diff --git a/src/js/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.js b/src/js/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.js
index 7aa92950e..92d30c0d1 100644
--- a/src/js/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.js
+++ b/src/js/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.js
@@ -49,24 +49,27 @@ define(["underscore", "backbone", "models/metadata/eml211/EMLAnnotation"], (
        * @since 0.0.0
        */
       getDuplicates() {
-        const duplicates = [];
-        this.forEach((annotation) => {
-          const propertyURI = annotation.get("propertyURI");
-          const valueURI = annotation.get("valueURI");
-          const propertyLabel = annotation.get("propertyLabel");
-          const valueLabel = annotation.get("valueLabel");
-
-          const found = this.filter(
-            (a) =>
-              a.get("propertyURI") === propertyURI &&
-              a.get("valueURI") === valueURI &&
-              a.get("propertyLabel") === propertyLabel &&
-              a.get("valueLabel") === valueLabel &&
-              a.id !== annotation.id,
-          );
-
-          if (found.length) {
-            duplicates.push(...found);
+        const groups = {};
+        let duplicates = [];
+
+        // Group models by their serialized attributes
+        this.each((model) => {
+          // Serialize the model's attributes to create a unique key
+          const key = JSON.stringify(model.attributes);
+
+          // Group models by the serialized key
+          if (groups[key]) {
+            groups[key].push(model);
+          } else {
+            groups[key] = [model];
+          }
+        });
+
+        // Identify duplicates in each group
+        Object.values(groups).forEach((group) => {
+          if (group.length > 1) {
+            // Add all but one model from each group to the duplicates array
+            duplicates = duplicates.concat(group.slice(1));
           }
         });
 
diff --git a/test/js/specs/unit/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.spec.js b/test/js/specs/unit/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.spec.js
index 1f92cd742..f5dc1d4a0 100644
--- a/test/js/specs/unit/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.spec.js
+++ b/test/js/specs/unit/collections/metadata/eml/EMLAnnotations.spec.js
@@ -111,5 +111,38 @@ define([
       state.annotations.updateCanonicalDataset("http://example.com");
       state.annotations.length.should.equal(3);
     });
+
+    it("returns null if there are no validation errors", () => {
+      const errors = state.annotations.validate();
+      expect(errors).to.be.null;
+    });
+
+    it("shows validation errors if canonical dataset is not a valid URI", () => {
+      state.annotations.addCanonicalDatasetAnnotation("not-a-valid-uri");
+      const errors = state.annotations.validate();
+      expect(errors).to.be.an("array");
+      expect(errors.length).to.equal(1);
+      expect(errors[0].attr).to.equal("canonicalDataset");
+    });
+
+    it("removes duplicates during validation", () => {
+      state.annotations.add([
+        {
+          propertyLabel: "Property Label",
+          propertyURI: "http://example.com/property",
+          valueLabel: "Value Label",
+          valueURI: "http://example.com/value",
+        },
+        {
+          propertyLabel: "Property Label",
+          propertyURI: "http://example.com/property",
+          valueLabel: "Value Label",
+          valueURI: "http://example.com/value",
+        },
+      ]);
+      const errors = state.annotations.validate();
+      expect(errors).to.be.null;
+      expect(state.annotations.length).to.equal(1);
+    });
   });
 });