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Description of the '!msrwrite' command in HyperDbg. |
!msrwrite
!msrwrite [Msr (hex)] [pid ProcessId (hex)] [core CoreId (hex)] [imm IsImmediate (yesno)] [sc EnableShortCircuiting (onoff)] [stage CallingStage (prepostall)] [buffer PreAllocatedBuffer (hex)] [script { Script (string) }] [asm condition { Condition (assembly/hex) }] [asm code { Code (assembly/hex) }] [output {OutputName (string)}]
Triggers when the debugging machine executes a WRMSR instruction or, in other words, when Windows or a driver tries to write on a Model-Specific Register (MSR).
[Msr (hex)]
Trigger in the case of a special Model-Specific Register (MSR). If you don't specify this parameter, then it will be triggered for all WRMSR executions.
{% hint style="danger" %}
Generally, it's not a good practice to intercept all the MSR Reads (RDMSR) or MSR Writes (WRMSRs) because it makes your system substantially slower and undefined behavior in some cases. By the way, HyperDbg supports intercepting all the MSRs. If you don't specify any parameters to intercept all the MSRs, HyperDbg automatically IA32_KERNEL_GSBASE (0xC0000102), IA32_MPERF (0x000000e7), IA32_APERF (0x000000e8), IA32_SPEC_CTRL (0x00000048), and IA32_PRED_CMD (0x00000049).
If you explicitly specify these MSRs, you'll get the events for these MSRs like other regular MSRs but only use the '!msrwrite' on these MSRs when you know what you want to do. {% endhint %}
[pid ProcessId (hex)] (optional)
Optional value to trigger the event in just a specific process. Add pid xx to your command; thus, the command will be executed if the process id is equal to xx. If you don't specify this option, then by default, you receive events on all processes.
Still, in the case of user-mode debugging, HyperDbg will apply it only to the current active debugging process (not all the processes). In that case, you can specify pid all to intercept events from the entire system.
[core CoreId (hex)] (optional)
Optional value to trigger the event in just a specific core. Add core xx to your command thus command will be executed if core id is equal to xx. If you don't specify this option, then by default, you receive events on all cores.
[imm IsImmediate (yesno)] (optional)
Optional value in which yes means the results (printed texts in scripts) should be delivered immediately to the debugger. no means that the results can be accumulated and delivered as a couple of messages when the buffer is full; thus, it's substantially faster, but it's not real-time. By default, this value is set to yes.
[sc EnableShortCircuiting (onoff)] (optional)
Optional value to ignore the emulation (skip execution) of the event. Add sc on to your command thus whenever the event is triggered, the effects and the execution of the actual event will be ignored. For more information, please read this article. If you don't specify this option, then by default, all the events will be emulated (executed). By default, this value is set to off.
[stage CallingStage (prepostall)] (optional)
Optional value to configure the calling stage of the event. To trigger the event before the emulation, include stage pre in your command. Conversely, using stage post will cause the event to be triggered after the emulation. Additionally, using stage all will trigger the event both before and after the emulation. For more information, please read this article. By default, this value is set to pre.
[buffer PreAllocatedBuffer (hex)] (optional)
Optional value which reserves a safe pre-allocated buffer to be accessed within the event codes.
[script { Script (string) }] (optional)
A HyperDbg script will be executed each time the event is triggered.
[asm condition { Condition (assembly/hex) }] (optional)
Optional assembly codes which check for conditions in assembly.
[asm code { Code (assembly/hex) }] (optional)
Optional assembly codes will be executed each time the event is triggered.
[output {OutputName (string)}] (optional)
Optional output resource name for forwarding events.
As the Context ($context pseudo-register in the event's script, r8 in custom code, and rdx in condition code register) to the event trigger, HyperDbg sends the rcxregister of when WRMSR is executed.
This event supports 'event short-circuiting', which means that you can configure HyperDbg to ignore its execution and its effects. For additional details, please refer to the article provided here.
This event supports different calling stages. The 'pre' calling stage is triggered prior to running the WRMSR instruction, whereas the 'post' calling stage is triggered subsequent to running the WRMSR instruction; thus, you can read/modify the ECX or the EDX:EAX registers or ignore the event in the 'pre' stage, and once the execution of WRMSR instruction is finished, the 'post' stage will be triggered. In addition, the 'all' calling stage will trigger the event in both cases. For more information, please refer to the article provided here.
This event supports three debugging mechanisms.
- Break
- Script
- Custom Code
{% hint style="info" %} Please read "How to create a condition?" if you need a conditional event, a conditional event can be used in all "Break", "Script", and "Custom Code". {% endhint %}
Imagine we want to break on all WRMSRs.
HyperDbg> !msrwriteIf we want to break on MSR 0xc0000082.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082Using the following command, you can use HyperDbg's Script Engine. You should replace the string between braces (HyperDbg Script Here) with your script. You can find script examples here.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 script { HyperDbg Script Here }
The above command when messages don't need to be delivered immediately.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 script { HyperDbg Script Here } imm no
Script (From File)
If you saved your script into a file, then you can add file: instead of a script and append the file path to it. For example, the following examples show how you can run a script from file:c:\users\sina\desktop\script.txt.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 script {file:c:\users\sina\desktop\script.txt}
{% hint style="success" %} You can use event forwarding to forward the event monitoring results from this event and other events to an external source, e.g., File, NamedPipe, or TCP Socket. This way, you can use HyperDbg as a monitoring tool and gather your target system's behavior and use it later or analyze it on other systems. {% endhint %}
Please read "How to create an action?" to get an idea about how to run the custom buffer code in HyperDbg.
{% hint style="warning" %} Your custom code will be executed in vmx-root mode. Take a look at this topic for more information. Running code in vmx-root is considered "unsafe". {% endhint %}
Run Custom Code (Unconditional)
Monitoring execution of WRMSR for MSR 0xc0000082 and run 3 nops whenever the event is triggered. Take a look at Run Custom Code for more information.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 code {90 90 90}Or if you want to use assembly codes directly, you can add an asm before the code.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 asm code {nop; nop; nop}
Run Custom Code (Conditional)
Monitoring execution of WRMSR for MSR 0xc0000082 and run 3 nops whenever the event condition is triggered and run 3 nops whenever the event is triggered. Take a look at Run Custom Code and how to create a condition for more information.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 code {90 90 90} condition {90 90 90}Or if you want to use assembly codes directly, you can add an asm before the condition and also before the code.
HyperDbg> !msrwrite 0xc0000082 asm code {nop; nop; nop} asm condition {nop; nop; nop}
{% hint style="success" %} Keep in mind that a conditional event can be used in Breaking to Debugger and Running Script too. {% endhint %}
This command uses the same method to send IOCTL for regular events.
As EventType use WRMSR_INSTRUCTION_EXECUTION and send the special MSR rcx (if any) if you want to monitor just a special MSR in OptionalParam1 in DEBUGGER_GENERAL_EVENT_DETAIL.
Both !msrread and !msrwrite use the vm-exits caused by setting bits in the MSR Bitmap field of the hypervisor VMCS.
For !msrread vm-exit with (EXIT_REASON_MSR_READ) or exit-reason 31 is used.
For !msrwrite vm-exit with (EXIT_REASON_MSR_WRITE) or exit-reason 32 is used.
When you enable this event, only your specific MSR will be hooked, so this command won't trigger on all MSRs; thus won't make your computer slow.
This command creates an event. Starting from HyperDbg v0.7, events are guaranteed to keep the debuggee in a halt state (in the Debugger Mode); thus, nothing will change during its execution and the context (registers and memory) remain untouched. You can visit instant events for more information.
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