model parallel argument, do not use. Use '
                       '--tensor-model-parallel-size instead.')
    group.add_argument('--num-layers-per-virtual-pipeline-stage', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Number of layers per virtual pipeline stage')
    group.add_argument('--no-overlap-p2p-communication', action='store_false',
                       help='overlap pipeline parallel communication with forward and backward chunks',
                       dest='overlap_p2p_comm')
    group.add_argument('--distributed-backend', default='nccl',
                       choices=['nccl', 'gloo'],
                       help='Which backend to use for distributed training.')
    group.add_argument('--distributed-timeout-minutes', type=int, default=10,
                       help='Timeout minutes for torch.distributed.')
    group.add_argument('--overlap-grad-reduce', action='store_true',
                       default=False, help='If set, overlap DDP grad reduce.')
    group.add_argument('--no-delay-grad-reduce', action='store_false',
                       help='If not set, delay / synchronize grad reductions in all but first PP stage.',
                       dest='delay_grad_reduce')
    group.add_argument('--overlap-param-gather', action='store_true',
                       default=False, help='If set, overlap param all-gather in distributed optimizer.')
    group.add_argument('--delay-param-gather', action='store_true',
                       default=False, help='If set, delay / synchronize param all-gathers in all but first PP stage.')
    group.add_argument('--no-scatter-gather-tensors-in-pipeline', action='store_false',
                       help='If not set, use scatter/gather to optimize communication of tensors in pipeline.',
                       dest='scatter_gather_tensors_in_pipeline')
    group.add_argument('--use-ring-exchange-p2p', action='store_true',
                       default=False, help='If set, use custom-built ring exchange '
                       'for p2p communications. Note that this option will require '
                       'a custom built image that support ring-exchange p2p.')
    group.add_argument('--local_rank', type=int, default=None,
                       help='local rank passed from distributed launcher.')
    group.add_argument('--lazy-mpu-init', type=bool, required=False,
                       help='If set to True, initialize_megatron() '
                       'skips DDP initialization and returns function to '
                       'complete it instead.Also turns on '
                       '--use-cpu-initialization flag. This is for '
                       'external DDP manager.' )
    group.add_argument('--use-cpu-initialization', action='store_true',
                       default=None, help='If set, affine parallel weights '
                       'initialization uses CPU' )
    group.add_argument('--empty-unused-memory-level', default=0, type=int,
                       choices=[0, 1, 2],
                       help='Call torch.cuda.empty_cache() each iteration '
                       '(training and eval), to reduce fragmentation.'
                       '0=off, 1=moderate, 2=aggressive.')
    group.add_argument('--standalone-embedding-stage', action='store_true',
                       default=False, help='If set, *input* embedding layer '
                       'is placed on its own pipeline stage, without any '
                       'transformer layers. (For T5, this flag currently only '
                       'affects the encoder embedding.)')
    group.add_argument('--use-distributed-optimizer', action='store_true',
                       help='Use distributed optimizer.')
    group.add_argument('--expert-model-parallel-size', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Degree of expert model parallelism.')
    group.add_argument('--context-parallel-size', type=int, default=1,
                       help='Degree of context parallelism.')
    group.add_argument('--nccl-communicator-config-path', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Path to the yaml file with NCCL communicator '
                       'configurations. The number of min/max thread groups and thread '
                       'group cluster size of each communicator can be configured by '
                       'setting `min_ctas`, `max_ctas`, and `cga_cluster_size`.')
    return parser


def _add_validation_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='validation')

    group.add_argument('--eval-iters', type=int, default=100,
                       help='Number of iterations to run for evaluation'
                       'validation/test for.')
    group.add_argument('--eval-interval', type=int, default=1000,
                       help='Interval between running evaluation on '
                       'validation set.')
    group.add_argument('--skip-train', action='store_true',
                       default=False, help='If set, bypass the training loop, '
                       'optionally do evaluation for validation/test, and exit.')

    return parser


def _add_data_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='data and dataloader')

    group.add_argument('--data-path', nargs='*', default=None,
                       help='Path to the training dataset. Accepted format:'
                       '1) a single data path, 2) multiple datasets in the'
                       'form: dataset1-weight dataset1-path dataset2-weight '
                       'dataset2-path ... It is used with --split when a '
                       'single dataset used for all three: train, valid '
                       'and test. It is exclusive to the other '
                       '--*-data-path args')
    group.add_argument('--split', type=str, default='969, 30, 1',
                       help='Comma-separated list of proportions for training,'
                       ' validation, and test split. For example the split '
                       '`90,5,5` will use 90%% of data for training, 5%% for '
                       'validation and 5%% for test.')
    group.add_argument('--train-data-path', nargs='*', default=None,
                       help='Path to the training dataset. Accepted format:'
                       '1) a single data path, 2) multiple datasets in the'
                       'form: dataset1-weight dataset1-path dataset2-weight '
                       'dataset2-path ...')
    group.add_argument('--valid-data-path', nargs='*', default=None,
                       help='Path to the validation dataset. Accepted format:'
                       '1) a single data path, 2) multiple datasets in the'
                       'form: dataset1-weight dataset1-path dataset2-weight '
                       'dataset2-path ...')
    group.add_argument('--test-data-path', nargs='*', default=None,
                       help='Path to the test dataset. Accepted format:'
                       '1) a single data path, 2) multiple datasets in the'
                       'form: dataset1-weight dataset1-path dataset2-weight '
                       'dataset2-path ...')
    group.add_argument('--data-cache-path', default=None,
                       help='Path to a directory to hold cached index files.')

    group.add_argument('--vocab-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Size of vocab before EOD or padding.')
    group.add_argument('--vocab-file', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Path to the vocab file.')
    group.add_argument('--merge-file', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Path to the BPE merge file.')
    group.add_argument('--vocab-extra-ids', type=int, default=0,
                       help='Number of additional vocabulary tokens. '
                            'They are used for span masking in the T5 model')
    group.add_argument('--seq-length', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Maximum sequence length to process.')
    group.add_argument('--encoder-seq-length', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Maximum encoder sequence length to process.'
                       'This should be exclusive of --seq-length')
    group.add_argument('--decoder-seq-length', type=int, default=None,
                       help="Maximum decoder sequence length to process.")
    group.add_argument('--retriever-seq-length', type=int, default=256,
                       help='Maximum sequence length for the biencoder model '
                       'for retriever')
    group.add_argument('--sample-rate', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='sample rate for training data. Supposed to be 0 '
                            ' < sample_rate < 1')
    group.add_argument('--mask-prob', type=float, default=0.15,
                       help='Probability of replacing a token with mask.')
    group.add_argument('--short-seq-prob', type=float, default=0.1,
                       help='Probability of producing a short sequence.')
    group.add_argument('--num-workers', type=int, default=2,
                       help="Dataloader number of workers.")
    group.add_argument('--tokenizer-type', type=str,
                       default=None,
                       choices=['BertWordPieceLowerCase',
                                'BertWordPieceCase',
                                'GPT2BPETokenizer',
                                'SentencePieceTokenizer',
                                'GPTSentencePieceTokenizer',
                                'Llama2Tokenizer',
                                'NullTokenizer'],
                       help='What type of tokenizer to use.')
    group.add_argument('--tokenizer-model', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Sentencepiece tokenizer model.')
    group.add_argument('--reset-position-ids', action='store_true',
                       help='Reset posistion ids after end-of-document token.')
    group.add_argument('--reset-attention-mask', action='store_true',
                       help='Reset self attention maske after '
                       'end-of-document token.')
    group.add_argument('--eod-mask-loss', action='store_true',
                       help='Mask loss for the end of document tokens.')

    return parser


def _add_autoresume_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='autoresume')

    group.add_argument('--adlr-autoresume', action='store_true',
                       help='Enable autoresume on adlr cluster.')
    group.add_argument('--adlr-autoresume-interval', type=int, default=1000,
                       help='Intervals over which check for autoresume'
                       'termination signal')

    return parser


def _add_biencoder_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='biencoder')

    # network size
    group.add_argument('--ict-head-size', type=int, default=None,
                       help='Size of block embeddings to be used in ICT and '
                        'REALM (paper default: 128)')
    group.add_argument('--biencoder-projection-dim', type=int, default=0,
                       help='Size of projection head used in biencoder (paper'
                        ' default: 128)')
    group.add_argument('--biencoder-shared-query-context-model', action='store_true',
                        help='Whether to share the parameters of the query '
                        'and context models or not')

    # checkpointing
    group.add_argument('--ict-load', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Directory containing an ICTBertModel checkpoint')
    group.add_argument('--bert-load', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Directory containing an BertModel checkpoint '
                       '(needed to start ICT and REALM)')

    # data
    group.add_argument('--titles-data-path', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Path to titles dataset used for ICT')
    group.add_argument('--query-in-block-prob', type=float, default=0.1,
                       help='Probability of keeping query in block for '
                       'ICT dataset')
    group.add_argument('--use-one-sent-docs', action='store_true',
                       help='Whether to use one sentence documents in ICT')
    group.add_argument('--evidence-data-path', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Path to Wikipedia Evidence frm DPR paper')

    # training
    group.add_argument('--retriever-report-topk-accuracies', nargs='+', type=int,
                        default=[], help="Which top-k accuracies to report "
                        "(e.g. '1 5 20')")
    group.add_argument('--retriever-score-scaling', action='store_true',
                       help='Whether to scale retriever scores by inverse '
                        'square root of hidden size')

    # faiss index
    group.add_argument('--block-data-path', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Where to save/load BlockData to/from')
    group.add_argument('--embedding-path', type=str, default=None,
                       help='Where to save/load Open-Retrieval Embedding'
                        ' data to/from')

    # indexer
    group.add_argument('--indexer-batch-size', type=int, default=128,
                       help='How large of batches to use when doing indexing '
                       'jobs')
    group.add_argument('--indexer-log-interval', type=int, default=1000,
                       help='After how many batches should the indexer '
                       'report progress')
    return parser


def _add_vision_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title="vision")

    # general vision arguements
    group.add_argument('--num-classes', type=int, default=1000,
                       help='num of classes in vision classificaiton task')
    group.add_argument('--img-h', type=int, default=224,
                       help='Image height for vision classification task')
    group.add_argument('--img-w', type=int, default=224,
                       help='Image height for vision classification task')
    group.add_argument('--num-channels', type=int, default=3,
                       help='Number of channels in input image data')
    group.add_argument('--patch-dim', type=int, default=16,
                       help='patch dimension')
    group.add_argument('--classes-fraction', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='training with fraction of classes.')
    group.add_argument('--data-per-class-fraction', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='training with fraction of data per class.')
    group.add_argument('--no-data-sharding', action='store_false',
                       help='Disable data sharding.',
                       dest='data_sharding')
    group.add_argument('--head-lr-mult', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='learning rate multiplier for head during finetuning')

    # pretraining type and backbone selection`
    group.add_argument('--vision-pretraining', action='store_true',
                       help='flag to indicate vision pretraining')
    group.add_argument('--vision-pretraining-type', type=str, default='classify',
                       choices=['classify', 'inpaint', 'dino'],
                       help='pretraining objectives')
    group.add_argument('--vision-backbone-type', type=str, default='vit',
                       choices=['vit', 'mit', 'swin'],
                       help='backbone types types')
    group.add_argument('--swin-backbone-type', type=str, default='tiny',
                       choices=['tiny', 'base', 'h3'],
                       help='pretraining objectives')

    # inpainting arguments
    group.add_argument('--mask-type', type=str, default='random',
                       choices=['random', 'row'],
                       help='mask types')
    group.add_argument('--mask-factor', type=float, default=1.0,
                       help='mask size scaling parameter')

    # dino arguments
    group.add_argument('--iter-per-epoch', type=int, default=1250,
                       help='iterations per epoch')
    group.add_argument('--dino-local-img-size', type=int, default=96,
                       help='Image size for vision classification task')
    group.add_argument('--dino-local-crops-number', type=int, default=10,
                       help='Number of local crops')
    group.add_argument('--dino-head-hidden-size', type=int, default=2048,
                       help='Hidden dimension size in dino head')
    group.add_argument('--dino-bottleneck-size', type=int, default=256,
                       help='Bottle neck dimension in dino head ')
    group.add_argument('--dino-freeze-last-layer', type=float, default=1,
                       help='Freezing last layer weights')
    group.add_argument('--dino-norm-last-layer', action='store_true',
                       help='Disable Norm in last layer.')
    group.add_argument('--dino-warmup-teacher-temp', type=float, default=0.04,
                       help='warump teacher temperature')
    group.add_argument('--dino-teacher-temp', type=float, default=0.07,
                       help='teacher temperature')
    group.add_argument('--dino-warmup-teacher-temp-epochs', type=int, default=30,
                       help='warmup teacher temperaure epochs')

    return parser

def _add_experimental_args(parser):
    group = parser.add_argument_group(title='experimental')

    group.add_argument('--spec', type=str, default=None, nargs=2,
                       help='Specify the <module_location function_name> pair '
                       'that returns a spec to customize a model, transformer '
                       'block, or transformer layer, depending on the use case. '
                       'For more details, see the model class, '
                       '`transformer_block.py`, or `transformer_layer.py`')

    return parser