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Description of the '!track' command in HyperDbg. |
!track : track function calls and return adderesses and map them to the symbols
!track [tree] [Count (hex)]
!track [reg] [Count (hex)]
Creates tracking records of function calls and return addresses by instrumenting instructions.
[tree](optional)
The results will be shown in the 'tree' style. (default)
[reg](optional)
The results will be shown in 'tree' style while registers are also shown.
[Count (hex)]
The number of instructions to perform the instrument (This is not the number of calls.).
{% hint style="danger" %} If you run this command without any parameter, it tries to run instructions in 'tree' style with an unlimited number of instructions. You can pause the execution by pressing CTRL+C. {% endhint %}
The following example shows the tracking results (function calls and return addresses) for an unlimited number of instructions.
2: kHyperDbg> !track
┌── 00007ff7`1423f5a4
└── 00007ff7`142b9847
┌── 00000000`001172c6
└── kernel32!TlsGetValue+0x1b (00007ffc`7ca234db)
┌── 00000000`000467ae
└── kernel32!TlsGetValue+0x1b (00007ffc`7ca234db)
(10:36:41.951 - core : 2 - vmx-root? yes) [+] Information (KdCheckGuestOperatingModeChanges:1405) | User-mode -> Kernel-mode
┌── nt!IopXxxControlFile (fffff800`3aec90b0)
│ ┌── nt!ObReferenceObjectByHandle (fffff800`3aeca970)
│ │ ┌── nt!ObpReferenceObjectByHandleWithTag (fffff800`3aeca9b0)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!ExpLookupHandleTableEntry (fffff800`3aecaff0)
│ │ │ └── nt!ExpLookupHandleTableEntry+0x3e (fffff800`3aecb02e)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!ExGetHandlePointer (fffff800`3aa92e40)
│ │ │ └── nt!ExGetHandlePointer+0xb (fffff800`3aa92e4b)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!KeLeaveCriticalRegionThread (fffff800`3aa92e00)
│ │ │ └── nt!KeLeaveCriticalRegionThread+0x20 (fffff800`3aa92e20)
│ │ └── nt!ObpReferenceObjectByHandleWithTag+0x281 (fffff800`3aecac31)
│ └── nt!ObReferenceObjectByHandle+0x32 (fffff800`3aeca9a2)
│ ┌── nt!ObReferenceObjectByHandle (fffff800`3aeca970)
│ │ ┌── nt!ObpReferenceObjectByHandleWithTag (fffff800`3aeca9b0)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!ExpLookupHandleTableEntry (fffff800`3aecaff0)
│ │ │ └── nt!ExpLookupHandleTableEntry+0x3e (fffff800`3aecb02e)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!ExGetHandlePointer (fffff800`3aa92e40)
│ │ │ └── nt!ExGetHandlePointer+0xb (fffff800`3aa92e4b)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!KeLeaveCriticalRegionThread (fffff800`3aa92e00)
│ │ │ └── nt!KeLeaveCriticalRegionThread+0x20 (fffff800`3aa92e20)
│ │ └── nt!ObpReferenceObjectByHandleWithTag+0x281 (fffff800`3aecac31)
│ └── nt!ObReferenceObjectByHandle+0x32 (fffff800`3aeca9a2)
│ ┌── nt!KeResetEvent (fffff800`3aa12c90)
│ └── nt!KeResetEvent+0x7b (fffff800`3aa12d0b)
│ ┌── nt!IoGetRelatedDeviceObject (fffff800`3aa92fa0)
│ └── nt!IoGetRelatedDeviceObject+0x33 (fffff800`3aa92fd3)
│ ┌── nt!guard_dispatch_icall (fffff800`3ac2a450)
│ │ ┌── fffff800`3f630d30
│ │ └── fffff800`3f630d3b
│ │ ┌── nt!ExGetPreviousMode (fffff800`3aac2300)
│ │ └── nt!ExGetPreviousMode+0x10 (fffff800`3aac2310)
│ │ ┌── nt!IoIs32bitProcess (fffff800`3aabd720)
│ │ └── nt!IoIs32bitProcess+0x34 (fffff800`3aabd754)
│ │ ┌── afd!AfdFastConnectionSend (fffff800`408c2b20)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!KeAcquireInStackQueuedSpinLock (fffff800`3aae3550)
│ │ │ └── nt!KeAcquireInStackQueuedSpinLock+0xb0 (fffff800`3aae3600)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!KeReleaseInStackQueuedSpinLock (fffff800`3aa8b450)
│ │ │ └── nt!KeReleaseInStackQueuedSpinLock+0xee (fffff800`3aa8b53e)
│ │ │ ┌── nt!ExAllocateFromLookasideListEx (fffff800`3aaf99d0)
│ │ │ │ ┌── nt!RtlpInterlockedPopEntrySList (fffff800`3ac296e0)
│ │ │ │ └── nt!ExpInterlockedPopEntrySListEnd+0xb (fffff800`3ac2970b)
│ │ │ └── nt!ExAllocateFromLookasideListEx+0x1b (fffff800`3aaf99eb)
...If you want to see registers (i.e., parameters) to the 'call' instructions, you can use the reg parameter.
4: kHyperDbg> !track reg
└── fffff806`3352128c
└── fffff806`33528e95
└── fffff806`334f27bb
┌── 00000000`00002dc6
RAX=0000000000000001 RBX=ffffc105a4a96230 RCX=ffffc105a4a96230
RDX=0000000000000000 RSI=0000000000000002 RDI=ffffc105a500be10
RIP=fffff806334fa89c RSP=fffffe836fc535a0 RBP=fffffe836fc537a1
R8=0000000000000000 R9=0000000000000000 R10=fffff806334f8b90
R11=0000000000000000 R12=0000000000000000 R13=0000000000000000
R14=0000000000000000 R15=ffffc105a70ced50 IOPL=00
OF 0 DF 0 IF 1 SF 0
ZF 1 PF 1 CF 0 AXF 0
CS 0010 SS 0018 DS 002b ES 002b FS 0053 GS 002b
RFLAGS=0000000000040246
│ ┌── nt!IopfCompleteRequest (fffff806`2149ca40)
RAX=0000000000000000 RBX=ffffc105a4a96230 RCX=ffffc105a4a96230
RDX=0000000000000000 RSI=0000000000000002 RDI=ffffc105a500be10
RIP=fffff8062149ca22 RSP=fffffe836fc53570 RBP=fffffe836fc537a1
R8=0000000000000000 R9=0000000000000000 R10=fffff806334f8b90
R11=0000000000000000 R12=0000000000000000 R13=0000000000000000
R14=0000000000000000 R15=ffffc105a70ced50 IOPL=00
OF 0 DF 0 IF 1 SF 0
ZF 1 PF 1 CF 0 AXF 0
CS 0010 SS 0018 DS 002b ES 002b FS 0053 GS 002b
RFLAGS=0000000000040246
...
This command works the same as the i (instrumentation step-in) command, the only difference is to set the DEBUGGER_REMOTE_STEPPING_REQUEST_INSTRUMENTATION_STEP_IN_FOR_TRACKING as the StepRequestType. Please check the IOCTL for this command.
This command will set a Monitor Trap Flag in debuggee and continue just the current executing core. After executing one instruction, it halts the debuggee again.
If the currently executing instruction is a call instruction, it will follow and enter the call instruction to find the recursive calls and returns (ret instructions).
If you load symbols and you don't want to see function names, you turn addressconversion off in the 'settings' command.
This command is able to track from user-mode to kernel-mode and kernel-mode to user-mode.
Beginning with HyperDbg version 0.3, the inclusion of support for this command has been implemented.
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