Remove most global "monkey-patches"

[MikeMcQuaid]

Verification

• This issue's title and/or description do not reference a single formula e.g. brew install wget. If they do, open an issue at https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/issues/new/choose instead.

Provide a detailed description of the proposed feature

We should clean up extend/ to remove most monkey-patches (i.e. overriding/adding existing functionality) from core Ruby classes like e.g. String, Pathname, etc.

The exceptions should be:

• those that mirror ActiveSupport e.g. present?, blank?, etc.
• those that are extremely widely used (such as the above)

For monkey-patches used in formulae and/or casks: we should instead have modules included in e.g. Formula/Cask or refinements on e.g. Pathname so that they can be used as custom DSLs when possible rather than globally overriding methods.

What is the motivation for the feature?

• More vanilla Ruby usage.
• More clarify about when we're overriding functionality.

How will the feature be relevant to at least 90% of Homebrew users?

It won't be.

What alternatives to the feature have been considered?

Doing nothing.

[apainintheneck]

Good idea! IMO we should prefer modules over refinements but either is better than what we have now.

[MikeMcQuaid]

@apainintheneck Yeh, I'm not up-to-date with the best approach there but, in general, "monkeypatch instances rather than classes" feels like it's a better fit for us (and much easier than for other projects given how we load Formula/Casks).